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Transcript of Mr. James Henry Webb OD;aqmifonfhtzGJUtm; vuUqfcHHkawGMr. James Henry Webb Mr. James Henry Webb

Page 1: Mr. James Henry Webb OD;aqmifonfhtzGJUtm; vuUqfcHHkawGMr. James Henry Webb Mr. James Henry Webb

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10-4 (01).pmd 4/10/2012, 2:29 AM1

Page 2: Mr. James Henry Webb OD;aqmifonfhtzGJUtm; vuUqfcHHkawGMr. James Henry Webb Mr. James Henry Webb

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10-4 (03).pmd 4/10/2012, 2:29 AM1

Page 4: Mr. James Henry Webb OD;aqmifonfhtzGJUtm; vuUqfcHHkawGMr. James Henry Webb Mr. James Henry Webb

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Page 5: Mr. James Henry Webb OD;aqmifonfhtzGJUtm; vuUqfcHHkawGMr. James Henry Webb Mr. James Henry Webb

10-4-2012 pmrsufESm 5

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Page 7: Mr. James Henry Webb OD;aqmifonfhtzGJUtm; vuUqfcHHkawGMr. James Henry Webb Mr. James Henry Webb

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wkdY\ &ykdifcGifhESifh tcGifhta&;rsm;ukd pkpnf;azmfjyxm;aom tpkd;&ESifh jynfol

tMum; qufqHa&;aumif;rGefap&ef n§dEIdif;owfrSwfxm;aom]rl}rsm;jzpfonf}}

[kvnf;aumif;? ]] zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'[lonf EkdifiHawmf\ tcsKyftjcm

tmPmukd cGJa0usifhokH;&ef EkdifiHawmfukd rnfonfhtzGJUtpnf;rsm;jzifh rnfokdY

zGJUpnf;wnfaqmufrnf/ xkdtzGJUtpnf;rsm;okdY rnfonfhtmPmrsm; tyfESif;

rnf/ ,if;wkdYu tyfESif;xm;aom vkyfykdifcGifhESifhtmPmt& rnfokdYusifhokH;rnf-

-- ponfyg&Sdaom EkdifiHESifh jynfolwkdYcsKyfqkdxm;onfh oabmwlpmcsKyfBuD;

jzpfonf}}[k zGifhqkd&Sif;vif;cJhonf/

]]avmh'fb½kdufpf}} (Lord Bryce) url ]]zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'[lonf

tzGJUtpnf; (tNrJwrf; Permanent institution)rsm;tm; xrf;aqmif&rnfh

vkyfief;wm0efESifh wdusaomvkyfykdifcGifhtmPmukd Oya'jzifh tyfESif;azmfaqmif

&onfh EkdifiHa&;tzGJUtpnf;\ zGJUpnf;wnfaqmufrIykHpH? tpDtrHwpf&yfjzpf

onf}} [k jyqkdcJhonf/

rsufarSmufacwf EkdifiHa&;odyÜHynm&Sifrsm;? Oya'ynm&Sifrsm;url---

tajccHOya'wpfck\ ta&;ygaom tcsufrSm------]]EkdifiHawmftmPmukd

ykdif;jcm; cGJa0usifhokH;jcif;rloabmw&m;ESifh ,if;wkdYtcsif;csif; tjyeftvSef

xdef;ausmif;onfhpepfukd usifhokH;azmfaqmifa&;jzpfonf}}[k azmfñTef;cJhMu

onf/

tar&duefjynfaxmifpkonf EkdifiHawmftmPmukd ykdif;jcm;cGJa0 usifhokH;

jcif;ESifh tjyeftvSefMuyfrwfxdef;ausmif;onfh Oya'rloabmw&m; (Doc-

trine of Seperation of Power and the Principle of Check and bal-

ance) azmfaqmifonfh tajccHOya'pepfwpf&yfukd pwifusifhokH;cJhaom a&S;

tusqkH;aom EkdifiHwpfEkdifiHjzpfonf/ tar&duefjynfaxmifpk\ w&m;vTwf

awmfcsKyfonf (Supreme Court of the United States) tajccHOya'ESifh

Oya'rsm;ukd teuft"dyÜm,fzGifhqkdykdifcGifhtmPm&SdNyD; tajccHOya'ESifhrnDaom

jyKvkyfrIwkdYukd tqkH;tjzwfjyKonf/

vGwfvyfNyD;acwf jrefrmEkdifiHwGif 1947 ckESpf jynfaxmifpkor®w jrefrm

EkdifiHawmf zGJUpnf;tkyfcsKyfykHtajccHOya' yk'fr 151 t& ]] jrefrmEkdifiH w&m;

vTwfawmfcsKyfonfvnf; tajccHOya'ukd teuft"dyÜm,fzGifhqkdykdifcGifh tmPm

tyfESif;jcif;cH&NyD; zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'a&;&m tjiif;yGm;rIESifh tajccHOya'

