Types of Sentences

A. Compound SentenceTerdiri dari klausa-klausa yang setara satu dengan yang lainnya dan masing-masing dapat berdiri sendiri (independent clause). Klausa-klausa ini dihubungkan dengan coordinate conjunction.

a. Cara penulisan coordinators(Klausa pertama) , and/but/or (klausa kedua)b. Cara penulisan conjunction

(Klausa pertama) , however/moreover/etc, (klausa kedua2) (Klausa pertama) ; however/moreover/etc, (klausa kedua) ( Kalimat pertama) . However/moreover/etc, (kalimat kedua)

Contoh (1):I am not feeling wellI decided to come to class I am not feeling well , but I decided to come to class I am not feeling well; however, I decided to come to class

Contoh (2):I dont have your phone numberI would call you I don’t have your phone number; otherwise, I would call you If I had your phone number, I would call you (conditional sentence:: dijelaskan pada

bagian Adverbial Clause)

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Coordinators Conjunction

AndButOr

Contrast however

nevertheless

yet

Addition besides

moreover

in addition

Result Therefore

Consequently

That’s why (sebaiknya tdk digunakan krn terlalu informal)

Condition Otherwise

Or

Selama masih masuk akal, penggabungan klausa-klausa tidak mempermasalahkan bentuk tenses

B. Complex SentenceTerdiri dari dua klausa yang berbeda: klausa utama dan klausa tambahan/klausa terikat (dependent clause). Klausa terikat ini tidak dapat berdiri sendiri dan fungsinya adalah memberi keterangan tambahan pada suatu bagian di klausa utama.Ada tiga bentuk klausa dalam complex sentence:a. Adverbial clause b. Adjective clause c. Noun clause

Adverbial clauseModifikasi pada kata kerja atau kata keterangan suatu klausa utama. Klausa utama dengan klausa tambahan dihubungkan dengan subordinator.

Contoh (1-difference between concessive and adversative):I don’t lend my money to himI have a lot of money Although I have a lot of money, I don’t lend it to him

I have a lot of money

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Function: to show SubordinatorsTime(berkaitan dengan tenses)

SinceWhenUntilBefore/ After

Contrast

Concessive AlthoughEventhoughThough

Adversative WhileWhereasMeanwhile

Cause/ Reason BecauseSince (berbeda arti dengan since pada bagian time)As

Result So that

Such + (Noun) + ThatSo+ (Adj/Adv) + ThatSo many+ (Noun)+ That

Purpose In order that

He doesn’t have a money at all I have a lot of money, whereas he doesn’t have a money at all Walaupun keduanya menyatakan hubungan yang berlawanan, terdapat perbedaan konteks pemakaian

Contoh (2-result):The rate of crime in general has sharply increasedThis is because the majority of our people are in a very bad economic condition The majority of our people are in a such bad economic condition that the rate of

criminal in general has sharply increased

There are many boys in my school that have a crush on JelitaThis is because Jelia is very beautiful Jelita is so beautiful that many boys in my school have a crush on her

Sebenarnya fungsi subordinators cause/ reason dengan subordinators result adalah sama keduanya menghubungkan klausa-klausa yang memiliki hubungan sebab akibat. Pemakaian salah satu di antara kedua subordinators tersebut dibenarkan kecuali jika salah satu klausa dalam soal menggunakan kata very (lebih baik menggunakan subordinators result such+ (noun) +that atau so+(adj/adv)+that.

