Gordon Watson's Real Estate Marketing Plan and Resume (OHOK)
Mrs. Watson's Science Class - Environmental Science 2017-2018mrswatsonscience.weebly.com › ... ›...
Transcript of Mrs. Watson's Science Class - Environmental Science 2017-2018mrswatsonscience.weebly.com › ... ›...
Unit 5: Biomes and Aquatic Ecosystems (Ch. 6)
What is a Biome?
• Groups of terrestrial ecosystems that share biotic and abiotic conditions
• Biomes are primarily defined by their _______________ & typical ____________ & _____________ life.
Climate
• Climate – describes the ______________ conditions, including _________________ & __________________ over long periods in a given area.
• Weather - _____________ conditions in Earth’s atmosphere Ex. Sunny & Humid
• Climatograph – climate diagram that shows conditions in a biome (temperature & precipitation).
• Temperature is usually in _____________°F = 1.8°C + 32
• Precipitation is usually in cm or mm.
• 1 inch = 2.54cm
• 1 inch = 25.4 mm
• Each biome has a set of characteristic _________________ adapted to its particular climate conditions.
• However, within any biome there is a variety of plants and animals due to variation in ______________, ______________ & ___________________
• Patches representing the same biome tend to occur at similar _______________
1
10 primary biomes
• tropical rain forest
• dry forest savanna
• desert
• temperate rain forest
• temperate forest
• chaparral
• temperate grassland
• chaparral
• boreal forest (taiga)
• tundra
Net Primary Production
• ___________ primary production: The rate at which primary producers undergo photosynthesis and produce usable energy
• ______ primary production: The amount of organic matter (biomass) that remains after primary producers use some to carry out cellular respiration
• Ecosystems vary in their net primary productivity.
• _________ _________ biomes generally have ____________net primary productivity than __________ _________ biomes.
• This should make sense because plants require _______________, ____________ & warm enough temperatures to grow.
Tropical Rain Forest
• Year-round _________ temperatures and at least _____________ precipitation a year
• Near the equator, so the days are almost always ____________ in length.
• Soil is generally ____________________
• The tallest trees pop through the canopy and make up the ___________________
• Tall trees form a dense layer called the ______________ which keeps the forest warm and damp.
• Short trees and plants make up the _________________ and must compete for light.
• _________________leaves are a common adaptation to increase sunlight intake.
2
ADAPTATIONS
• _______________ - plants that grow on other plants instead of the soil. Ex. Orchids
• Tall trees use ________________ (large above ground roots) for support
• Because there is not much _______ to assist with pollination, plants have adapted bright, colorful flowers to attract pollinators.
• Supports ________ animal species than any other biome; animals tend to be highly ________________.
Tropical Dry Forest
• Warm year-round, but rainfall is highly seasonal with a ________ & ________ season.
ADAPTATIONS
• Most trees are _______________ - they lose their leaves and cease photosynthesis part of the year. This helps reduce _________________.
• Plants and animals exhibit adaptations (e.g. waxy leaf coating, deep roots, estivation, migration) that enable them to survive the dry season.
• ________________ - animals enter a deep, sleeplike period of dormancy.
Savanna
• Receives _______ precipitation than tropical dry forests, but more than deserts; usually has a distinct ________ season
• ______________ interspersed with groups of trees
• Tree growth limited by frequent __________ and strong _________
ADAPTATIONS
• Plants are adapted to dry conditions; tend to be ________________ with deep roots, thick bark, and __________ coatings on leaves.
• Elephants drink 30-50 gallons of water a day and so they must dig for water with their tusks.
• Many animals _____________ to find water, or burrow when water is scarce.
Desert
• Receives less than 25 cm (9.8 in.) of precipitation per year (____________ biome)
• Temperatures vary widely from _______ to ___________.
• ADAPTATIONS
• Plants tend to have __________, leathery leaves
3
• Plants store water in their tissues (_________________) Ex. Aloe
• Some have shallow, spread out roots to gather water.
• Some have deep tap roots (up to _____ ft)
• Tough ____________ (modified leaves) discourage predators from eating them
• Animals get most of their water from the _________ they eat, and they tend to be _______________ (active at night).
• Some have concentrated ________.
• Mammals have exaggerated ___________________ to help regulate body temperature.
Temperate Rain Forest
• Year-round _____________ temperatures and heavy ____________.
• Largest extent found in ____________________________
ADAPTATIONS
• Characterized by tall _________________ trees, such as cedars and hemlocks, that don’t lose leaves annually; many are conifers (produce seed-bearing cones)
• Forest floor is shaded, damp, covered in ________.
