MRUNALEE JOSHI-AIR 36, CSE 2020

ART AND CULTURE NOTES-PART 3

Famous Personalities

Narsinh Mehta-(1414-1481)

pada-Akkyan and Prabhatiya

Bhakti and Sufi-check Book

Hinduism

Vaishnavism- Varkari- Ramanandi- Ramanand,Vairagi, Tyagi and Naga Brahma –Madhavacharya

Gaudiya Sampradaya-Chaitanya Mahaprabhu Pushti Marga-Vallabhacharya-pure love for Krishna Nimbarka-Hamsa/Kumara-Radha Krishna

Shaivism Siddhas-siddhars,naths,ascetics,sadhus,yogis NAthpanthi-Goraknath,Matsyendranath,hath yoga Lingayatism-Veerashaivism monotheism Dashanami Sanyasis-Adi Shankaracharya Aghoris-Bhairava Siddhas/Siddhars TN-rasayanas Varmam

Shaktism Feminine/Devi/tantra

Smartism Puranas-Shakti,Shiva,Ganesh,Vishnu,Surya Saguna Brhama and Nirguna Brahma

Shrautism Kerala-Purva Mimansa

Virashaiva Basavanna,Allamprabhu and others-Kalachuri dynasty12 AD

Heterodox Schools

1.Ajivikas

Makkhali Ghosha 5th Century BC

Niyati-absolute determinism

preordained

Reject Karma

Theory of Atoms –material soul(unlike Jainism-Formless soul)

Bindusara

Sravasthi

7th pillar Ashoka

Barabar caves

Cause of Rise Of Buddhism and Jainism

New Agricultural economy

Need For killings in Later vedic period to be halted

Growing us coins- trade and commerce-Vaishya community

Need for non-violent society

2.Buddhism-Buddha contemporary to Bimbisara and Ajatshatru.(563BC to 483BC)

FACTS

Gautama Buddha also known as Tathgatha and Sakyamuni

Kassapa(previous Buddha) and Maitrya (next Buddha)

Father-Suddhodhana-kapilvastu

Mother-Mahamaya-Kollia

4 sights-old man,diseased person,ascetic,dead body

At age of 29-Mahabhinishkramana-on kanthaka,channa-charioteer

First Teacher-Alara Kalama-Sankhya Philosopher-meditation

Udraka Ramputra

35-Nirvana at Bodh Gaya-Tathagata

First Sermon-Sarnath-Deer Park-5 disciples. Dhammachakrapravartana

Died at Kushinagara-Mahaparinirvana(Malla Mahajanpada)

EARLY BUDDHIST SCHOOLS

After passing away of Buddha-

a.Sthavira Nikaya-sub sects included=

Mahisasaka,Sarvastivada,Sankrantika,Dharmaguptaka,Sautrantika,Vatsiputriya,Dharmottariy

a,Bhadrayaniya,Sannagarika,Sammitiya

b.Mahasamghika-Gokulika,Prajnapati,Bahusrutiya,Ekavyaharikas,Caitika

TEACHINGS

Tri Ratna-Budhha,Dhamma,Sangha. Sangha was initiated by Buddha when he initiated first

sermon at Deer Park Sarnath.

Four Noble Truths-Dukkha/Samudya/ /Nirodha/Magga

Ashtanga marga-SALEMMTU

SPEECH,ACTION,LIVELIHOOD,EFFORT,MINDFULNESS,MEDITATION,THOUGHTS,UNDERSTAND

ING

Rejection of Authority of Vedas+Rejection of Existence of Soul

Middle Path

4 BUDDHIST COUNCILS

Council Year Venue Chairman Patron Result

1 483BC-death of Buddha

Saptaparni Cave Rajgriha

Mahakassapa

Ajatshatru Haryanka

Sutta-Ananda Digha,Majhim,Khudaka,Anguttara Vinaya-Upapall Suttavibhanga,Khandak,Parivar