Andi is a very successful businessman nowThis is because he studied hard when he was in a college Andi is a very successful businessman since he studied hard when he was in a college

(since :: subordinator cause) Andi studied hard when he was in a college so that he is now a very successful

businessman (so that :: subordinator result)

*Coordinators dan subordinators HARUS dihafalkan. Saat menjawab soal, lihat perintahnya, apakah membuat compound sentence atau menggabungkan 2 kaliat menggunakan adverbial clause

Adverbial clause juga dapat berupa conditional sentence. Conditional sentence adalah suatu bentuk pengandaian di mana antara klausa utama dan klausa tambahan terdapat hubungan sebab-akibat (cause and effect). Ada 3 (+1) tipe conditional sentence:a. #1 Conditional-possibility b. #2 Conditional-unreal present c. #3 Conditional-unreal past d. Mixed Conditional

#1 Conditional-possibilityConditional ini digunakan untuk menunjukkan hal yang mungkin terjadi di masa yang akan datang. Ada 3 bentuk (struktur) kalimat yang memungkinkan untuk conditional iniSub-clause Main-clauseIf + Subject + V1

Subject + will + V1If + Subject + Should + V1

Should + Subject + V1

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If + Subject + V1 Subject + V1

Bentuk should cenderung digunakan jika kemungkinannya kecil bagi suatu kondisi untuk terjadi di masa depan (the possibilty is slightly less). Sementara bentuk terakhir yakni If + Subject + V1, Subject + V1 memiliki pengertian sebagai berikut:Contoh:If he has a new car, he has a new girl Artinya: everytime he has a new car then he has a new girl

#2 Conditional-unreal presentSub-clause Main-clauseIf+ Subject + V2 /V2 + Subject

Subject + Would + V1

Subject + V2

Conditional bentuk ke-2 digunakan untuk menunjukkan hal yang tidak mungkin terjadi pada saat ini (unreal present). Dalam penggunaannya, ada 2 struktur yang dapat dipakai. Struktur ke-2 (If + Subject+ V2, Subject + V2) digunakan untuk menunjukkan past habbit, kebiasaan masa lampau yang saat ini sudah tidak dilakukan lagi.

#3 Conditional-unreal pastConditional jenis ke-3 digunakan untuk menyatakan pengandaian atas kejadian masa lampau (unreal past). Hanya ada satu bentuk conditional tipe 3 ini.If + Subject + had+ V3 / Had + Subject + V3, Subject + would + have + V3

Seperti yang telah disebutkan dalam bahasan compound sentence, bahwa bentuk conditional bisa diubah ke dalam bentuk otherwise atau or. Perhatikan contoh berikut:I forgot your address so I didn’t drop by your place last week Conditional: If I hadn’t forgotten your address I would have dropped by your place

last week Compound sentences:

I forgot your address otherwise/ or I would have dropped by your place last week.

I would have dropped by your place last week but I forgot your address.

Mixed ConditionalConditional tipe ini digunakan untuk menyatakan pengandaian pada masa lalu, namun akibatnya dirasakan pada saat ini.If + Subject + had+ V3, Subject + Would + V1

Contoh:We passed the UI’s entrance test so we are here Conditional: If we had not passed the UI’s entrance test, We wouldn’t be here

Pengandaian masa lalu pengandaian masa kini

C. Adjective clause

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Relative PronounsAntecedent Subjective Objective Possesive Preposition +

ObjectPerson WHO WHOM WHOSE Prep + WHOMNon-Person WHICH WHICH The+ Noun+ OF

WHICHPrep + WHICH

Types of adjective clauseRestrictive adjective clause Antecedent tidak jelas perlu

dijelaskan lebih jauh Adjective clause penting Adjective clause tidak perlu

dipisahkan menggunakan koma Bisa menggunakan “that” untuk

mengganti “who” dan/atau “which”

Non-restrictive adjective clause Antecedent sudah jelas tidak

perlu dijelaskan lagi Adjective clause tidak terlalu

penting Adjective clause perlu dipisahkan

menggunakan koma Tidak bisa menggunakan “that”

untuk mengganti “who” dan/atau “which”

Plural antecedentThe nurses who are graduates of FIK UI are well-paid

restrict the subject/ antecedent

The nurses, who are graduates of FIK UI, are well-paid

Additional information

D. Noun clauseBaik noun maupun noun clause keduanya digunakan sebagai subjek atau objek. Perbedaannya:a. His story was interestingb. What he said was interestingBaik his story maupun what he said adalah subjek, namun what he said adalah sebuah noun clause karena noun clause mempunyai subjek dan kata kerja-nya sendiri (he subjek, said kata kerja)

Kata-kata yang digunakan untuk mengawali sebuah noun clausea. Question words (when, who, where, why, what, how, which, whom, whose)b. Whether, ifc. That

Noun clause begins with question wordJenis Main clause Questions Noun clauseSimple present+simple present simple present

I don’t know Where does she live?

