MS. SHEETSUNIVERSITY HIGH SCHOOL

AP World HistoryCrash Course Review (Units 1-5)

CHAPTERS 1 - 5

Foundations/Classical Period

• CHARACTERIZED BY THE START OF AGRICULTURE• PEOPLE SETTLED AND CIVILIZATIONS EMERGED• STARTED TREATING WOMEN LOWER THAN

TRADITIONAL HUNTER-GATHERER SOCIETIES

Neolithic Revolution6000-4000 BCE

• INTRODUCED BY THE ARYANS TO THE INDIANS (HINDUISM)

• Wanted to distinguish themselves from non-Aryans• A SOCIAL ORDER DETERMINED BY KARMA• HEREDITARY; ONLY MARRY WITHIN CASTES, AND

COULD NOT MOVE OUT OF CASTE IN LIFETIME• CASTE SYSTEM

• Brahmans (Priests)• Kshatriya (Kings, warriors)• Vaisya (Merchants)• Sudra (Craftsmen and Artisans)• The Untouchables

Caste System

• MESOPOTAMIA (BABYLON)• HAMMURABI ’S CODE WAS THE FIRST SET OF WRITTEN

LAW• LAWS WERE SPECIFIC TO SOCIAL STATUS AND

GENDER OF THE OFFENDER.• PUNISHMENTS WERE TO FIT THE CRIME (EYE FOR AN

EYE)

Hammurabi’s Code1772 BCE

• FORMED DURING THE ZHOU DYNASTY THAT JUSTIFIED A RULER’S REIGN.

• STATED THAT THE HEAVENS WANTED A PERSON TO RULE AND IF THEY RULED BADLY, THEY COULD LOSE HEAVEN’S FAVOR.

• PERPETUATES DYNASTY CYCLE BY NEW DYNASTIES ARGUING OLD DYNASTIES HAVE LOST THE MANDATE

Mandate of Heaven

• INDIAN; MAURYAN DYNASTY; CONQUERED MOST OF INDIA

• EXTENDED MAURYAN TERRITORY, GAINING CONTROL OF ALL BUT SOUTHERN TIP OF INDIA

• CONVERTS TO BUDDHISM, SPREADS BUDDHISM THROUGHOUT INDIA; TOLERATES HINDUISM WHICH REMAINS THE DOMINANT RELIGION IN INDIA

• INCREASED TRADE, EXPANDED AGRICULTURE• EMPIRE DECLINED AFTER HIS RULE

Ashoka269-232 BCE

• CONFUCIANISM(551-478 BCE)• Formed by Confucius• Valued obedience and respect, emphasized proper societal role• Predominant philosophy

• DAOISM (5 T H C . BCE)• Valued nature, frugality, simplicity• Followed the force or “dao”

• LEGALISM• Valued punishment for wrongdoing• Strict ethical system; government must control people

3 Ethical Systems of China

• PROCLAIMED HIMSELF “FIRST EMPEROR OF CHINA”• RULED AFTER THE WARRING STATES PERIOD DURING

THE QIN DYNASTY (221-201 BCE)• LEGALIST; BURNED BOOKS• USED FORCED LABOR TO BUILD THE GREAT WALL OF

CHINA• CENTRALIZED BUREAUCRACY BY TAKING CONTROL OF

FEUDAL ESTATES• UNIFIED CHINA CULTURALLY; STANDARD WEIGHTS,

MEASURES

Qin Shi Huangdi221-201 BCE

• PART OF THE SECOND TRIUMVIRATE• Augustus Caesar, Lepidus, and Marc Anthony

• FORMED THE ROMAN EMPIRE; FIRST ROMAN EMPEROR

• LED TO A PERIOD OF ROMAN PEACE ( PAX ROMANA )• Improvements in women’s status; public works; common

coinage; stadiums; highway safety• MILITARY EXPANSION

• Conquered Britain, Germany, Mesopotamia, Greece• FIRST SOCIAL WELFARE – BREAD AND CIRCUSES