2 383 BC Chullavanga Vaishali

Sabbakami Kalashoka Shishunaga

Sthavarivadina and MAhasanghika

3 250 BC Pataliputra Mogaliputta Tissa

Ashoka Abhidhamma –Dhammasangari,Dhatukutha,Ymaka Missionaries send

4 98 AD Kashmir Vasumitra Ashvaghosha

Kaniska-kushana

Mahavibha(commentary on Tripitaka in Sanskrit) Hinayana/MAhayana

5 1871 Mandalay Jagarabhivamsa Narindabhidhaj Sumangalaswami

King Mindon Joint Dhamma recitation 29 slabs

6 1954 Yangon Nyanatilioka Mahathera Nyanaponika Thera

Preserve genuine Dhamma and Vinaya

TRIPITAKA

Pali Text

Vinaya-monastic code

Sutta-Budhha sayings Digha/majhim/Sanyukta/Anguttar/Khuddak nikaya

Sutta Pitaka is the second of the three divisions of the Tripitaka. It contains more than 10,000 suttas (teachings) attributed to the Buddha or his close companions. There are five nikayas (collections) of suttas:

-length discourses)

Some of the famous suttas from the Digha Nikaya include the

-parinibbana Sutta, which described the final days and death of the Buddha

lay followers

other ascetics in India about the universe and time (past, present, and future) Majjhima Nikaya contains 152 suttas, some of them attributed to disciples, covering nearly all aspects of Buddhism. Included are texts dealing with monastic life, the excesses of asceticism, the evils of caste, Buddha’s debates with the Jains, and meditation, together with basic doctrinal and ethical teachings and many legends and stories. One of them, Satipatthana Sutta, is the foundation for contemporary vipassana meditational practice. It means presence of mindfulne Khuddaka Pitaka was the repository for materials that were left out of the four Agamas/Nikayas (the Digha Nikaya, Majjhima Nikaya, Samyutta Nikaya and Anguttara Nikaya) and thus included both early and late texts. It contains books like Dhammapad and Jataka Kathas which are the stories of the previous births of Gautama Buddha in both human and animal form.

Maha-parinibbana Sutta: It concerns the end of Gautama Buddha's life and is the

longest sutta of the Pali Canon. Because of its attention to detail, it has been

resorted to as the principal source of reference in most standard accounts of the

Buddha's death

Abhidhamma-Religious Discourses-

SANSKRIT TEXTS

Aswaghosha-Buddha charita/Saundaranda/Sutralankar/Vajr asuchi

Vasumitra-Mahavibhasha Shastra

Buddhaghosha-Visudhamagga/Atthakathayen/Sumangalvasini

Nagarjuna-Madhyamika/Prajnaparimita

Mudras associated with Buddhism

Bhoomisparsha-Attaining Enlightenment-Akshobya- Blue Buddha

Abhaya –Post Enlightenment

Dharmachakra -Sermon at Sarnath-

Viitarka-Teaching and Discussion-constant flow of Energy-only perfection

Anjali –Namaste-Boddhisatvas

Uttarbodhi-supreme enlightenment—perfection Shakyamuni Buddha

Varada-signifies 5 perfections-Generosity,Morality,patience,effort and meditative

concentration

Karana mudra-warding of evil

Vajra Mudra-knowledge/supreme wisdom

Dhyana-Samadhi spiritual perfection

SCHOOLS

Avalokiteshwara/Padmapani,Lokeswara(Theravada-Cambodia),Dalai lama

Vajrapani-powers of 5 tathagata-

Vairochana,Akshobya,Amitabha,Ratnasambhava,Amoghasiddhi

Manjusri-Wisdom Buddha,sword

Samantabhadra- along with Buddha and Manjusri-Shakyamuni Trinity in Buddhism

Ksitigarbha-Buddhist monk –vow-not to achieve Buddhahood

Maitreya-Future Buddha/Laughing Buddha

Akasagarbha-space

Tara-Vajrayana

Vasudhara-wealth,prosperity abundance

Skanda-guirdian

Sitatapatra-protected against supernatural danger

1.Hinayana-

Lesser Vehicle

Orthodox

Individual salvation,self discipline and meditation,NIRVANA ultimate aim

Sub sects-Theravada/Sthaviravada-sthaviranikaya

Pali

Asoka

Almost non-existent

2.Mahayana

Greater Vehicle

Liberal-believes in heavenliness of Boddhisattvas

SPIRITUAL UPLIFTMENT-ultimate aim

Samyaksmabuddha-A bodhisattva who has attained complete enlightenment for benefit

of all beings.

Boddhisattva,boddhicitta

Lotus Sutra-Dana,Sila,Ksanti,Virya,Dhyana,Prajana(Six perfections=PARAMITAS)

Other Sutras-Heart and Diamond Sutra

Emperor Kanishka

Sanskrit literature

53.2%

3.Theravada

Elder monks

Nirvaana

Cessation of klesha

Samatha and Vipassana

Samatha, calm abiding, which steadies, composes, unifies and concentrates the mind;

Vipassanā, insight, which enables one to see, explore and discern "formations" (conditioned phenomena based on the five aggregates).

