European TransformationsMr. ErmerWorld History APMiami Beach Senior High

The Protestant Reformation Begins: Lutheranism

• Roman Catholic Church serves as source of cultural unity in Europe• Power and wealth breeds corruption at expense of spiritual

authority• Many priests sell indulgences to gain wealth, many others

resent Church policies• Introduction of the printing press to Europe furthers anti-

Catholic ideas

• 1517: German monk, Martin Luther, issues “95 theses” in Wittenberg• Protests abuses of Church power, ideas printed and spread• Rejects teaching authority of the church, claims Bible is the

only authority• Rejects Catholic some “sacraments” and priestly celibacy• Only baptism and communion remain important to Luther’s

followers

• 1521: Excommunicated by pope, Luther establishes new Church in Wittenberg• “Lutheran” movement gains political support in many

German cities• Holy Roman Emperor Charles V outlaws Luther and his

teachings• Luther protected by prince of Wittenberg, political rivals of

Charles help Luther

• Lutheran princes put Catholic churches under government control• Luther and his teachings come under political control—

corrupted

Martin Luther

The Spread of Protestant Christianity• Mid-Sixteenth Century, ½ of Germany = Lutheran• Protestant churches spread to Netherlands and cities in

Switzerland• King Henry VIII of England names himself “Supreme Head” of

Church of England for largely political purposes, divorce—beliefs, rituals change little

• Swiss priest Ulrich Zwingli reforms Zurich’s churches• Abolishes relics and images in churches, replaced with white

walls• Form of Catholic Mass replaced by scripture readings, prayers,

sermons • Disagreement with Luther over importance of communion

prevent unification• Zwingli dies in battle versus Catholic forces from western

Switzerland

• John Calvin, French lawyer in Geneva, inherits Zwingli’s followers• 1536: Publishes the Institutes of the Christian Religion,

outlining Protestant faith• Spreads belief in Predestination, belief God has already

chosen the saved• Calvin takes control of Geneva’s gov’t, est. Consistory as

religious court• Calvinism spreads to Netherlands, parts of France, Scotland

The Anabaptists• Disliked state control of church like Luther

and Calvin established• Anabaptists: faith should be by adults who

choose a spiritual rebirth, and are baptized• Adult baptism was a new idea, different than those held by Catholics and Protestants

• Separation of church and state=important• Ministers elected by people, from the

community since all Christians are equal (but not women)

• Did not believe in war or holding political office

• Catholics & Protestants persecuted Anabaptists

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The Catholic Reformation• “Catholic Reformation” refers to a series of measures

taken by the Catholic Church in reaction to the Protestant Reformation and as an attempt to deepen spiritual and religious commitment of Catholics

• 1545-1563: The Council of Trent• Upholds: faith and good works needed for salvation, clerical

celibacy, purgatory, sacraments, Eucharist; however, sale of indulgences is forbidden

• The Jesuits• Official name, “The Society of Jesus” founded by Ignatius of

Loyola• Jesuit priests rigorously educated, swear loyalty to pope and

Church• Sent as missionaries to Protestant and non-Christian areas• Served as advisors to Catholic kings and some foreign leaders• Perhaps most influential group in spreading Christianity

globally

The Council of Trent

Effects of Religious Fracturing

• In areas where tension between Catholics and Protestants ran high, many developed fear of the supernatural—witches• Women account for 85% of those convicted of witchcraft

• The Spanish Armada• Philip II of Spain (Catholic) tries to dethrone Elizabeth I of England

(Protestant)

• United Provinces of the Netherlands• Philip attempts to stop Calvinism from spreading in “Low Countries”• Northern provinces split, become the Netherlands, southern provinces

remain under Spanish control and will become Belgium

• The Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648)• “Last of the Religious Wars”• Holy Roman Emperor wants Bohemia to come back to Catholic Church• Main battle field is Germany, but many European countries participate• Ends with Peace of Westphalia; France emerges more powerful• Holy Roman Emperor loses all power, German princes gain total

autonomy

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Royal Power & The Spanish Inquisition

