Mpb1613 Notes WEEK 11-12
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Transcript of Mpb1613 Notes WEEK 11-12
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CLAUSE AS REPRESENTATION
TRANSITIVITY IN VERBS:PROCESS,
PARTICIPANTSandCIRCUMSTANCE
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THE THREE MAJOR ROLES OF LANGUAGEa) how language functions to organise texts ina particular way Textual functionb) how language functions to participate in the
world Interpersonalfunctionc)how language functions to reflect in the
world Ideational/ExperientialorRepresentationalfunction
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REPRESENTING THE WORLD EXPERIENTIAL/IDEATIONAL FUNCTION OF LANGUAGEOur most powerful impression of experience is that itconsists ofgoings-onhappening, doing, sensing,meaning, being and becoming. All these goings-on are sortedout in the grammar of the clause. Thus as well as being amode of action, of giving and demanding goods-&-services
and information, the clause is alsoa mode of reflection, ofimposing order on the endless variation and flow ofevents. This grammatical system by which this is achieved is
TRANSITIVITY.The transitivity system construes theworld of experience into a manageable set of
PROCESS TYPES.(Halliday, 1994 : 106)
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REPRESENTING THE WORLD - EXPERIENTIAL
FUNCTION
We use language to talk about theworld, either
our external world
about things, events, qualities
or
our internal world
about thoughts, beliefs, feelings, and soon.
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Experiential
function
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EXPERIENTIAL/IDEATIONAL FUNCTION OF
LANGUAGE (CLAUSE AS REPRESENTATION)
In simple terms, language reflects our view of the worldas consisting ofgoings-on (mainly reflected in theverbs)and these involve
things/entities(usually realised bynouns)which may have attributes(normally realisedbyadjectives)and thesethingsgo on against background details of place, time,
manner (expressed byadverbials orprepositional phrases).
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EXPERIENTIAL FUNCTION OF LANGUAGE
From the point of view of Systemic-
Functional grammar the content ofclauses can be expressed in terms of
Processes (verbs)involvingParticipants (nominal groups)in
certain
Circumstances (adverbials orprepositional phrases).
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EXPERIENTIAL FUNCTION OFLANGUAGE
For example :
Harry Potterunlocked the secret chamber.participant process participant
(noun) (verb) (noun)
The experimentwas donein the lab yesterday.
participant process circumstance circumstance
(noun) (verb) (adverbial) (adverb)
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Only ONE participant (entity/thing) involved
TWO participants (entities/things) involved
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EXPERIENTIAL FUNCTION OF LANGUAGE
The process is typically expressed / realizedby theverbal group (verbs)in the clauseand is the central component of the message
from the experiential perspective.
Every major clause normally includes at least
oneparticipantwhich is normally realized
by a nominal group(nouns).
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EXPERIENTIAL FUNCTION OF
LANGUAGE
e.g. The lonely Shrek died.participant processnoun group verb
The new test was done yesterday.participant process circumstancenoun group verb adverb
Harry Potter unlocked the secret chamber.
participant process participantnoun group verb noun group
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EXPERIENTIAL FUNCTION OF
LANGUAGE
In some cases a participantmaynot be explicitly mentioned but is
understood as part of the
experiential meaning, for example,
you is understood as the doer
participant in imperative clauses.
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EXPERIENTIAL FUNCTION OF
LANGUAGE
We can analyse the functional roles of theparticipants in the clause in terms of :
transitivity: this starts from the classification of the
different kinds ofprocesses (verbs)
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TRANSITIVITY : TYPES OF PROCESS (VERBS)
Transitivityis a way of distinguishing
the processes(verbs) according towhether they have an
Object or not.
There are three basic questions that
can be asked about any processand theclause of which it forms the nucleus:
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TRANSITIVITY : TYPES OF PROCESS
a) what kind ofprocessis it?b) how manyparticipantscan/must
be involved in the process ?
c) what rolescan/must thoseparticipants play ?
Thistripartiteinterpretation ofprocessesis what lies behind the
grammatical function of word class.13
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TRANSITIVITY : TYPES OF PROCESS
The different types of processes in
systemic grammar are:
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Major processes Minor processesMaterial
Mental
RelationalVerbal
Behavioural
Existential
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A SUMMARY OF THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF
PROCESSES IN SYSTEMIC GRAMMAR:
Process SummaryMaterial Process of the external worldMental Process of the inner experience, process of
consciousness
RelationalProcess of identifying, classifying
Verbal Process of saying and meaning, borderlinebetween mental and relationalBehavioural Process of consciousness and
physiological states,that represent outermanifestations of inner workings, borderlinebetween material and mental
Existential Process of existence, borderline betweenrelational and material15
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A) MATERIAL PROCESS
This is one of the most salient types ofprocesses (verbs) which involve
physical actions such as running,throwing, kicking, cooking
, etc. The traditional definition of a verb is
doing word and this describes such
processes reasonably well.
