Web viewModern. Through Composed. No fixed chorus – music changes all the way through –...
Transcript of Web viewModern. Through Composed. No fixed chorus – music changes all the way through –...
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Study Tips
When you are studying your music, try to listen to as many concepts as possible in your practice as this will help you to identify the features.
Use the online quizzes available on the sites above to practice exam style questions. Make sure that you note areas for improvement; then focus on studying your weaker areas.
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Modern
Through Composed
No fixed chorus – music changes all the way through – Bohemian Rhapsody
Irregular Metres
Changes of time signature while the pulse remains constant. Creates a feeling of shifting accents
Soul popular music including elements of blues and gospel and conveying strong emotions
Jazz Funk Combination of Jazz and RockMusique Concrete
Everyday sound recordings included in music – may include effects such as reversing
Classical
Sonata Form Exposition – Development – RecapitulationExposition – two main themes introduced in related keys.Development - themes are developedRecapitulation – original themes return in the home key
Sonata Music for solo piano or solo instrument accompanied by pianoConcerto (Solo)
Solo instrument accompanied by orchestra
Symphony Music for an orchestra
Romantic
Lied German song with piano as equal, not accompanimentImpressionism
Musical ideas merge to produce a blurred outline.
Leitmotiv Musical idea related to a character or emotion – Jaws themeHarmonics High pitched eerie sounds created on string instruments3 against 2 One line of music playing quavers, one playing triplets at the
Baroque
Ornaments Acciacatura – Crushed NoteMordent – note, neighbour, noteTrill – Fast alternating between two notes
Concerto Grosso
Group of Soloists accompanied by an orchestra and continuo
Basso Continuo
Harpsichord and Cello
Concertino The small group of soloists in a Concerto GrossoRipieno The accompanying orchestra in a Concerto GrossoRitornello The returning section of musicPassacaglia Variations over a ground bass
Important concepts to rememberHomophonic All parts move at the same time or melody with
accompaniment. Same rhythms at the same time.Polyphonic 2 or more parts with different rhythms. Interweaving
and equal in importanceLegato Notes played smoothlyStaccato Notes played short and detachedOstinato/Riff Repeated pattern of notesSequence Pattern of notes repeated higher or lowerImitation The melody is copied in another partAnacrusis Tune starts before the first beat of the bar. Think
“Happy” in Happy Birthday.Cadenza Passage for soloist to show off. Orchestra stops.A Cappella Singing with no accompanimentSyllabic One note per syllable.Melismatic Lots of notes per syllable
Binary 2 sections – A & BTernary 3 sections A B ARondo Lots of sections with A repeated eg. A – B – A – C–A – D
Sonata Form Structure in three parts. Exposition, Development, Recapitulation. Important in Classical Music.
Theme and Variation
Main theme is played and then changed in a different way each variation eg. put into minor key, notes added to tune, different beats in a bar
Alberti Bass Broken chords played by the left hand on the piano. Low - high – middle – high.
Walking Bass Bass Going for a walk. Usually stepwise and on the beat.
Ground Bass A theme in the bass which is repeated many times while the higher parts change.
Vamp Rhythmic accompaniment, usually played on piano or guitar. Bass note on the beat and chord off the beat. E.g. “Oom – Cha”
Cadences
Chords
Perfect – Sounds done V-IImperfect – Not finished I - VPlagal – Sounds Done – IV - IInterrupted – Not finished – V – VI
MajorMinor
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Dominant 7th Chord built on the fifth note of the scale. Strongest chord leading back to the home key – Chord 1.Augmented A chord built only with major intervals. Sounds crunchy.Diminished A chord built only with minor intervals. Sounds like something exciting is about to happen.
Tierce de Picardie
Minor piece last chord major. Common in early music.
Pedal Low note sustained or repeated while other parts change.
Inverted Pedal High notes sustained or repeated while others parts change.
