• Moving Particles Make Up All Moving Particles Make Up All Matter!Matter!

• We can use the We can use the ENERGY ENERGY of this of this movement to explain states of movement to explain states of matter!matter!

Here is the basic idea…..Here is the basic idea…..

• The state of matter of a substance is The state of matter of a substance is determined by how fast the particles are determined by how fast the particles are moving (how much moving (how much KINETIC ENERGYKINETIC ENERGY is present) and how strongly the particles is present) and how strongly the particles are attracted to one another!are attracted to one another!

• A solid has a definite shape and A solid has a definite shape and volume.volume.

• Particles of a solid do not have the Particles of a solid do not have the kinetic energy to move fast enough to kinetic energy to move fast enough to overcome the strong attraction overcome the strong attraction between them, so they are held tightly between them, so they are held tightly in place.in place.

• The particles The particles vibrate vibrate in place.in place.

• Crystalline Crystalline solids solids have an orderly, 3-D, have an orderly, 3-D, repeating pattern.repeating pattern.

• Examples: iron, Examples: iron, diamond, ice, and diamond, ice, and salt crystalssalt crystals

• AmorphousAmorphous solids solids are composed of are composed of particles in no particles in no particular order.particular order.

• Examples: rubber Examples: rubber and wax.and wax.

• A liquid will take the shape of whatever A liquid will take the shape of whatever container it is in and has a definite volume.container it is in and has a definite volume.

• Particles have the kinetic energy to move Particles have the kinetic energy to move fast enough to overcome some of the fast enough to overcome some of the attraction between them. The particles are attraction between them. The particles are able to slide past one another.able to slide past one another.

• The particles The particles vibratevibrate and and rotaterotate..

• Since particles in liquids are close to one Since particles in liquids are close to one another, it is difficult to push them closer another, it is difficult to push them closer together. They have a definite volume.together. They have a definite volume.

• This is why liquids are used in hydraulic This is why liquids are used in hydraulic systems, like brakes on a car. When you step systems, like brakes on a car. When you step on the brake, you apply a force to the liquid. on the brake, you apply a force to the liquid. The fluid applies a force, pushing the brake The fluid applies a force, pushing the brake pad against the wheels, which slows the car!pad against the wheels, which slows the car!

• A gas changes both shape and volume!A gas changes both shape and volume!

• Particles of a gas have the kinetic energy to Particles of a gas have the kinetic energy to move fast enough to overcome nearly all of move fast enough to overcome nearly all of the attraction between them. the attraction between them.

• The particles move independently of one The particles move independently of one another. They another. They vibratevibrate, , rotaterotate, and , and translatetranslate..

Laws describe gas behaviorLaws describe gas behavior• Boyle’s Law: Boyle’s Law: for a for a

fixed amount of fixed amount of gas at a constant gas at a constant temperature, the temperature, the volume of the gas volume of the gas increases as the increases as the pressure pressure decreases.decreases.

Laws describe gas behaviorLaws describe gas behavior• Charles’s Law: Charles’s Law:

for a fixed for a fixed amount of gas at amount of gas at a constant a constant pressure, the pressure, the volume of the gas volume of the gas increases as the increases as the temperature temperature increases.increases.

• Plasma is the state of matter that does not Plasma is the state of matter that does not have a definite shape or volume and whose have a definite shape or volume and whose particles have broken apart.particles have broken apart.

• A plasma has so much energy that the A plasma has so much energy that the particles have become ionized – broken down particles have become ionized – broken down into cations and anions.into cations and anions.

• Natural plasmas are found in lightning, fire, Natural plasmas are found in lightning, fire, and the auroras.and the auroras.