• Creation of public approval through shallow means

Augustus Caesar27 BCE – 14 CE

• THE SPREAD OF GREEK CULTURE BY ALEXANDER THE GREAT

• CHARACTERIZED BY BLEND OF GREEK AND MIDDLE EASTERN CULTURES

• LONG-DISTANCE TRADE FLOURISHED• ENDS 146 BCE, WITH CONQUEST OF GREEK

PENINSULA BY ROME

Hellenism

CHAPTERS 6 - 15

Post-Classical Period

• AGREEMENT BETWEEN LANDLORDS AND PEASANT LABORERS (SERFS) WHO LIVE ON ESTATES (MANORS)

• SERFS WERE OBLIGATED TO GIVE THEIR LORD A PORTION OF THEIR PRODUCE

• LORDS PROTECTED SERFS AND PROVIDE EVERYDAY NEEDS

• LOCAL LEVEL; NO INVOLVEMENT OF MILITARY • LOCAL POLITICS WITH REGIONAL ARISTOCRATS IS

MOST COMMON FORM OF ORGANIZATION• Abandon manorialism for feudalism during Viking invasions

Manorialism

• TWO MAIN BRANCHES OF ISLAM (ORIGINALLY A POLITICAL DISPUTE)

• Sunni: argued that rule didn’t have to be direct descendant from Muhammad (Abu Bakr)• 85%

• Shi’ite: ruler had to be a direct descendant from Muhammad (Ali) • 15%

Sunni v. Shi’ite

• THE SPREAD OF CHINESE CULTURE• EVIDENT IN KOREA, VIETNAM, JAPAN

• Taika Reforms in Japan• Cities, schools, courts organized like Chinese• Buddhism spreads• Chinese writing and law codes

Sinification

• POPE EXCOMMUNICATED THE PATRIARCH OF CONSTANTINOPLE, AND THE PATRIARCH EXCOMMUNICATED THE POPE

• Clerical celibacy; which bread?; state >church or church>state?

• WESTERN EUROPE• Catholicism; Pope in Rome; Priests practice celibacy, use Latin;

Iconoclasm• EASTERN EUROPE

• Greek (later Russian) Orthodox; Patriarch in Constantinople; Clergy could marry; Greek language

Great Schism1054

• CONFESSION OF FAITH:• Allah is the only god, Muhammad is his prophet

• PILGRIMAGE TO MECCA• CHARITY• FASTING DURING RAMADAN

• Commemorates Muhammad’s first revelation• PRAY 5 TIMES A DAY

Five Pillars

• SIGNED BY KING JOHN IN 1215• RECOGNIZES THE SUPREMACY OF WRITTEN LAW• CREATED A PARLIAMENT TO RESTRICT KING JOHN’S

POWERS

Magna Carta1215

• MONGOL PEACE• RELATIVE PEACE AMONG THE LAND CONQUERED BY

THE MONGOLS• FREEDOM OF RELIGION• INCREASE IN WOMEN’S RIGHTS• FACILITATED SILK ROAD TRADE

• Spread Bubonic Plague

Pax Mongolica13th-14th centuries

• INCA PRACTICE• 1 S T BORN SON HAS THRONE• 2 N D BORN SON HAS WEALTH• THIS LED TO 1 S T BORN HAVING TO CONQUER NEW

LANDS TO GAIN WEALTH EVERY GENERATION

Split Inheritance

• ONLY FEMALE TO EVER RULE CHINA• TANG DYNASTY• WISHED TO MAKE BUDDHISM STATE RELIGION • SUPPORTED BUDDHIST ART AND SHRINES• ENDOWS MONASTERIES• GIVES TAX BREAKS AND DONATIONS OF LAND TO

BUDDHISTS

Empress Wu690-705

• TOOK THE TITLE OF GREAT KHAN• CONQUERED CHINA; YUAN DYNASTY (1279-1368)• WIFE PLAYED AN INFLUENTIAL ROLE IN GOVERNMENT• DISTINCTIONS BETWEEN MONGOLS AND CHINESE• CIVIL SERVICE EXAM DISBANDED• DISLIKED BY CHINESE

