Name: __________________________________ Period: ____________________ Date: _____________

2015 AP Biology Study GuideUnit 2: Biochemistry and Cells

VocabularyGive a brief definition of each of these terms. These words are likely to appear as part of questions on the exam.

1. Atom –

2. Nucleus –

3. Electron –

4. Proton –

5. Neutron –

6. Element –

7. Compound –

8. Atomic Number –

9. Atomic Mass –

10.Molecule –

11.Mixture –

12. Ion –

13. Ionic Bond –

14.Covalent Bond –

15.Hydrogen Bond –

16.pH –

17.Buffer –

18.Macromolecule –

19.Nucleic Acid –

20.Carbohydrate –

21.Polymer –

22.Starch –

23.Cellulose –

24.Glycogen –

25.Lipid –

26.Hydrophobic –

27.Triglyceride –

28.Trans Fat –

29.Phospholipid –

30.Hydrophilic –

31.Bilayer –

32.Steroid –

33.Protein –

34.Enzyme -

35.Substrate –

36.Product –

37.Denaturation -

38.Eukaryotic -

39.Prokaryotic –

40.Nucleus –

41.Cytoplasm –

42.Plasma membrane –

43.Phospholipid –

44.Hydrophobic –

45.Hydrophilic –

46.Selective Permeability –

47.Diffusion –

48.Concentration Gradient –

49.Osmosis –

50.Solvent –

51.Solute –

52. Isotonic –

53.Hypotonic –

54.Hypertonic –

55.Facilitated Diffusion –

56.Active Transport –

57.Vesicle –

58.Endocytosis –

59.Exocytosis -

60.Pinocytosis –

61.Phagocytosis –

62.Cytosol –

63.Organelles –

The Chemistry of Life: Critical Thinking QuestionsThese questions are similar to those on the test.

1. Identify each of these as an element (E), compound (C), or mixture (M)._____ Carbon dioxide CO2

_____ Hydrogen gas H2

_____ Salt Water

_____ Water (H2O)

_____ Glucose (C6H12O6)

_____ Air

_____ Iron (Fe)

_____ Oxygen gas (O2)

2. Which of the elements listed above is also a molecule?

3. The most common elements found in the human body are sometimes referred to as “CHNOPS”. What six elements are part of this abbreviation?

4. Label the protons, neutrons, and electrons in this diagram.

5. The model of the atom shown above is called the electron-shell model. Give one inaccuracy about the way this model is drawn.

6. Fill out this table summarizing the properties of the subatomic particles.

Particle Location in atom Charge Relative Mass Role

Neutron Nucleus Neutral (0) Heavy Holds the nucleus together.

Proton

Electron

7. Identify the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons present in a neutral atom of each of these ele-ments.

8. What are electrolytes? Give an example of a positive and negatively-charged electrolyte and where it is found in the body.

9. Most atoms tend to be stable when they have ___________ valence electrons.

10.Compare the electron interactions that occur between atoms forming an ionic bond and atoms forming a covalent bond.

11.Label a single and double covalent bond in this diagram of an amino acid.

a. How many electrons are shared within each of the two types of bonds?

12.Water molecules can form hydrogen bonds with each other because they are ____________ molecules.

13.Give an example of water demonstrating each of these properties:

a. Cohesion –

b. Adhesion –

c. High heat capacity –

d. Universal solvent –

14. Identify each of the substances in the table below as an acid, base, or neutral substance.

Substance pH Acid, Base, or Neutral

Milk 6.0

Bleach 9.5

Pure water 7.0

Vinegar 3.1

Ammonia 11.5

15.Which of the substances in the previous question is the strongest acid? Which is the strongest base?

Organic Macromolecules: Critical Thinking QuestionsThese questions are similar to those on the test.

1. Describe three ways that the Miller-Urey apparatus simulated the conditions on early Earth that made it possible for organic compounds to form.