Involves an input of energy
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B) MENTAL PROCESS
These are the processes that go on in theinternal worldof the mind such as thinking,imagining, liking, wanting, seeing, etc.
These processes tend to be realized throughverbs like think, smell, want, repel, fear, feel, see,
hate, admire, etc.
References to the senses, feelings,desires, inner thoughts, imaginings
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B) SUB-CATEGORIES OF MENTAL PROCESSMental process can be sub-categorised into three:
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a) affection orreactionprocesses of
horrifying,
worrying, etc.
b) cognitionprocesses of
deciding,
knowing,
understanding,
etc.
c)perceptionprocesses of
seeing,
hearing, etc.
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C) RELATIONAL PROCESS These are processes that show the
relationship between conceptsandthe function of the predicator is to signal the
existence of the relationshipthe relationship
ofbeingand having The verb itself is emptyit is not providing
information
It is about what things are,what they are like and
what they possess.19
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C) SUB-CATEGORIES OF RELATIONAL PROCESS
The process is typically realized by the verb beor some verbs of the same class (copular verbs)e.g.seem, become, have, own, possess.
Relational process can be divided into:attributiverelational process
ascribes an attribute (description,quality) to some entity
identifyingrelational process identifies an entity.
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C) EXAMPLES OF RELATIONAL PROCESSIntensive relational processshows
relationship set up between two things which
are equivalent:
A mule
is a mule.Clause is Reversible
is a hybrid produced by mating a maledonkey and a female horse.
A hybrid produced by mating a male
donkey and a female horse
We use this resource to definethings
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C) EXAMPLES OF RELATIONAL PROCESSIntensive relational process - relationshipset up between two things which are not
exact equivalent:
A mule is a hybrid .A hybrid isa mule.
Clause is NOTReversible
We use this resource to classifythings
X
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C) EXAMPLES OF RELATIONAL PROCESSIntensive relational process - relationshipset up between a thing and a quality:
A mule is sterile.Sterile is a mule.
Clause isNOTReversible
We use this resource to describethings
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OTHER TYPES OF PROCESSESVerbal process: process of saying and are expressed by verbs like say,
talk, ask, suggest
Generally refer to someone saying something, may be
a direct quote orindirect report of what is said
Behavioural process : process relating to humanphysiologicalprocesses, e.g.
laugh
Existential process : process ofexistence,verbs which express the existence
of an entity
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MAJOR AND MINOR PROCESSESMajor processes :
Material : e.g. destroy, murder, etc.Mental : e.g. horrify, puzzle, imagine, etc.Relational : e.g.felt, is, used to be, etc.
Minor processes:Verbal : e.g. say, repeat, criticise, etc.Behavourial : e.g. laugh, stare, etc.Existential : e.g. were, is, etc.
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PARTICIPANTS OF PROCESSES
The different processes generally
involve different types of
participants:(things or entities involved in the
different process types).
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A) PARTICIPANTSIN MATERIAL PROCESSActor: the doer of this type of processGoal: a second participant being done
to by actor
Beneficiary and Recipient: otherparticipants for ditransitive clause
Range: specifies the scope of happening- provides information about the
extent, range or scope of an action
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B) PARTICIPANTSIN MENTAL PROCESSSenser: the Subject which experiencesthe process :Phenomenon:That which is experienced The condition for the participants for this
process is that
Sensermust behuman or animatewhilePhenomenon can be either animateor inanimate.
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C) PARTICIPANTSIN RELATIONAL PROCESSForAttributiveRelational process:Carrier(participant with the attribute)Attribute(quality, classification,
description) clause is non-reversibleFor IdentifyingRelational process:Identified(holder of the defining
quality)Identifier(the defining quality) clauseis reversible (can be passivised)
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D) PARTICIPANTSIN VERBAL PROCESS Sayer: the participant that is responsible
for the verbal process
Quoted(direct speech): The proposition orproposal in the verbal process
Reported(indirect speech). Receiver: the person to whom the
verbalization is addressed.
Target: the person or thing targeted by theprocess.
Verbiage: what is said by classifying it interms of its character as an
expression.30
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E) PARTICIPANT IN BEHAVIOURAL PROCESS This process is a grey area between
Materialand Mental processes.
The process relates to specifically human
physiological processes :e.g. hear = mental processvs.
listen = behavioural process
the only participant in this process isBehaver(human participant).31
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F) PARTICIPANTIN EXISTENTIAL PROCESSThis process has only one participant :Existent.The main forms of realization are :
with a copular beand an empty there,and
with a copular verb, the existent as Subjectand usually a Circumstantial Adjunct.
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EXAMPLE OF THE DIFFERENT PROCESSES
Alicegavesome blood. (material)Alicethoughtshe should give blood. (mental)Aliceisa blood donor. (relational)Alicesaidthat giving blood is easy. (verbal)Alicedreamtof giving blood. (behavioural)Thereisa reward for giving blood. (existential)
(from Eggins, 1994)
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Examples highlight the choices we have in talkingabout something/representing the reality/goings-on
Majorproces
ses
Min
orprocesses
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CIRCUMSTANCE
This is the element that carries a semanticload but is neitherProcessnorParticipant.
