Ms. Garratt Honors World History Chapter 9: Sections 1 – 4

Transformative which will gradually impact the political, economic and social lives of the entire

Begins in 1780s in England

Agricultural Rev spurs its development

Impact of enclosures New agricultural methods Farms become more

profitable Displacement of small

farmers

New technology/discoveries Seed drill – Jethro Tull Crop rotation Fertilizers Breeding – Robert Bakewell McCormick Reaper

(1) Natural Resources: Water power & coal

for energy Iron ore to construct

machines, tools, buildings

Rivers for transportation

Harbors for export

2) Business infrastructure

Entrepreneurial class (business people)

Banking system for loans

Acquisition of capital

Parliament – laws passed to protect & encourage industrial development

(3) Political Stability

Key to development in any country

Parliament passes laws to protect & encourage capital and foreign ventures.

Overseas trade & commerce provides opportunities for investment

Due to Agricultural Revolution workers were displaced

Migrated to the cities (urbanization)

Worked in factories or coal or iron ore mines

Populaton explosion meant there were people to consume products

Economic prosperity of middle classes

Economies of scale for lower classes

Britain was leader in techno innovation.

IR began in textile industry Flying Shutting Spinning Jenny Spinning mule Power looms Water frame

Water power Factories

FACTORY WORK COTTAGE INDUSTRY

Harbors Canals Roads

Macadams Turnpikes

Steam Engine James Watt Matthew Boulton

Locomotives

(1) cheap form of transportation

(2) creates hundreds of thousands of jobs for miners & rr workers

(3) boosts agric & fishing industries

(4)enables suburban living and travel

Factories located by energy sources

Cities lacked: Development plans Sanitary or building codes Adequate police/fire protection Sufficient housing

Cities contained: Unpaved streets Garbage heaps Slums Epidemics

Sweatshops Child Labor Low Wages 12- hour days in some cases 6-7 days a week Hazardous working conditions No workers compensation for

injuries Exploitation

Factory Act 1833 Illegal under the age of 9 9-13 only 8 hrs a day

Mines Act 1842 Prevents women & children in mines

Ten Hours Act 1847National Child Labor Committee

Supported by unions Reversed by Supreme Court

Liberalism which challenged mercantilism

Arose out of the enlightenment

Belief that free market was most efficient way to generate wealth

Tariffs restricted trade & wealth

Wealth of Nations 1776

Three natural laws of economics

Law of self interest Law of competition Law of Supply &

Demand (S/D)

International division of labor

Existed in Middle Ages – long distance trade

Industrial Capitalism

Capitalists owned the factors of production

Free trade liberalism

Invest for profit

No government regulation or intervention

Would generate wealth & prosperity for society

Stock Shareholders No personal

liability

Monopolies will develop Andrew Carnegie John D. Rockefeller

Middle class (bourgeoisie) used to refer to townspeople

New industrial middle emerges (bankers, factory owners,skilled workers, merchants, entrepreneurs)

Benefitted from IR in short run

Became richer than many aristocrats

Not until late 1800s were they considered social equals

Factory Act 1813 Pollution Unregulated

business

US Samuel Slater War of 1812

BelgiumGermanyWhy it didn’t spread to some

countries or did so very slowly

He wrote Essay on the Principle of Population

Predicted pop would outpace food production Without checks on pop (war, epidemics…)

poverty would increase

Urged pop control His predictions never materialized

Food supply increased Living conditions improved Fewer children

What was the cause of this explosion? Stable food supply Declining death rate Reduced risk of

famine Better hygiene and

sanitation Less disease Increased infant

mortality

Agreed that poor were having too many children

Noted that when wages were high families had more children

More children increased the supply of workers which led to lower wages & higher employment

Held out no hope for escape from poverty “Dismal science” Both Malthus & Ricardo opposed gov assistance Best cure for poverty was “unrestricted laws

of the free market” Individuals had to work hard & limit family size

Jeremy Bentham – 1700s Role of gov was to promote the greatest

good for the greatest number of people Urged gov involvement Ideas should be based on their “utility”

John Stuart Mill 1800s Questioned unregulated capitalism Pushed for legal and prison reforms

Robert Owen

Reformer

New Lanark & New Harmony

Mill owner who created utopian towns

Factors of production should be owned by the public & operate for the benefit of all.

Gov intervention necessary to plan the econ rather than rely on free market capitalism

Control of key industries (mines, factories, railroads) would end poverty & promote equality

Charles Fourier and Saint-Simone

Communist Manifesto 1848

History is conflict between “haves” and “have nots”

History goes through cycles determined by economics

“Haves” own all the means of production

The oppressed proletariat will eventually violently overthrow the bourgeoisie

After violent revolution a “dictatorship of the proletariat” would be formed

After abolition of economic differences a “classless society” would form

The state (a tool of the bourgeoisie) would then “wither away”.

No government would be necessary

Reformers not revolutionaries.

Denounced by Marx

Believed that by winning the right to vote socialist goals would be achieved gradually by working within the system.

Workers did win many reforms such as: Better working conditions Shorter hours Higher pay Workman’s compensation

JobsWealthTechnological progress & inventionsRaised standard of living (sol)DietHousingMass produced goodsExpanded edu opportunitiesNot until after 1850 did workers

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