LEARNING

THORIES

Moza Naya

Note: The theories’ explanations has been written on the notes bar of

each slide

Pavlov

Behaviorism is the study of how we learn and it basically explains

how people behaviors change due to new or repetitive experience.

First experiment, Pavlov noticed that dog salivated once it was

giving the meat so he described that dog salivation was

Unconditional Response (UCR) because it was inborn reaction.

While meat was Unconditional Stimulus (UCS) because it was a

stimulus that elicit the response without any learning.

http://juanat.wordpress.com/2010/10/

Second experiment, he used bell which was unable to elicit the dog’s

salivation response at the beginning but once Pavlov associated with the

meat the dog began salivating since it heard the bell. As a result, the

Conditioned Stimulus (CS) will be ringing bell because it acquired the

ability to elicit the response while the salivation or drooling is the

Conditioned Response (CR) which is identical to unconditioned response.

Waston presented

three animals for

Albert monkey, dog

and rat. Once Albert

saw monkey and dog

his respond was

natural. While when

Albert was watching

rat Waston using

loud noise. As a

result, Albert start

crying and he cries

every time that he

see the rat. This

called by Phobia. http://cogpsy.info/learning/finding-little-albert/

Example and ways overcome these in

future

Most teachers are shouting at students specially

kids because they didn’t do the homework.

Kids become scared and every time they

forget to do their homework they cry directly.

How to overcome:

Instead of shouting, teachers should help

students to their homework during their free

time and provide help to them.

Edward Thorndike

Describe several behavior modification techniques that were used in

classrooms you participated in or taught in. Were these techniques

effective?

Thorndike theory is based on motivation and rewarding

behavior.

In his experiment, he used puzzle boxes to put cats

inside and they have to find out ways to escape box by

using different behaviors such as pushing the lever

using their paw or using their tail to open doors by

swishing them. Since the cat escape box due to these

behaviors, the cat has been given a dish of food as a

reward. The cat was put inside the puzzle box several

times and he measured the time of behavior that cat

needed to escape.

In teaching

Normally, if a student behavior rewarded or followed by desirable consequence, this student more likely will repeat the same behavior in the future. The low of effect is that if a behavior is followed by punishment to the behavior. It more likely this behavior will not repeated again in the future. For example, if the cat received electric shock instead of food, the cat will not get out of the puzzle box again.

Example:

From my teaching practice experience, I noticed

that if students ask a question and the teacher

reaction was smile or question answer, that

mean student’s behavior has been reinforced as

a result, he is going to ask questions again in

the future. However, if the teacher punishes the

student behavior whether by ignoring or teasing

the student would avoid asking questions.

Were these techniques effective?

Skinner

Skinner theory is based on reinforcement and

punishment for example, if you reward a child for good

behaviour then he is more likely to keep continue to

have that good behaviour. But if the child doesn’t’

receive any reward or positive reinforcement, her/his

motivation to continue the good behaviour will stop. On

the other hand, if the a child is being misbehaviour, he

should be sort of negative reinforcement and he will be

punished as a result, a child will less likely to model that

behaviour again.

Strengths that help me to

control behaviour in the class

A child’s behaviour problems can be alter if teacher use positive and

negative reinforcement methods because he will mentally associate

between positive behaviour with rewards and negative behaviour

with punishments. In teaching, teacher should punish misbehaver

students by giving them extra homework, change seats or ignoring

them. While if the students behave in a good way, teacher should

reward them by praising or giving them free time.

Using grades is a type of positive and negative reinforcement for

instance if a student doesn't prapear for test by

studying, basically, s/he will get a low grade which is the negative

reinforcement for not studying. Skinner theory is

operating condition helps to control students’ behaviours

and increased their learning abilities

Weaknesses that help me to control

behaviour in the class

Operating condition theory has treat behaviour as good or bad and

it skips all other conditions that surround child’s behaviour for

example s/he has shyness or any physical problems.