Kublai Khan

• EUROPE• King

• Lords• Knights (Vassals)

• Peasants (serfs)• JAPAN

• Shogun• Daimyo

• Samurai• Peasants

Feudalism in Europe and Japan

CHAPTERS 16 - 22

Early Modern Era

• UPSET BY INDULGENCE AND CORRUPTION IN CATHOLIC CHURCH

• 1517: WRITES 95 THESES• ORDERED TO RECANT AT DIET OF WORMS, BUT

REFUSES• SPREAD OF LUTHERANISM

• Salvation is by faith alone• Bible is ultimate authority• All humans equal in eyes of God• Literacy increases; promotion of love between husband and

wife• Printing press

Martin Luther

• COUNCIL OF TRENT CREATED CHANGES IN THE CHURCH IN RESPONSE TO LUTHER AND OTHERS

• Attempted to strengthen church by teaching and missionary work

• Abandon sale of indulgences• Use art to assert personal relationship with Christ

Counter Reformation

• NEW SPAIN SOCIAL ORDER• PENINSULARES: COLONISTS BORN IN EUROPE• CREOLES: PEOPLE BORN IN COLONIES TO SPANISH

PARENTS• MESTIZOS: PEOPLE WITH EUROPEAN AND LATIN

AMERICAN DESCENT• MULATTOS: PEOPLE WITH EUROPEAN AND AFRICAN

DESCENT• INDIANS• SLAVES

Sociedad de castas

• DIVIDED THE UNCLAIMED REGIONS OF THE WORLD BETWEEN SPAIN AND PORTUGAL

• Awards Brazil to Portugal• SPAIN GETS EAST OF LINE; PORTUGAL, WEST• INEFFECTIVE AND SOMETIMES IGNORED• REMEDY TO POPE’S LINE OF DEMARCATION (1493)

Treaty of Tordesillas1494

• OTTOMAN EMPIRE• STANDING ARMY OF CONVERTED AND ABDUCTED

YOUNG CHRISTIAN BOY SOLDIERS FROM THE BALKANS

• CONTROLLED THE ARTILLERY AND FIREARMS SO THEY WERE THE MOST POWERFUL COMPONENT OF THE MILITARY

Janissaries

• MUGHAL EMPIRE• MUGHAL GOLDEN AGE IN INDIA• HAD A VISION TO REUNITE INDIA• MODERNIZED MILITARY• RELIGIOUS TOLERANCE; DIN-I - ILAHI• OUTLAWED SATI• ENCOURAGED REMARRIAGE; DISCOURAGED CHILD

MARRIAGE; DISCOURAGED FEMALE SECLUSION• ENCOURAGED GOOD RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN

MUSLIMS AND HINDUS

Akbar the Great1560-1605

• MING DYNASTY• EXPLORER• STOPPED DUE TO EXPENSE OF ENORMOUS SHIPS AND

XENOPHOBIA PROMOTED BY NEOCONFUCIANS

Zheng He1405-1433

• EXPELLED THE MONGOLS FROM RUSSIA• ASSERTED CONTROL OVER ALL ORTHODOX CHURCHES• EXTENDS RUSSIAN TERRITORY

Ivan III (Ivan the Great)1462-1505

• TOKUGAWA IEYASU CONSOLIDATES POWER ON JAPAN BY REORGANIZING DAIMYOS AROUND HIMSELF

• PROHIBITED JAPANESE TO LEAVE JAPAN AND ALLOWED MINIMAL WESTERN CONTACT

• European contact was with Dutch and only on Deshima Island• Little contact with China and Koreas• Culture thrived: Buddhism and Shinto remained center