Vibhajjavada

Visuddhimagga-Buddhaghosha(Sri Lanka)-7 stages of purification

35.8

Successor Of Hinayana

The Arhat is the pinnacle of spiritual achievement as mentioned in the Theravada

scriptures while the Bodhisattva is an ideal which spiritual seekers aim for in order to

achieve Buddhahood. Arhat is a term used by the Theravada sect while Bodhisattva is

used by the Mahayana.

4.Vajrayana

Influenced by Hinduism

Generation stage and completion stage.

Tantra.mantra.yantra

Tara-magic

Brahmanical/VedicSuccessor of Mahayana

5.7

5.Tibetan Buddhism

Tibetan Buddhism is the form of Buddhist doctrine and institutions named after the lands of Tibet, but also found in the regions surrounding the Himalayas and much of Central Asia. It derives from the latest stages of Indian Buddhism and preserves "the Tantric status quo of eighth-century India."[1] It has been spread outside of Tibet, especially due to the Mongol power of the Yuan dynasty(1271–1368), founded by Kublai Khan, that also ruled China.

Tibetan Buddhism applies Tantric practices, especially deity yoga, and aspires to Buddhahood or the rainbow body.[2] Tibetan Buddhism in Tibet has four major schools, namely Nyingma, Kagyu, Sakya and Gelug (developed out of Sakya). The Jonang is a smaller school, and the Rimé movement is an eclectic movement involving the Sakya, Kagyu and Nyingma schools. Among the prominent proponents of Tibetan Buddhism are the Dalai Lama and Panchen Lama, the leaders of Gelug school in Tibet.

The Sakya, the Grey Earth school, was founded by Khön Könchok Gyelpo (Wylie: 'khon

dkon mchog rgyal po, 1034–1102), a disciple of the great Lotsawa, Drogmi Shākya

(Wylie: brog mi lo tsā wa ye shes). It is headed by the Sakya Trizin, traces its lineage to

the mahasiddha Virūpa,[9] and represents the scholarly tradition. A renowned exponent,

Sakya Pandita (1182–1251AD), was the great-grandson of Khön Könchok Gyelpo.

Other seminal Indian teachers were Tilopa (988–1069) and his student Naropa (probably

died ca. 1040 AD).The Kagyu, the Lineage of the (Buddha's) Word, is an oral tradition

which is very much concerned with the experiential dimension of meditation. Its most

famous exponent was Milarepa, an 11th-century mystic. It contains one major and one

minor subsect. The first, the Dagpo Kagyu, encompasses those Kagyu schools that trace

back to the Indian master Naropa via Marpa Lotsawa, Milarepa and Gampopa

SACRED SHRINES

4 principal+other

4-Sravasti,=twin miracle

Rajgriha=subduing nalagiri elephant

Vaishali=honey from monkey-lion

Sankasya=descending to earth-elephant

Rampurva-Bull

Lauriya Nandangarh-Lion

UNIVERSITIES

Odantipura-Gopala

Nalanda-Kumaragupta

Vikramshila-Dharmapala

Valabhi-Guj

PATRONS

Bimbisara and Ajatshatru

Prasenjit

Udayan

Pradyota

Ashoka and Dashrathga

Milinda

Kanishaka

Harshavardhan

Dharmapala/Rampala

OTHER PERSONALITIES-

NAgarjuna-MAdhyamaka school of Mahayana 150AD

VAsubandhu-Sauntrika and Sarvastivadin(Hinayana)

Buddhaghosa-Visuddhimagga(Theravada-7 step path of purification)

Padmasambhava-8th century –Tibet

Atisa-Tibet to Sumatra Mahayana+Vajrayana

Madhyamika-important school in the Mahāyāna (“Great Vehicle”) Buddhist tradition. Its

name derives from its having sought a middle position between the realism of the

Sarvāstivāda (“Doctrine That All Is Real”) school and the idealism of the Yogācāra (“Mind

Only”) school. The most renowned Mādhyamika thinker was Nāgārjuna (2nd century AD),

who developed the doctrine that all is void (śūnyavāda). The three authoritative texts of the

school are the Mādhyamika-śāstra (Sanskrit: “Treatise of the Middle Way”) and the Dvādasá-

dvāra-śāstra (“Twelve Gates Treatise”) by Nāgārjuna and the Śataka-śāstra (“One Hundred

Verses Treatise”), attributed to his pupil Āryadeva.

