MR317 Introduction to Marine Ecology - Biostatistics · MR317 Introduction to Marine Ecology -...
Transcript of MR317 Introduction to Marine Ecology - Biostatistics · MR317 Introduction to Marine Ecology -...
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MR317 Introduction to Marine Ecology - Biostatistics
LecturesMartin Ryan Seminar RoomMonday 11am, Tuesday 9amTuesday 12 pm, Friday 9 am
MINITAB PracticalsRoom 201 Arts Millenium Building
starting 16/01/06 Monday 2 – 5 pm
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Emma HolianRoom 108, Riverside Terrapin
Email: [email protected]
Dr. Jochen EinbeckRoom 209, Áras de Brún
Email: [email protected]
Lecturers:
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Lecture Material
• Handouts, notes• Web based material
http://www.nuigalway.ie/maths/je/marine– Notes, these slides– Datasets
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Course Content• Basic ideas – revision• Looking at data – summaries, plots, etc• Statistical analyses
– Comparing groups– Regression– Analysis of variance – Simple multivariate methods
• Aspects of study design• Use of MINITAB package
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Population : the entire group of objects about which information is required.
Collecting Data
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A parameter is a numerical characteristic of the population.
It is a fixed number, but we usually do not know its value.
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Unit: any individual member of the population
Sample: a part or subset of the population used to gain information about the population.
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Sampling Frame: the list of units from which the sample is chosen.
Geographical/Spatial coordinates.
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Variable: a characteristic of a unit to be measured in the sample.
Data are the values that variables can assume.
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Variable
Qualitative Quantitative
Discrete Continuous
Nominal Ordinal
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The value of the statistic changes from sample to
sample.
Statistics ARE numbers derived from a sample
of data.
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Example 1
Population: Irish Sea
Unit ?
Sample ?
Variable ?
Sampling Frame ?
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PopulationParameters
Inference
SampleStatistics
Sample
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Inference is the process of making decisions about a
population based on information contained in a
sample from that population.
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• Descriptive statisticsconsists of the collection, organisation, summarisation, and presentation of data.
• Inferential statisticsconsists of generalisingfrom samples to populations, performing hypothesis testing, determining relationships among variables, and making predictions.
General philosophy
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How do we select a small subset of a population
representative of the whole population?
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Using your best judgement, take a representative sample
of 6 circles from the population of 60 circles and use the sample mean as an
estimate of the true population mean
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1
1.5
2 3
2.5
0.5N=60
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0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6
0
50
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Judgement
Freq
uenc
yJudgement Sample
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0.5 1.0 1.5
0
50
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SRS
Freq
uenc
ySimple Random Sample
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0.5 1.5 2.5
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Judgement and SRS
Freq
uenc
y
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One consequence of natural variation is that two samples drawn by the same method from the same
population will give somewhat different estimates of the population parameters (sampling variation).
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Understanding variation
Statistics deals with discriminating between variation that is scientifically interesting and
variation that just reflects background variation.