• “New Monarchs” in England, France, & Spain consolidate power• Develop new sources of finance• French and Spanish kings levy new taxes• English kings increase fees for royal services• Henry VIII confiscates church lands and “treasures”• Services formerly provided by church now provided by state

• Many Protestant monarchs use new churches to increase power• English, Swedish, Danish, and German leaders use

Protestantism to gain wealth

• Spanish monarchs gain papal license to punish Jews & Muslims• Spanish Inquisition also used to seek out Protestant heretics• Kings use the inquisition as method of controlling political

dissent

Absolutism in France• Absolute monarchies derive power from concept of

“divine right of kings” (aka “divine right to rule”), believe power comes from God• France is best example of an absolute monarchy

• Louis XIII and his minister Cardinal Richelieu create absolutist state• Spied on nobility, destroys castles of noblemen, builds loyal

bureaucracy • Crushes French Calvinism and politically independent nobles

• King Louis XIV—”The Sun King” (1643-1715)• Builds palace at, and moves his court to, Versailles• Asks aristocracy to move their residences to Versailles (to spy

on them)• Economic minister Jean-Baptiste Colbert builds economic

infrastructure and abolishes internal tariffs thus improving export trade

Legacy of Louis XIV• 1715: Louis XIV dies• France is in debt and surrounded by enemies

• On his deathbed he tells great-grandson:• “Soon you will be King of a great kingdom…Try to remain

at peace with your neighbors. I loved war too much. Do not follow me in that or in overspending…Lighten your people’s burden as soon as possible, and do what I have had the misfortune not to do myself.”

Russian Absolutism• 1500: Ivan IV named Czar (“Caesar”)• Crushes power of boyars (nobles)• Expands empire to the East

• 1598-1613: Time of Trouble• Ivan’s dynasty ends, struggle for power

• 1613-1917: Romanov Dynasty• Romanovs move to “Europeanize” Russia• Peter The Great returns from West with idea

Peter The Great of Russia• Peter reorganizes army with Russian and

European officers, peasants serve 25 yrs• 210,000 men in army, starts Russian navy

• Looks down on Russian culture, act Western (no beards, no long coats)

• Women given more freedom than before• No longer required to wear veils

• Wins land from Sweden, establishes a port• Builds city of St. Petersburg on Baltic Coast• St. Pete=Russian capital until 1918

Catherine The Great’s Russia

• Catherine takes power of Russia (1762-1796), favors Enlightened reforms

• Establishes new code of laws, all are equal under the law, but never really enforced• Nobility is key to stability, but her favor of nobles leads to

unrest among serfs

• Catherine expands Russian territory to the south (Black Sea), and west to Poland

English Revolutions

• Monarch vs. Parliament for control• Struggle finally decided by future wars

• 1603: Queen Elizabeth dies, no heir• James Stuart, her cousin, crowned King James I

• James believes kings get their power from God—”Divine Right to Rule”• Parliament doesn’t agree, prefers co-rule

• Puritans (Calvinist members of Church of England) want to reform church, and hold many seats in House of Commons

England on Verge of War• James I dies, son Charles I crowned king• 1628: Parliament says king cannot make new

taxes without their agreement• Charles accepts, then abolishes law b/c it limits his powers

as king

• Charles makes changes to Church of England, against wishes of Puritans• Many Puritans leave England and settle in America (New

England) as “Pilgrims”

Civil War & The Commonwealth• 1642: War starts b/w “Cavaliers” (Royals) and

“Roundheads” (Parliament)• Roundheads victorious because of Oliver Cromwell’s

military genius

• Cromwell’s “New Model Army” made up of strict Puritans who fought “for God”

• Cromwell purges Parliament of Royals, and abolishes monarchy, declares republic• Executes King Charles I