• Animals that require ______________, such as amphibians, thrive here.
• Squirrels, deer, elk and birds have a __________ diet which enables them to eat whatever food is available.
Temperate (Deciduous) Forest
• Precipitation ______________________throughout the year
• Varied temperatures (________ summers, _______ winters)
ADAPTATIONS
• Plants tend to be broad-leafed and _______________.
• Soil is enriched with ______________ from annual leaf drop.
• Animals may _____________ or ______________
• Others ________________ to survive cold conditions.
4
• __________________ helps animals that are exposed during the winter due to lack of foliage survive.
Temperate Grassland (Prairie)
• Moderate seasonal ___________________ and fairly extreme seasonal ____________________; droughts and fires common
• Rich, fertile soil
ADAPTATIONS
• Not enough precipitation to support large ____________
• ______________, which grow from their base, thrive despite droughts, fires, animals grazing.
• Seeds are dispersed by the ____________________
• Soil tends to be rich in nutrients; most of world’s grasslands have been converted to ______________.
• Animals are adapted to deal with lack of _________.
• Some survive by _________________.
• Others survive by being _________.
Chaparral (Mediterranean)
• Highly seasonal conditions with _______________ winters and _______________ summers
• Prolonged hot, dry periods; ________________________ common
• Soil is thin and not rich in nutrients
ADAPTATIONS
• Plants are drought-resistant; many have thick, waxy __________ or leaves with __________ that trap moisture; _________________ are common.
• Plants may have thick __________ and deep __________ to resist fire.
• Some plants require __________ to germinate.
• Some chaparral plants contain ________ compounds that facilitate the spread of fire.
• Many animals _____________.
• Many are nocturnal to avoid heat.
5
• Many have ________________ appendages
Boreal Forest (Taiga)
• _________________ winters; _________________ summers
• Nutrient-poor, slightly acidic soils
ADAPTATIONS
• _________ species diversity
• Coniferous trees with __________ needles and _____________ shape, adapted to harsh, snowy conditions are common.
• Animals feed, breed, and care for young mostly during short _________ season
• Year-round residents tend to have thick insulation and small extremities that maintain heat.
• Some animals change color. They grow _______________ for the snowy season.
Tundra
• Extremely ________________ winters; relatively sunny and cool summers
• Found at very __________ latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere
• Harsh _________, nutrient-poor soil, and freezing temperatures limit plant growth; no tall trees; mosses and lichens common
• Characterized by __________________ (underground soil that is frozen ___________________)
ADAPTATIONS
• Low, scrubby vegetation and ground-hugging ______________ & _____________ live here.
• Birds and ______________ migrate to the tundra during the mild summer to feed on insects and lichens
• Only a few species live here year-round (including musk oxen and polar bears).
Places that are Not Classified as Biomes
Polar Ice
• No land under polar ice in Northern Hemisphere; ice sits atop Antarctica in Southern Hemisphere
• Very few plants; most life is in surrounding ocean
Mountains
6
• Mountain communities change with _______________, similar to how biome communities change with latitude.
Aquatic Ecosystems
• Normally, biomes are used to describe ___________________ environments but 75% of Earth is covered in water.
• Aquatic Ecosystems are described by their ______________, _____________ and movement of water.
• Salinity: the amount of dissolved ______ present in water.
• Measured in parts per thousand (ppt)
• Salt water = _________ppt
• Fresh water = 0.5ppt or less
• Brackish = Between __________ppt
• Photosynthesis tends to be limited by _________ availability, which is a function of depth and water clarity.
• Aquatic ecosystem zones: photic, aphotic, benthic
• Photic zone: Where there is enough light for ______________________.
• Aphotic zone: Photosynthesis cannot occur because there is not enough sunlight
• Benthic zone: Very ____________ of the body of water
• The photic zone has much more dissolved ____________, so more life is found here (both producers and consumers).
• Sunlight also causes water to be _____________
• ______________ layers of aquatic ecosystems tend to be warmer than _____________ layers
Freshwater Ecosystems: Ponds, Lakes & Inland Seas
• Salinity is less than 0.5 ppt (parts per thousand)
• Includes _______________________________________
• Ponds and lakes are similar, except in ______
• Inland seas are huge and contain organisms adapted for _________ water. Ex. Great Lakes and The Caspian Sea
• Ponds and lakes are divided horizontally into 2 zones: littoral and limnetic.