ESifhrnDaom jyKvkyfrIwkdYukd tqkH;tjzwfjyKcJhonf/

qkd&S,fvpfpepfusifhokH;aom qkd&S,fvpfEkdifiHawmfrsm;\ tajccHOya'

pepfwGif qkd&S,fvpfOya'a&;&mrlonf(u)EkdifiHawmftmPmukd ykdif;jcm;cGJa0

usifhokH;onfhpepfukd vufrcH? jiif;y,fonf/ (c) EkdifiHawmftmPmukd waygif;

wpnf;wnf; xm;&Sdonfhrlukd usifhokH;onf/ (The Principle of Socialist

Legality (a) rejects the doctrine of seperation of Power;and (b)accepts

the Principle of Unified Power.)

Oyrm(1) w½kwfjynfolYor®wEkdifiHwGif Oya'ESifhtnD a&G;cs,f

wifajr§mufjcif;cH&onfh ukd,fpm;vS,frsm;jzifh zGJUpnf;xm;aom ]]trsKd;om;

jynfolYuGef*&ufonf EkdifiH\ tjrifhqkH;tmPmykdiftzGJUtpnf;jzpfaMumif;---

A[kdjynfolYtpkd;&ESifh jynfolYw&m;vTwfawmfcsKyfwkdYonf ]] trsKd;om;jynfolYuGef*&uf}}ukd wm0efcH&rnfjzpfaMumif;? ]uGef*&uf}tpnf;ta0;usif;yonfh

umvr[kwfvQif ]trsKd;om;jynfolYuGef*&uf\ tNrJwrf;aumfrwD (The

Standing Committee of the National People's Congress) ukd wm0efcH

&rnf[kvnf;aumif;? xkd ]tNrJwrf;aumfrw D}onf A[kdtpkd;&tkyfcsKyfa&;ESifh

jynfolYw&m;pD&ifa&;ukd BuD;MuyfuGyfuJ&rnf[kvnf;aumif;? zGJUpnf;ykHtajccH

Oya'ESifhOya'rsm;ukd teuft"dyÜm,fzGifhqkd&rnf[kvnf;aumif; tajccH

Oya'wGif tmPmrsm;tyfESif; jy|mef;usifhokH;vsuf&Sdonfukd awGU&ayrnf/

Oyrm(2) 1974 ckESpf jynfaxmifpkqkd&S,fvpfor®wjrefrmEkdifiHawmf

zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'yk'fr 41? 44? 201 ESifh 200(*)wkdYwGif ]]jynfolYvTwfawmf

onf EkdifiHawmf\ tjrifhqkH;tmPmykdiftzGJUtpnf;jzpfaMumif; -----Oya'

jyKrItmPmukd jynfolYvTwfawmfüom tyfESif;aMumif;? ---zGJUpnf;ykHtajccH

Oya'\ teuft"dyÜm,fukd jynfolYvTwfawmfuom zGifhqkdEkdifaMumif;? ---

EkdifiHawmfaumifpD? A[kdESifha'oqkdif&mtmPmykdiftzJGUtpnf;rsm;\ vkyfaqmif

csufrsm;onf zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'ESifhukdufnDjcif; &Sd? r&Sd qkH;jzwf&ef vkdtyfygu

jynfolYvTwfawmfuom qkH;jzwf&rnfjzpfaMumif;---}} jy|mef;usifhokH;cJhonf/

xkdYjyif yk'fr 73 yk'frcGJ(c)ESifh(!)wkdYt&---jynfolYvTwfawmftpnf;ta0;wpfckESifh

wpfcktMum; EkdifiHawmf\ tjrifhqkH;wm0efxrf;aqmif&onfh EkdifiHawmfor®w?