Great Events Of Buddhas Life

Janma-Lotus and Bull

Mahabhinishkrama-Horse

Nirvana-Bodhi Tree-

Dhrama chakrapravartana wheel

Places Associated with Buddha

Kaushambi,Shravasti,Vaishali,Varanasi,Rajgriha

Spread Of Buddhism

Pali( a form of prakrit)

Decline of Buddhism

Pushyamitra Sunga-Persecuted

Buddhism-Engulfed in rituals

LITERATURE ASSOCIATED with BUDDHA

Jataka tales-Pre Buddha tales,part of Sutta ,Sanskrit+pali(khuddak)

Dipavamsa-3rd and 4th BCE-Visit of Buddha to SL

Mahavastu-jataka+avadana tales,pali,prakrit,Sanskrit

Mahavamsa-poem in Pali language.King Vijaya.Account of various kingdoms in South Asia.

Lalitavistara Sutra-Mahayana Text.Various stories associated with Buddha till Sarnath

Sermon.

Udana-Theravda text

Bodhi Vamsa -written in SL

Udanavarga-utterances of Buddha and disciples

Mahavibhasa Shastra-Mahayan Text+Buddhist+other philosophies

Abhidharmamoksha-Vasubandhu,Sasnkrit

Avadāna, (Sanskrit: “Noble Deeds”,) legendary material centring on

the Buddha’s explanations of events by a person’s worthy deeds in a previous life. The Pāli

cognate of the term is Apadāna. Avadāna designates both the class of such stories scattered

within the Vinaya Piṭaka (“Basket of Discipline”) and separate collections based upon them.

Among the latter is an important anthology of the Sarvāstivāda (“Doctrine That All Is Real”)

school given the modern title Divyāvadāna (“Divine Avadāna”), consisting of 38 legends,

including some about the great Buddhist emperor Aśoka. The most famous and largest work

classified as Avadāna is the Mahāvastu (“Great Story”), a compilation from the

Mahāsaṅghika (“Great Community”) school of ancient Buddhism of miraculous events in the

life and former lives of the Buddha himself.