As a teacher, I have to focus on other conditions.

In addition, as a teacher I can’t keep reinforcing the child’s good

behaviour for a long time because student will adapt. But he needs

to continue doing the good behaviour even I stop supporting him. If I

reward a child every time that he is being well behaved, eventually

this reward as a motivation is going to be extinct. As a result, the

child will less likely behave in a good way.

Piaget

How can we adapt different learning software to account

for these different Piagetian stages

Sensorimotor stage:

Children start learning objects and people such

as their fathers, mothers or keys, cup and so on.

They understand the world by actions and

senses.

I will use toys made from plastic or wood/ or book

teaching color with example

Preoperational stage :

Children language develop more and they

understand the concepts and symbols but they

can think in complex way.

I would use some iPad software that require

classifying and finding such as animal games and

alphabetical.

Concrete Operational:

Children develop their logical more and they have

their own theories which seem naïve and

annoying to adults. They start understand the

concept and recognize some words by sight.

Students can use Microsoft office WordPad to

present their ideas.

Formal operational:

children develop their theories and they change

their ideas about life based on their experience

and become more creative. they enjoy

researching, challenges, problem-solving

Students can use search engine such as Google

or Yahoo to ask and find answers for their

questions.

Vygotsky

Describe how Vygotsky’s two most important theories

could be used in your research project

Vygotsky found that the child learn language from both social and cultural interaction not just form communicative interactions. The reason of focusing in students’ language development is that language becomes the basic of thinking and mental. Vygotskythought that if teachers aim to understand what their students’ minds have developed in language domain, they need to understand the background of students’ historical and cultural contexts. Since language used as a tool to learn, using discussion and peer communication as a method to increased students’ language will create very engagement environment. So we can see that students acquire knowledge from communication and interactions with people and this is what Vygotsky called it by interpersonal. Later on, students will internalize (add) to this knowledge their personal values and this is a intrapersonal side. All these cognitive processes occur inside students’ brain and it is growth more by speaking and writing because it will help student to be active participant in the learning process.

Example

Due to the interaction and cooperative work

with the teachers in the HCT my English

language and knowledge about dealing with

students will add educational value to my

research project.

The Zone of Proximal Development

(ZPD)

The Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD), According to Vygotsky

is, "the distance between the actual developmental level as

determined by independent problem solving and the level of

potential development as determined through problem solving

under adult guidance, or in collaboration with more capable peers"

(Vygotsky, 1978, p86). In another words, students start with low

knowledge but the interaction with teachers, peers, computers and

teachers as an effective way to develop or scaffold skills and

knowledge within the zone of proximal development.

http://www.simplypsychology.org/Zone-of-Proximal-Development.html

Example

For example, in my research project to

understand the topic which is going to be

about e-portfolio for teachers in UAE, I will

start with very low knowledge about this topic

but the interaction and cooperative work in the

ZPD with school teachers, HCT teachers,

Sharjah Educational Zoon people, peers and

school students. I will scaffold my knowledge

and end up with obvious point of view, thought

and knowledge.

Vygotsky’s two theories in design of learning

objects.

Mainly, I have to create a engagement environment where students improve their language mentally (discussion board). Secondly, I will pike topics that students have low knowledge about it for example, how to upload files to Moodle site. Students are going to ask teachers, peers, search over the internet to find answer and during this process they are scaffolding their knowledge about upload files which could be image, video, document or audio. At the end they will have knowledge about uploading files.

Bloom

Describe how Bloom’s theories could be used in your

teaching

Knowledge (remember)

Understanding

Application (applying)

Analysis (compare)

Synthesis (creating)

Evaluation

where students memorize information for example what each icon named?

students understand the meaning of icons such as insert, design, animations and slide show.

students apply what they will got from teacher such as a video tutorial or actual step during the lesson.

troubleshoot the problems that students face while they using program. Student compares between transition and animation features.

students have a project or a task that requires from them to produce something. They have to create PowerPoint presentation.

teacher evaluates students presentation based on their design, features and so on.