• Cromwell’s “republic”=military dictatorship

The Restoration• 1658: Oliver Cromwell dies, Parliament restores the

Stuart dynasty to monarchy• But Parliament has more power than before• Restores Church of England as official church• Limits rights of Catholics and Puritans• King Charles II sympathetic to Catholics• Charles suspends law restoring church, Parliament makes

him back down and take it back• James II, a Catholic, appoints Catholics to high

positions in government, army, schools• Parliament not nervous b/c of his age• When James has a son with his Catholic wife, Parliament

starts to worry

The Glorious Revolution• Parliament asks Dutch Prince William of Orange,

husband of James’ daughter, to invade England• William “invades”, James runs to France• William becomes king of England in bloodless

revolution• Accepts Bill of Rights giving Parliament much power to make

laws and levy taxes• Allows for rule of law, foundation of constitutional monarchy• Act of Toleration: Puritans can worship, Catholics can’t

Dismissing of Parliament With William & Mary

New Ideas• Scientists and Mathematicians begin to

investigate the world around them• Thinkers of the time believe Math, as the language of the

universe, can unlock the door to knowledge• Ptolemaic Universe was a model which put Earth

at the center—geocentric• Copernicus argues for a heliocentric universe• Kepler proves Copernicus correct

Galileo Galilei• Math teacher, first European to use a telescope to

observe the stars and planets• Proves stars are not just “balls of pure light”

• Galileo gets in trouble with the Catholic Church, most scientists agree w/ Galileo

• Galileo had set out to explain motion in the universe, never finds answer

• Another scientist, Newton, does…

Galileo

Isaac Newton• Newton attends Cambridge University• Professor of Mathematics

• Writes Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (Principia), describes three laws of motion:• Universal law of gravitation: all objects in the universe are

attracted to one another by gravity• Proves that one mathematically proven law can explain all

motion in the universe.• Establishes the idea that the universe works according to a

set of laws

Sir Isaac Newton

Philosophy and Reason

• Rene Descartes, takes the new view of the universe, and creates new view of humanity• Develops a philosophy that stays until 20th Cen.• Begins by “forgetting” everything he’s learned, comes up with

new ideas from scratch • Accepted only things proved by reason• Separation of mind and matter

• Rationalism, based on belief that reason is chief source of knowledge

• Francis Bacon: Scientific Method/Inductive Reason

The Enlightenment• 18th Century philosophical movement of intellectuals

impressed by Scientific Rev• Centered around “reason”, or using Scientific Method to

understand all life, to improve life• Isaac Newton and John Locke= inspiration

• John Locke argues that humans are born with blank minds, we learn through our senses perceiving the world around us.• Change the surroundings, change the person/society• Attempts to find “natural laws of politics”

• Montesquieu attempts to establish a science of politics to encourage liberty and stability

• Cesare Baccaria argues against capital punishment, and for stronger police force

• Voltaire

Enlightened Intellectuals

Economics• Adam Smith, wrote The Wealth of Nations (1776),

considered founder of social sciences together with Physiocrats• Laissez-faire: “to let do” the government should let

business do what it wants, and government should only do three things:• Protect its people from invasion (army)• Protect its people from each other (police)• Build/maintain infrastructure (roads, canals) that are

too expensive for the private sector• Theory of Progress• Belief that advances in natural science would lead to

greater knowledge of human affairs and lead to prosperity, peace, and liberty• Subject society to rational analysis and replace religious

values with secular values arrived at by reason rather than revelation

Reading and Sharing Ideas• Rich people know how to read, and do• Learn a lot through reading various works

• Magazines and newspapers rise• London most famous for these new publications

• Salon: great rooms in homes of rich Europeans where they can talk and share ideas, information and news

• Intellectuals known as “philosophes” encourage the use of reason

Religion and the Enlightenment• Deism• God as watchmaker

• Many new ideas attack Christianity• Many Europeans still very Christian

• 95% of Catholics go to Easter mass• Many Protestant churches, controlled by the states,

lacked the same religious enthusiasm• New Protestant movements arise

• John Wesley, creates Methodist Church• Becomes big movement in England, ends slave trade, brings

English middle and lower class together into a community of believers