Festivals

New year/Saga Dawa/Visakha pournima

Ulambana

Losar

JAINISM

Mahavira-Jitendriya,Nirgrantha

Rishabhanath 1st

Vishnu Purana and Bhagavat Purana describe rishabha as incarnation of of

narayana

Rig Veda—Rishabha and Arishtanemi 22

Historical proof of only two Parshwanath-earliest imp teachings of Jainism

and MAhavira-more austerity

KAivaly at JAmbhikagram

Fisrt sermon At Pava

-11 Gandharvas

Jain Sangha at Pava

Died at Pava purnea Bihar

TRIRATNA

Samyak Charita

Samyakn Jnana

Samyak Darshan

SYMBOLS UNDER JAINISM

1.Swastika

2.Nadyavarta

3.Bhadrasana

4.Shrivasta

5.Minayugala

6.Vardhamaka

7.Kalasha

PANCHAMAHVRATAS

Ahimsa

Satya

Asteya

Aparigraha

Brahmacharya

Places associated with mahavira

Koshala

Magadha

Mithila

Champa

Pavapuri

Spread of Jainism in India

Chandragupta Maurya-spread of Jainism in south india-basadis in Karnataka

Kharavela-Kalinga

Later centuries-Malwa,Guj,Raj

Contribution

First serious attempt-mitigate evils of Varna system

Discarded Sanskrit,instead-Prakrit-religious literature in Ardhamagadhi

Shauraseni developed

Earliest works in apabrahmsha

Growth of Kannada

TYPES OF KNOWLEDGE

Mati Jnana-sense organs

Shruta jnana-scriptures

Avadhi Jnana-Clairvoyance

Keval Jnana-temporal/Omnicience

Syadvada/Saptabhngi vada

Anekantvada

MAHAVIRA PRINCIPLES

Rejected Vedas authority

Did not believe in Existenec of God

Believed in Karma

Equality

Formless Soul

Substance=Dharma.Substance is eternal and Attributes are changing

7 fundamental elements-Jiva,Asrava,Ajiva,Bandha,Samvara,Nirjara,Moksha

JAIN COUNCILS

1st-Pataliputra-Sthulabhadra-Chandragupta Maurya-12 Angas

2nd-512 AD-Valabhi-Kshmasramana-12 Upangas

TEXTS

Swetambara-Ardhamagdhi Prakrit

Classified as Angas/Upangas/Parikarnas/Chhed sutras/Mulasutras/Sutragranthas

Kalpasutra-Bhadrabahu,Swetambara

Parishishta Paravn-Hemchandra

SECTS

Digambara-

Naked

Aryika-female monks

Bhadrabahu

Prakrit Suddapahuda of Kundakunda

Women cant be Tirthankaras and Malli man

Rigid

SUBSECTS

Mula Sangha

Bispnathi,-tirthankaras+Yaksha/Yakshini,Bhattarakas are Dharma Gurus

Terapanthi-,only Tirtankaras

Taranpanthi

Digambara added-Kala

Swetamabara

Women can be tithankara

Parshvanatha

23rd and 24th did marry

5 eternal substances to existence-Jiva,pudgala,akasha,dharma,adharma(Kala-Digambara)

SUBSECTS

Sthanakwasi-Saints rather thanidol, muhapatti

Murtikapujaka-No muhapatti,idols at temples

Terapanthi-pray to Saints rather than idol like Sthanakwasi,muhapatti

PATRIONS

Haryanka-nandas,Bimbisara,Ajatshatru,Udayin

Mauryan-Chandragupta,Bindusara,Samprati

Pradyota-Avanti

Udayan

Ganga

Kaddamb

Amoghawarsha/rashtrakuta

Siddharaj Jai Singh and Kumarapala

JAIN LITERATURE

Written in Prakrit/Ardhmagadhi/Tamil(Sangam),Sanskrit,Shauraseni,Gujarati,Marathi

Agamas-earlier Gandhars(immediate disciples of mahavira)(Digambars)

Agamas-Swetambars Believe

.46 Agama containing 12 Angas.

1. Acharanga Sutra

2. 2.Vyakyanprjnapati(Bhagavati Sutra)

3. 3.JnantradharmaKatha

4. 4.Upaskadaasah

5. 5.Prasnakavyanani(Sins)

6. 6.Vipakasrurta(stories)

7. 7.Dristivad(contained in 14 Purvas)

Digambaras-Karmapribhrata/Shatkhandagama and Kashyapribhrata

Other Works-

Bhadrabahu-Uvasgarahm and Kalpsutra(Biography of Jain Tirthankaras)

Acharya kundkund-Samyasara and Niyamsara-Philosophy

Samant Bhadra-Ratna Karanda Sravakachara-Life of a Jain Householderand Aptamimansa 2nd

Century AD

Nalatiyar-Tamil

Tirutkevvar-Cintamiani

2 Suris-wrote in Sanskrit

FESTIVALS

1.Paryushana-D-10/S-8 Forgiveness,Upashrays,Kalpasutras,Pratikraman

2.Navapad Oli

3.Gyana Panchami

Varshi Tapa

Schools of philosophy

Sankhya

Original vs New

Dvaitavada

Yoga=Purusha+Prakriti

Yama,niyama,pratyahara,dharna,dhyaan,samdhi

Nyaya

Logical thinking

Gautama-Nyaya Sutra

Inference,hearing,analogy

Systematic and logical thinking

Vaisheshika

Physicality of universe

5 main elements

Atomic Theory

Law of karma

Believe in God

Maharshi kanad

Mimansa

Reasoning,interpretation,application

Achieve salvation through rituals-Vedas

Jaimini rishi

One cannot be free from cycle of birth/death

Vedanta

Brahma=atma

Shankaracharya-knowledge vs ramanujam-faith

Punarjanma

Lokayata/Charvaka-not among the orthodox schools of philosophy

Brihaspati

Materialistic view to attain salvation

This system was originally called Lokayat or Brahaspatya. This school may be called one of

the oldest school of Indian materialism. • It rejects Vedas, rejects ritualism of Vedas and

does not believe in god or any other super natural power. • AjitaKesakambali is thought to

be the first Caravaka while Brihaspati is called its founder. • Being materialistic, the Cârvâkas

do not believe in the existence of an invisible, unchangeable and immortal soul. • According

to them soul is a product of matter. It is the quality of the body and does not exist separately

outside the body. The soul is simply the conscious living body. We donot perceive any soul;

we perceive only the body in a conscious state.