Tokugawa Shogunate1603-1868

CHAPTERS 23 - 27

Modern Era

• EMPEROR OF FRENCH EMPIRE• QUICKLY TAKES OVER MUCH OF EUROPE BUT

STOPPED IN RUSSIAN WINTER IN 1812• TRIES TO CONQUER EGYPT; FAILS IN BATTLE OF

PYRAMIDS AND BATTLE OF NILE• EXILED TO ELBA IN TREATY OF FONTAINEBLEAU

• Escapes, re-gathers an army• CAPTURED AT BATTLE OF WATERLOO

• Exiled to St. Helena• CAUSES NATIONALISM TO SPREAD THROUGHOUT

EUROPE

Napoleon Bonaparte1801-1815

• HAITI WAS A FRENCH COLONY FOR SUGAR• LED HAITIANS TO VICTORY AGAINST THE FRENCH IN

THE HAITIAN REVOLUTION• Claims Enlightenment and French Revolution ideas apply to

French colonies

Toussaint L’Ouverture1791-1804

• DOCUMENT ISSUED BY JAMES MONROE THAT PROHIBITED EUROPEAN INTERFERENCE WITH LATIN AMERICAN COUNTRIES

Monroe Doctrine1823

• SEPOYS: NATIVES OF INDIA THAT ARE LOYAL TO EUROPEAN POWER

• SEPOYS ANGERED BY NEW RIFLES THAT REQUIRE THEM TO USE THEIR TEETH TO TEAR OPEN CARTRIDGES

• Animal fat as lubricant• LED TO BRITISH RAJ AND DISSOLUTION OF BRITISH

EAST INDIA COMPANY

Sepoy Rebellion1857

• ISSUED BY OTTO VAN BISMARK TO DIVIDE AFRICA AMONG EUROPEAN IMPERIAL POWERS

• Scramble for Africa• HELD LITTLE REGARD TO CULTURAL BOUNDARIES OF

THE AFRICAN PEOPLE• AFRICAN REPRESENTATIVES NOT PRESENT• LED TO AFRICAN UNREST, VIOLENCE, AND

DIFFICULTY IN ESTABLISHING INDEPENDENCE

Berlin Conference

• CUBANS REBEL AGAINST SPAIN• US businesses concerned about their investments in Cuban

sugar and tobacco• USS MAINE EXPLODED IN HAVANA HARBOR

• “Remember the Maine; to Hell with Spain!”• US GOES TO WAR AGAINST SPAIN• US GAINS PUERTO RICO, THE PHILIPPINES, AND

GUAM• “ INDEPENDENCE” FOR CUBA

• Allowed for direct US involvement in Caribbean

Spanish-American War1898

• BRITISH BEGAN SELLING OPIUM TO CHINA AND ALTHOUGH CHINA OUTLAWS IT, BRITISH CONTINUE TO TRADE

• CHINA WANTS TO END BRITISH TRADE; BRITISH ARGUE FOR FREE TRADE RIGHTS

• BRITAIN AND FRANCE EASILY OVERPOWER CHINA• TREATY OF NANKING

• Hong Kong is British colony for European trade• Extraterritorality rights• Spheres of Influence

Opium War1839-1842

CHAPTERS 28 - 36

Global Era

• FIRST PRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF CHINA• LEADER OF NATIONALISTS (KUOMINTANG)• DIES 1925; NATIONALISTS LED BY CHIANG KAI-SHEK

Sun Yat-Sen

• MAIN CAUSES• Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism

• SPARKED BY ASSASSINATION OF AUSTRIAN ARCHDUKE FERDINAND BY SERBIAN NATIONALIST PRINCIP

• GERMANY ATTEMPTS TO TAKE FRANCE THROUGH ATTACKING BELGIUM; STALEMATE (TRENCH WARFARE)

• Schlieffen Plan• TRIPLE ALLIANCE VS. TRIPLE ENTENTE

• Austria, Germany, Italy (who will switch)• England, France, Russia (later America)

• US joins (Zimmerman Telegram + Lusitania)• RUSSIA WITHDRAWS (TREATY OF BREST-LITOVSK)• TREATY OF VERSAILLES, 1919

World War I1914-1918

• JEWISH NATIONALISTS LIVING IN BRITAIN (ZIONISTS) APPEAL TO ARTHUR BALFOUR

• Led by Theodor Herzl after Dreyfus Affair• BALFOUR ISSUES THE BALFOUR DECLARATION,

WHICH GRANTS JEWS RIGHTS TO THE HOLY LAND, AS LONG AS PALESTINIANS ARE NOT DISPLACED

• The problem is there is no way to do that.• ULTIMATELY LEADS TO CONSTANT WARFARE.