2. What element is the backbone of all organic compounds?

3. Proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids are all polymers. What repeating subunit is each made of?

4. Fill out this table comparing the different types of carbohydrates.

Carbohydrate Class Root Prefix Meaning Examples

Monosaccharide Single or one.Glucose Deoxyri-boseFructose RiboseGalactose

Disaccharide

Polysaccharide

5. Give an example of an organism or tissue where you would expect to find starch, glycogen, and cellu-

lose.

6. Give two structural differences between DNA and RNA.

7. Give an example of where you could find the three classes of lipids (triglyceride, steroid, and phospho-lipid) in living organisms.

8. The diagram below shows a saturated and unsaturated fatty acid. Label each. Which would be liquid at room temperature, and which would be solid?

9. Sketch a single phospholipid molecule (do not draw the chemical structure, just the shape). Label the phosphate and two fatty acids that make up the molecule. Also, label the hydrophilic and hydrophobic region.

10.Explain why altering the sequence of amino acids that make up a protein could completely alter its abil-ity to function normally.

11.Give five examples of functions served by proteins in living organisms.

12. Define each of the following levels of protein structure and explain the bonds that contribute to them:Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary.

12.This illustration shows an enzyme breaking down a substrate. Label the enzyme, substrate, and prod-ucts.

13.What effect do enzymes have on chemical reactions in living organisms?

14.What are the two most common ways to cause denaturation of a protein?

Cells: Critical Thinking QuestionsThese questions are similar to those on the test.

1. List the four parts of the cell theory.

2. Fill out this table comparing prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Relative Size Location of DNA Organelles? Example

Prokaryotes Smaller

Eukaryotes Yes

3. Explain how surface area limits cell size. Why don’t most eukaryotic cells get bigger than 1mm?

4. The plasma membrane is primarily made of phospholipids, with some proteins and carbohydrates scat-tered throughout. Describe one function of each of these components.

a. Phospholipids –

b. Proteins –

c. Carbohydrates –

5. Explain the specific role or function of each of these types of membrane proteins.a. Anchoring Proteins –

b. Carrier Protein –

c. Enzyme –

d. Receptor Protein –

e. Recognition Protein –

6. The plasma membrane has selective permeability. What types of molecules can pass through easily, and which cannot? Give one example of each.

7. Label the bilayer, a carbohydrate, the hydrophilic region, the hydrophobic region, and a protein in this diagram of the plasma membrane.

8. Diffusion is the movement of molecules from ________________ to ______________ concentration.

9. The diagram below shows a solute dissolving in a solvent. Draw what the solution look like after diffu-sion reaches an equilibrium.

10.How does osmosis differ from diffusion?

11. Assume red blood cells are about 10% solute and 90% water. Label each beaker below as hypertonic, hypotonic, or isotonic, compared to the cell. Will each cell shrivel, blow up, or remain unchanged? Draw arrows to show the move-

ment of water in or out of the cells.

1

12.How would a plant cell respond differently to each of the solutions in the previous question?

13. The beaker below has a membrane that allows the passage of water but not salt. The left side is 10% NaCl, and 90% H2O, while the right side is 40% NaCl and 60% H2O. What type of molecular movement will occur in the tube? What will it looks like afterwards?

14.What is the difference between diffusion and facilitated diffusion? What is an example of a molecule that would require facilitated diffusion to enter a cell?

15.Diffusion and osmosis are passive transport. How is active transport different?

16.Some single-celled organisms that live in fresh water will regularly pump out excess water. Is this exo-cytosis or endocytosis?

17.What is an example of a cell using phagocytosis?

18.Label each of the cell structures in this diagram.

1. ____________________2. ____________________3. ____________________4. Cytoskeleton 5. ____________________6. ____________________7. ____________________8. ____________________9. ____________________10. _________________

___11. _________________

___12.Vesicle _

19. For each of the organelles listed below, give its function.

Structure / Organelle Function

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Golgi Apparatus

Lysosome

Perioxisome

Mitochondria

Plasma Membrane

Flagella

Centriole

Cytoskeleton

Cilia

20.What three cell structures are present in plant cells that are not present in animal cells?