7
• Littoral Zone – water is ______________ enough for plants to grow from the mud to above the water’s surface
• Includes many invertebrates like ____________________
• Limnetic Zone – ____________from shore where there are no rooted plants
Freshwater Ecosystems: Wetlands
• Wetland - Area of land _______________ with water at least _________________________
• Includes freshwater ________________________________________________
• Water can either ______________________ through wetlands or into other bodies of water or, it can remain _____________
• Freshwater Marsh – shallow-water wetland characterized by ________________ plants. Ex. Cattails and Bulrushes
• Swamp – shallow water wetland characterized by woody ______________________ instead of grasses. Ex. Cypress Trees
• _____________ cause the formation of swamps by building __________ across streams and causing flooding upstream.
• Bog – wetland characterized by low nutrients, acidic water and thick floating mats of vegetation (usually ________)
• Fen – Similar to a bog but connected to a source of ___________________, less acidic and more nutrient rich
Benefits of Wetlands
• They help prevent ______________ by absorbing excess water
• Recharge ________________
• Filter _________________ & __________________
• Provide habitats for many _________________
Freshwater Ecosystems: Rivers & Streams
• Bodies of surface water that flow _______________, eventually reaching an ocean or a landlocked body of water
• _____________ - a small river flowing into a larger one
• _________________: The area of land drained by a river and its tributaries
• Rivers shape the ________________ through which they run.
8
• The ___________ or beginning of ________ rivers is high in the mountains where melting snow collects due to ____________
• Characteristics of the source
• _____________
• _________________________
• _________________________
• _____________________________________
• Characteristics of a river as it leaves its source.
• ___________________
• ___________________
• ___________________
• ___________________
• ___________________
• ___________________
• _________________– area near a river’s course that is periodically flooded
• __________ – where the river empties
Estuaries
• Occur where a river flows into the _________ or a freshwater body of water
• Coastal estuaries are _______________ ecosystems; organisms must tolerate wide salinity and temperature ranges.
• Some estuaries (like the _______________________) contain only __________________.
Two types of estuary ecosystems:
1) ____________________ – along coasts at temperate latitudes
Characterized by salt-tolerant grasses
2) ________________________– along coasts at subtropical and tropical latitudes
Include mangrove trees
Benefits of Estuaries:
1) Prevent __________________ & __________________
2) Protective barrier between ________ & __________
3) Home to many ______________, some which are commercially beneficial
Destruction of Estuaries:
• Many are being destroyed for housing and commerce
9
• Flooding from Katrina was significantly worse where the salt marshes had been destroyed
Oceans
• All of the Earth’s major oceans combined occupy _______ of the Earth’s surface.
• If we evaporated all of the water from the oceans, there would be a layer of salt approximately ___________ deep left.
• Currents are driven by ___________________________ and ____________________________, wind, and gravity.
• Water density increases as temperature _______________ and salinity (salt content) _________________.
• Heavier (________________________) water sinks
• Lighter (_________________________________) water remains near the surface.
• Surface winds and heating generate _______________ currents that transport nutrients and oxygen.
• __________________ - the flow of cold, nutrient rich water towards the surface. It occurs when horizontal currents _______________ (flow apart).
• ____________________ - the flow of warm water, full of dissolved gases away from the surface, into the deep ocean. It occurs when horizontal ocean currents ________________ (flow together).
Ocean Ecosystems
1) ______________: Highly diverse; extreme range of temperature, moisture, and salinity.
2) ___________: Extends from the low tide mark to the edge of the ____________________________.
• Two productive ecosystems exist here:
• ________________ - large brown algae grows from the continental shelf.
• ________________ - Exists in subtropical and tropical waters. A mass of ____________________________ composed of ______________ of marine coral.
3) Open ocean: Begins at the edge of the ___________________ shelf
• Makes up _______ of the Earth’s oceans
• Low productivity due to low ___________________________
10
• ______________________ are at base of food chain
• Includes jelly fish, whales, sea turtles, squids, large fish & sharks.
• In the aphotic open-ocean, animals have many adaptations to help them survive.
• Ex. ______________________________
• Ex. ________________________ - sometimes a symbiotic relationship with bacteria
• Benthic Ecosystems around _______________________ vents (hot water flows out from the sea floor) are home to come strange organisms.
• Bacteria use chemicals to make energy (AKA ________________________)
• Other organisms like ___________________ are in a symbiotic relationship with the bacteria and survive using the energy they make.
11