Balfour Declaration1917

• 1957: PRIME MINISTER OF INDEPENDENT GHANA• Gained complete independence from Britain• Fairly peaceful decolonization as there is not a large amount of

Europeans present• TRIES TO REVIVE TRADITIONAL AFRICAN CULTURE• BECOMES A LEFTIST AUTHORITARIAN RULER AND IS

OVERTHROWN BY A MILITARY COUP WHILE VISITING VIETNAM

Kwame Nkrumah

• LEADER OF THE B OLSHEVIK PARTY• FEBRUARY REVOLUTION 1917

• Nicholas II abdicates, later his family is killed, ends Romanovs• Provisional government put in place

• OCTOBER REVOLUTION, 1917• Lenin and Communist Party take power in Russia

• REFORMS• Gave land to peasants• Control of factories given to workers• Withdrew from WWI

• NEW ECONOMIC POLICY• Reforms in order to promote agricultural development• Reduce economic strain on peasants

Vladimir Lenin

• AXIS VS. ALLIED POWERS• Germany, Japan, Italy• US, UK, Soviet Union

• JAPAN SEIZES MANCHURIA, EXPANDS INTO CHINA (RAPE OF NANKING)

• HITLER AND STALIN’S NON-AGGRESSION PACT, 1939• BLITZKRIEG• JAPAN ATTACKS PEARL HARBOR; US USES ATOMIC

BOMBS• BATTLE OF MIDWAY AND BATTLE OF STALINGRAD ARE

TURNING POINTS• BATTLE OF BULGE IS GERMANY’S LAST EFFORT;

HITLER COMMITS SUICIDE• HOLOCAUST

World War II1939-1945

• US AND WESTERN EUROPE VS. RUSSIA AND EASTERN EUROPE

• Capitalism, Democracy• Communism, Dictatorships• NATO vs. Warsaw Pact

• IRON CURTAIN• VIETNAM WAR, KOREAN WAR• MARSHALL PLAN FOR ECONOMIC REBUILDING• CONTAINMENT• RED SCARE

Cold War1945-1991

• CHINA; MAO ZEDONG• CREATION OF LARGE COMMUNES• MEANT TO HARMONIZE MAO’S IDEAL OF A IDYLLIC

RURAL CHINA MADE UP OF PEASANTS YET STILL INDUSTRIALIZE

• BACKYARD INDUSTRIES (STEEL)• WIDESPREAD FAMINE• MAO NO LONGER LEADER OF CHINA AFTER, BUT

STILL PARTY LEADER

Great Leap Forward1958-1960

• LAW PASSED BY BRITISH IN INDIA LIMITING FREE SPEECH, RIGHTS OF PRESS, ETC.

• INDICATES TO INDIANS THAT BRITISH ARE NOT GENUINE ABOUT MOVING INDIA TO INDEPENDENCE

• SPURS NATIONALISM

Rowlatt Act1919

• RULED IN IRAN AFTER IRANIAN REVOLUTION OF 1979• OVERTHROWS SHAHS• RELIGIOUS REVIVALISM• REJECTION OF THE WEST• ISLAMIC FUNDAMENTALIST

• Women required to wear traditional clothing• Stoning for adulterous women• Amputation for limbs• Qu’ran becomes basis of legal system

Ayatollah Khomeini

• DICTATOR OF IRAQ• IRAN-IRAQ WAR

• Attacks Iran to gain oil fields in Western Iran• PERSIAN GULF WAR

• Attacked Kuwait to attempt to gain larger share of world’s oil• KILLED AT START OF 21 S T CENTURY

Saddam Hussein

• SOUTH AFRICA; LEGAL RACISM• AFRIKANERS IMPLEMENT IT• LED TO SOUTH AFRICAN INDEPENDENCE FROM

PROTEST LED BY NELSON MANDELA• Mandela jailed, but later freed• First president in South Africa in free and legal election

Apartheid