EkdifiHawmfaumifpDOuú| OD;aqmifaom ]EkdifiHawmfaumifpD}tm; ]]zGJUpnf;ykHtajccH

Oya'rSty tjcm;Oya'rsm;\ teuft"dyÜm,fzGifhqkd&ef (tmPm)}}ESifh ]]A[kdESifh

a'oqkdif&m tmPmykdiftzGJUtpnf;rsm;\ Oya'ESifhukdufnDjcif;r&Sdaom

qkH;jzwfcsufrsm;? trdefYrsm;ukdy,fzsufykdifcGifh}} tmPmrsm;tyfESif;jy|mef;usifhokH;

cJhaMumif; awGU&Sd&rnf jzpfonf/

rsufarSmufurÇm\ t"duOya'pepfBuD;wpfckjzpfaom Oa&myEkdifiHrsm;u

pwifusifhokH;cJhaom udk"Oya'^jy|mef;Oya'pepf (Code Law System)]]wpf

enf;}} qDADvfOya'pepf (Civil Law System )wGifrl..]]zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'

ESifh Oya'rsm;udk teuft"dyÜm,fzGifhqkdjcif;ESifh Oya'jyKvTwfawmfrsm;u jy|mef;

onhf Oya'rsm;onfvnf;aumif;? EkdifiHtpkd;&? tmPmykdifrsm;\ jyKvkyf

aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;onfvnf;aumif;----]]EkdifiHESifh jynfoloabmwltwnfjyK

jy|mef;xm;onfh wnfqJzGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'ESihfnDñGwfjcif; &Sd ? r&Sd pdppfjcif;}}

ponfh tajccHOya'a&;&m tjiif;yGm;jyóemrsm;udk pD&ifqkH;jzwfEkdif&ef

orm;½kd;us&SdNyD; w&m;vTwfawmfcsKyfESihf tjcm;w&m;½kH;rsm; (Supreme Court

and other Courts) tjyif zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qkdif&m w&m;½kH;wpf½kH;

oD;jcm;zGJUpnf; wnfaxmifí tajccHOya'qkdif&m ygvDrefEkdifiHa&;udk

w&m;pD&ifa&;enf;vrf; (Judicialization of Constitutional Parliamen-

tary Politics)jzifh ygarmu© a'gufwm [ef;(ef) u,f(vf)pif (1881-1973)

\ zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'a&;&m tawG;? tjrif? oD0&D Oya'rl oabmw&m;

(Constitutional Doctrine of the ''Constitutional Court'' and the ''Con-stitutional review ''of the constitutionality of the acts of legislativeand executive powers )ukd vufawGUtaumiftxnfazmfcJhMuonfrSm

ESpfaygif;&Spfq,fru MumcJhNyDjzpfonf/

ygarmu© u,f(vf)pif\ oD0&DESihf zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'qkdif&mw&m;½kH;?

w&m;pD&ifa&;pepfonf EkdifiHawmftmPmudk ykdif;jcm;okH;pGJjcif;ESihf tcsif;csif;

tjyeftvSefxdef;ausmif;jcif;rlrsm; (Doctrine of Seperation of Power

and the Principle of Check and balance) tygt0if Oya'pkd;rdk;a&;rl

udkvnf; yHhykd;axmufulvsuf tcsKyftjcmtmPmudk tajccHOya'ESihftnD

ykdif;jcm;cGJa0 usifhokH;Muonfh Oya'jyKa&;? tkyfcsKyfa&;? w&m;pD&ifa&;?

tmPmykdiftzGJUtpnf;rsm;onf rdrdwdkYtm; tyfESif;xm;aomvkyfief;wm0efrsm;

udk azmfaqmif&mwGif wpfzufapmif;eif;rjzpfapbJ [efcsufnDnD tajccH

Oya'ESifhtnDom EkdifiHawmfESifhEkdifiHom;rsm;twGuf vkyfukdifaqmif&GufMua&;

jzpfonf/ qkdvkdonfrSm ---Oya'jyKolwdkYu tajccHOya'ESihfrnDaomOya'rsm;

rjyKvkyfa&;ESifh tkyfcsKyfolwdkYuvnf; tajccHOya'ESihfqefYusifaom tqkH;

tjzwfrsm; rjyKvkyfMua&; jzpfonf/ ]]zGJUpnf;ykHtajccHOya'\ BuD;pkd;vTrf;rkd;rI}}

(Supremacy of Constitution) [laom Oya'rloabmw&m;ukdvnf;

vufawGUtaumiftxnfazmf aqmif&Gufapjcif;jzpfonf/

ygarmu© u,f(vf)pif\ oD0&Dt& u,f(vf)pifw&m;½kH;ykHpH (The Kels-

enian Court model)jzifh wnfaxmifaom tajccHOya'qkdif&m ]]oD;oefYw&m;½kH;}}onf tajccHOya'udk teuft"dyÜm,fudkzGifhqkdykdifcGifhtmPmtyfESif;

jcif;cH&vsuf w&m;pD&ifa&;pepftwGif;wGif tajccHOya'qkdif&m tjiif;yGm;rI

rsm;(Constitutional disputes)ukd t"duwm0ef,lpdppfpD&ifqkH;jzwfonf/

xkdyHkpHudk 1920 jynfhESpf MopBwD;,m;]yxr}or®wEkdifiH zGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya'