Ripieno The large accompaniment in Concerto GrossoConcertino The small group of soloists in Concerto Grosso
Voices – Highest to lowest
Soprano Mezzo Soprano FEMALE
Alto
Tenor
Baritone MALE
Bass
SATB Chorus – Mixed Voice Choir
Always try to specify voice type in questions – by the time you are sitting Higher Music, you are expected to explain more than Solo Voice!
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Tempo Meaning
Allegro Fast
Moderato Moderate tempo
Andante Walking Pace
Adagio Slow
Accelerando getting faster
Rallentando getting slower
Rubato robbed time – speeding up or slowing down to suit the mood of the piece.
Tempo = Speed
Musical Groups / STYLESOrchestra Strings, Brass, Woodwind, PercussionBrass Band Brass & PercussionWind Band Brass, Woodwind, PercussionFolk Group Fiddle, Guitar, Vocals, Accordion,
Whistle, Bass, Flute, Drum kit, BodhranScottish dance band fiddle, accordion, piano, drums.Celtic Rock Mixes folk music with rock music. Reggae Off beat guitar, vocals, drums, organ, bass.Impressionist Sounds dreamy or blurry. Whole tone scale.Minimalist Simple and repetitive ostinatos.Ragtime Piano. Syncopated melody & vamp accomp.Blues Jazz style, developed from black American
folk songs. Tells a story. Flattened notes. Swing A jazz style performed by a big band.String Quartet 2 Violins, Viola, CelloChamber Music Classical music for a small group of
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Basso Continuo Harpsichord and Cello accompaniment present in Baroque music.
Instruments & Related Concepts
StringsViolinViolaCelloDouble BassHarp/Clarsach
Arco BowedPizzicato Plucked
WoodwindPiccoloFluteOboeClarinetBassoon
Saxophone (Not in Orchestra)
Blown Air is blown through the Instrument to produce soundFlutter Tonguing Rolling an “R” While blowing a note
BrassTrumpetFrench HornTromboneTuba
Con Sordino – Played with a mute to create a different sound than expected.
Tuned PercussionXylophone (Wooden)Glockenspiel (Metal)VibraphoneTimpani (Kettle Drum)Tubular BellsPiano
Untuned PercussionSnare Drum BodhranDrum Kit Bongo DrumsCow Bell GuiroBass Drum CastanetsCymbals TambourineTriangle Claves
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Dance Speed Beats Other featuresWaltz Medium 3 Only dance with 3 beatsJig Fast 2 – 6/8
timeSTRAWBERRY, compound time,
Reel Fast 4 Simple time, fastStrathspey Medium 4 Jumpy, Scotch SnapMarch Marching
speed2 or 4 Steady, strong pulse.
Scottish Music
Song Who? Where/About?
Accomp?
Other?
Waulking Song
Women
At work No Beating sound
Bothy Ballad Men Farm work Usually no
Tells story
Gaelic Psalm Both Church North Scotland
No In Gaelic, Call & Response, not nice.
Mouth Music Both Nonsense made up Gaelic words
Maybe Imitating melody of bagpipes
Scots Ballad Both Telling story Maybe Lots of verses and chorus,
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Literacy Tips
Name Length (beats)
Semibreve 4
Dotted Minim 3
Minim 2
Dotted Crotchet 1 + 1/2
Crotchet 1
Dotted Quaver 3/4
Quaver 1/2
Semiquaver 1/4
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Key Signatures C Major = 0 sharps or flats A Minor = 0 sharps or flats
But G#s in music.
F Major = 1 flat b
G Major = 1 Sharp #
Lines Spaces
Every Good Boy Deserves Football F A C E
Notes below the stave Notes above the stave
Repeat Signs Start End
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Time Signatures – go right at the beginning of the first line – beside the treble clef.
= 2 crotchet beats per bar = 3 crotchet beats per bar Simple time Simple time
= 4 crotchet beats per bar = 6 quavers per bar (splits Simple time into 2 beats.) Compound time
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Notes
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Categories
TONALITYMajor Minor Atonal
STRUCTUREBinary TernaryRondo Theme and Variation Strophic
TEXTUREHomophonic Polyphonic/Contrapuntal
PERIODS OF MUSICBaroque Classical Romantic Modern
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