Circumstanceis concerned withmatters such assetting, temporal,physicalthemannerin which the
process is implemented, the people or
other entities accompanying the
process rather than directly engaged in
it.34
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EXAMPLES OF MATERIAL PROCESS, PARTICIPANTS& CIRCUMSTANCEThe tsunami had destroyed all the villages.Actor process GoalCoarse grass was growing everywhere.
Actor process CircumstanceTheywill find some chairs for the guests.Actor process Goal Beneficiary
The boy scouts reachedthe top of the hill.Actor process Range
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EXAMPLES OF MENTAL PROCESS, PARTICIPANTS &CIRCUMSTANCE
The tiger did not see me.Senser Process Phenomenon
I was not seen by the tiger.Phenomenon Process Senser
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Note: SENSER must be human/animate
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EXAMPLES OF RELATIONAL PROCESS,PARTICIPANTS & CIRCUMSTANCE
The baby was hungry.Carrier Process Attribute
Maria is her name.Identifier Process Identified
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Copular
verb be
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EXAMPLES OF VERBAL PROCESS,PARTICIPANTS & CIRCUMSTANCEThe girl said Here they come!
Sayer Process QuotedAllen said he wanted a new toy car.
Sayer Process ReportedThe police questioned the suspect.
Sayer Process ReceiverThe boy told a lie.
Sayer Process VerbiageThe memberscriticized the new chairman.
Sayer Process Target38
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EXAMPLES OF BEHAVIOURAL PROCESS,PARTICIPANTS & CIRCUMSTANCE
The tractor slid away.Behaver Process CircumstanceThe audience laughed.
Behaver Process
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EXAMPLES OF EXISTENTIAL PROCESS,PARTICIPANTS & CIRCUMSTANCEThere were ninety of them.(Place holder) Process Existent
Ninety of them were in the banquet hall.Existent Process Circumstance
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COMPARISON BETWEEN EXISTENTIAL
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COMPARISON BETWEEN EXISTENTIAL
ANDMATERIALPROCESS CLAUSES:
There issome other pattern. (existential)
existent
Some other patternexists. (material)
actor
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OVERVIEW OF PROCESS TYPES AND PARTICIPANTS
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Process type Core meaning ParticipantsMaterial doing,
happening
Actor, Goal, Beneficiary,Recipient, Range
Mental:
Perception,
Cognition,
Affection
sensing,
perceiving,
thinking,
feeling
Senser, Phenomenon
Relational:
Attributive
identifying
being,
attributing,
identifying
Carrier, Attribute
Identified, Identifier
Verbal saying Sayer, Quoted, Reporter,Receiver, Verbiage, Target
Exitential existing ExistentBehavioural behaving Behaver
Majorprocesses
M
inorprocess
es
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THE DIFFERENT PROCESSES IN THE SENTENCES
BELOW:
a. Timothy was sawing wood.b. The oil is added drop by drop.c. This bread is stale.d. Did you notice the key?e. Jim explained to her what it meant.f. He stared in amazement.g. There were two wonderful Swiss men.h. She answeredthe question.i. The weather has turned quite nasty.j. This used to be our dining room.
materialmaterialrelational
mentalverbal
behaviouralexistential
verbalrelational
relational
THE DIFFERENT PROCESSES & PARTICIPANTS IN
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THE DIFFERENT PROCESSES & PARTICIPANTS IN
THE SENTENCES:
a. Tom was chopping wood outside.(material)actor goal circumstance
b.The liquid is added drop by drop. (material)goal circumstance
c. This bread is stale.(relational)carrier attribute
d. Did you notice the difference? (mental)senser phenomenon
e.Jim explained to her what the report meant. (verbal)sayer receiver verbiage
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THE DIFFERENT PROCESSES & PARTICIPANTS IN THE
SENTENCES:
f. He stared in astonishment. (behavioural)behaver circumstance
g. There were two wonderful Italian men. (existential)existent
h. She answered the questionquickly.(verbal)sayer verbiage circumstancei. The weather has turned quite nasty. (relational)
carrier attributej. This used to be our living room. (relational)
identified identifier45
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CAN YOU STATE THE DIFFERENT PROCESSES IN THE SENTENCESBELOW?:
1. The students repeated the answer.2. She gathered honey from the flowers for her food, anddrank the dew every morning from the leaves.
3. Biggles crouched a little lower.4. Mr. Jonson stated yesterday that he had some difficulty inpresenting his case.5. Her eyes were as blue as the deepest sea.6. One evening the sun went down gloriously.7. The duckling had never imagined anything so beautiful.8. He whispered a prayer that he might join them.9. There was an old woman who lived in a shoe.10.Phoebe recited the poem.