I don’t know where she lives

I wonder Who is at the door?

I wonder who is at the door

Simple He asked this to Where is Tina? He asked me

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Some nurses

All nurses

past+simple present simple past

me where Tina wasShe wondered Who is knocking

the window?She wondered who was knocking the window

Simple past + simple past past perfect

I was thinking What did they actually do?

I was thinking what they actually had done

They asked me What happened? They asked me what had happened

Noun clauses begin with whether or ifNoun clause berasal dari yes/no questionMain clause : I don’t knowQuestion : Will she come?Noun clause :a. I don’t know whether she will comeb. I don’t know whether she will come or notc. I don’t know whether or not she will comed. I don’t know if she will comee. I don’t know if she will come or not(aturan mengenai tenses sama dengan seperti di tabel)

Noun clauses begin with thatNoun clause tidak berasal dari pertanyaan, tetapi dari pernyataan.Main clause : It is obviousStatement : The world is roundNoun clause :It is obvious that the world is roundThat the world is round is obvious(aturan mengenai tenses sama dengan seperti di tabel)

Noun clause with adjective/verb of urgencyExamples of adjective/verb of urgency: Important Necessary Urgent Require Demand Suggest Urge

Order Vital Insist Recommend Request Advise Ask (dalam arti “meminta)

Example 1Main clause : This was importantStatement : “You had to pass with a minimum GPA of 2.0 to prevent from

dropping out”

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Noun clause : It was important that I pass with a minimum GPA of 2.0 to prevent from dropping out.

Example 2Main clause : This is necessaryStatement : “She must/should not exceed 20% of the total sessions.”Noun clause : It is necessary that she not exceed 20% of the total sessions.

Example 3Main clause : The university requires this.Statement : “He has to report his GPA to the administration staff”Noun clause : The university requires that he report his GPA to the administration

staff.

Noun clause with “wish”Present to futureWish + Subject+will+.... Wish + Subject+ would+...Wish + I will be there you give a speech I wish I would be there when you give a speech

PresentWish + She is the one leading us I wish she were the one leading usWish + I have (V1) enough money I wish I had (V2) enough money

PastWish + I came (V1) to the party I wish I had come (had + V3) to the party

Essay Writing

Sebuah esai mempunyai:1. Awalan/ pendahuluan: dinamakan introduction; merupakan bagian pertama dari sebuah

esai.2. A thesis sentence: biasanya terletak di bagian akhir introduction. Kalimat ini adalah

kalimat paling umum dan paling penting dalam sebuah esai; ia mengandung controlling idea yang membatasi kalimat-kalimat lainnya dalam esai.

3. Bagian tengah: tubuh dari sebuah esai. Paragraf-paragraf ini menjelaskan, mendefinisikan, mengklarifikasi, dan memberi ilustrasi mengenai thesis sentence. Setiap paragarah memiliki sebuah kalimat topik dan beberapa kalimat penjelas. Berapa banyak paragraf yang ada pada bagian ini tergantung dari seberapa kompleks topik esai dan seberapa detail informasi yang diberikan dalam esai, selama tidak ‘keluar’ dari pembatasan yang diberikan thesis statement.

4. Akhiran/ penutup: kesimpulan dari sebuah esai, bisa berupa pernyataan ulang dari thesis sentence, solusi/rekomendasi atas apa yang dibahas, atau prediksi atas apa yang akan terjadi.

(penjelasan lengkap dan cukup mudah dimengerti terdapat pada buku cetak hijau halaman 156-176)

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