(The First Republic of the Austrian Constitution, 1920)wGif pwif

jy|mef;toHk;jyKcJhonf/ ygarmu©u,f(vf)pifvnf; MopBwD;,m;0efBuD;csKyf

(Chancellor, Karl Renner)\ wm0efay;tyfcsuft& 1930 jynfhESpftxd

xkdtajccHOya'qkdif&mw&m;½Hk;wGif wm0efxrf;cJhonf/ xkdrSaemufü *smreD?

tDwvD? pydef? ay:wl*DEkdifiHrsm;ESihf Oa&mytv,fykdif;EdkifiHrsm;vnf;

u,f(vf)pif w&m;½Hk;yHkpHESihf tajccHOya'qkdif&mw&m;½Hk;pepfudk usihfoHk;azmf

aqmifcJhMuonf/

1990-1993 ckESpfrsm;...vGefavaomf...

(u) ta&SUOa&my qkd&S,fvpfEkdifiHrsm;tm;vHk;onfvnf;aumif;-

(c ) ,cif]],l*dkpvm;AD;,m; qkd&S,fvpfjynfaxmifpkor®wEkdifiH}}

onf 1990 jynfhESpf ESpfOD;ydkif;wGif NydKuGJí ay:aygufvmonfh

'Drkdua&pDEkdifiHopfrsm;jzpfaom '' Bosnia and Harzegovina;

Croatia; Macedonia; Montenegro; Serbia; Slovenia"

EdkifiHajcmufEkdifiHonfvnf;aumif;-

(* ) ,cif ]]qdkAD,ufqkd&S,fvpfjynfaxmifpkor®wEkdifiHrsm;}} (USSR)

onf NydKuGJí 1991 ckESpfwGif 'Drkdua&pDEkdifiHopfrsm;tjzpf

wnfaxmifcJhaom 15 EkdifiHteuf '' Turkmenistan'' EdkifiHrS

ty ''Armenia; Azerbaijan; Belaru; Estonia; Georgia;

Kazakhstan; Kyrgyzstan; Lavia; Lithuania; Moldova;

Russia; Tajikistan; Ukraine; Uzbekistan" EdkifiH 14 EkdifiH

onfvnf;aumif;-

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&Sm;ESihf jrefrm}}EkdifiHwdkYonfvnf;aumif;? ,cktcg ta&SU

tv,fykdif;a'oEkdifiHrsm;ESihf tm&S? tmz&du? vufwif

tar&duEkdifiHrsm;tygt0if(t*Fvdyf? tar&duefOya'pepf

usihfoHk;aomEdkifiHrsm;' Common Law Countries'ryg? qkd&S,f

vpfpepfusifhoHk;aom EkdifiHrsm;ryg) ,aeY rsufarSmufurÇm\

EkdifiHaygif; 70 ausmfonf rdrdwkdYrJqE´ay;í twnfjyKxm;

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jzpfaom]]EkdifiHzGJUpnf;yHktajccHOya'}}udk umuG,fapmifha&Smuf

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t&zGJUpnf;onfh tmPmydkiftzGJUtpnf;rsm;uvnf; tajccH

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Oya'qkdif&m w&m;pD&ifa&;yHkpH (modern European model

of Constitutional review)udk rdrdwdkY EkdifiH\orkdif;ay;vkdtyfcsuf

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10-4 (07).pmd 4/10/2012, 2:29 AM1

Page 8: Mr. James Henry Webb OD;aqmifonfhtzGJUtm; vuUqfcHHkawGMr. James Henry Webb Mr. James Henry Webb

10-4-2012pmrsufESm 8

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Page 11: Mr. James Henry Webb OD;aqmifonfhtzGJUtm; vuUqfcHHkawGMr. James Henry Webb Mr. James Henry Webb

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10-4 (11).pmd 4/10/2012, 2:29 AM1

Page 12: Mr. James Henry Webb OD;aqmifonfhtzGJUtm; vuUqfcHHkawGMr. James Henry Webb Mr. James Henry Webb

10-4-2012

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10-4 (15).pmd 4/10/2012, 2:29 AM1

Page 13: Mr. James Henry Webb OD;aqmifonfhtzGJUtm; vuUqfcHHkawGMr. James Henry Webb Mr. James Henry Webb

pmrsufESm 20 10-4-2012

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10-4 (20).pmd 4/10/2012, 2:29 AM1