Describe how Bloom’s theories could be used in your

design of learning objects through computers

Remembering level: Moodle

glossary, blogs, wikis and Moodle quizzes.

Students list, recognize, describe by searching

and Googling words and topics.

Understanding level: Moodle database and

collaborative Moodle wiki . Students in this

level are explaining, comparing and

summarizing and understanding the concept.

Applying level: uploading image, file, slide

share or play embedded flash game.

Analyzing level: Survey and Choices within Moodle and Moodle glossary creation. Students are comparing results and validating text fields and choices.

Creating level: workshop, mind maps, upload video and plan lesson. Moodle allow student to design, plan and making lesson and workshop.

Evaluating level: discussion forums, commenting, chat rooms, forum with peer evaluation all these required from students judging, testing, detecting and monitoring skills.

Gardener

Multiple intelligences theory shows that each person learn and

interact using different intelligences or skills. Gardern believed

that if teacher find out the strengths and weaknesses in each

intelligence for students, teacher can help them to success.

Teacher should integrate all multiple intelligence into the

classroom by using variety of teaching and learning methods.

So teacher can address individual differences by providing

range of activities and experiences to facilitate learning.

Moodle account for Multiple Intelligences

mathematical: Uploading user names and details using excel sheet

and understanding the concept of Moodle’s processes.

Visual: uploading image or mind map that illustrate students

understanding for a topic.

Linguistic: students present their ideas in front

of the class or using discussion

board, wiki, blogs and comments box to explain

and share ideas. Using Glossary to highlight

keywords

Physical smart: Assign a project where

students build some sort of 3-D object and use a

digital still camera or camcorder to document its

progress as it is being created. (Fose, P.6).

intrapersonal: Students with this intelligence

enjoy keeping a journal, consider creating

individual forums or blog for each student in the

discussion board of Blackboard or Moodle.

interpersonal: students can use discussion

board or even group work.

Musical: students are assigning a digital

storytelling project using PowerPoint or any

online tools and upload it to their Moodle page.

teaching with technology can use or restrict Multiple

Intelligences

VimeoVisual/spatial: watching videos.

Physically smart: Sing language

logical/mathematic: Solving uploading problems or using HTML style

Interpersonal: Create group to comment on video and create forums

Intrapersonal: has strong self-awareness (account setting private)

Musical: Educational songs for 8 years old about letters or including music with video

Linguistic: video record for lectures or write captions in videos.

References

Allen, E., & Marotz, L. (2010). Development Profiles. Wadsworth.

Behavioral Theory: Thorndike and the Law of Effect. (n.d.). Retrieved from Education Portal :

http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/behavioral-theory-thorndike-and-the-law-of-effect.html

Behavioral Theory: Thorndike and the Law of Effect. (2013). Retrieved from Educational Portal :

Analyzing level: Survey and Choices within Moodle and Moodle glossary creation. Students are

comparing results and validating text fields and choices.

donclark. (1999, June 5). Bloom's Taxonomy of Learning Domains. Retrieved from nwlink:

http://www.nwlink.com/~donclark/hrd/bloom.html

Fose, L. (2013). Exploring Technology. San Luis Obispo: Cal Poly State University. Retrieved from

http://www.calpoly.edu/~lfose/articles/Exploring_Technology.pdf

McLeod, S. (2010). Zone of Proximal Development. Retrieved from simplypsychology:

http://www.simplypsychology.org/Zone-of-Proximal-Development.html

Sociocultural Theory and language development (Lantolf). (2013). Retrieved from

Slaencyclopediasp:

http://slaencyclopediasp12.wikispaces.com/Sociocultural+Theory+and+Language+Development

Strengths and Weaknesses of Operant Conditioning. (n.d.). Retrieved from

http://integratingtech301.pbworks.com/w/page/20021638/Strengths%20and%20Weaknesses%20of

%20Operant%20Conditioning