Movement on land. Movement lectures nOn Land nIn water nInsect singing nFlight nMuscle PowerPoint...
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Transcript of Movement on land. Movement lectures nOn Land nIn water nInsect singing nFlight nMuscle PowerPoint...
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Movement on land
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Movement lectures
On Land In water Insect singing Flight
Muscle PowerPoint now on line http://biolpc22.york.ac.uk/632/
musclelectures.html
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Planned Assessment Exam
Short answer 4/6 (2 Neural, 2 Movement)
Paper 1/4 take in
handouts own handwriting clean, unmarked copies of SET papers
Past paper for 2005 has same format
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Books, CDs McNeill - Alexander R.
Animal mechanics How Animals Move
[CD Rom borrow in teaching]
Schmidt-Nielsen (1997) Animal physiology 5th edition
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Aim Staying still
resistance reflex Walking - and running
neural control energetics mechanics coordination
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Muscle spindle main sense organ
used maintain constant position
Modified muscle cell
innervated by motoneurons and Ia afferents
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Resistance reflex
excitatory loop from muscle spindle
Ia afferent
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Schematic
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Resistance reflex - 2
inhibitory loop from muscle spindle to antagonistic muscle
needs interposed interneuron
interneuron
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Active movementPrimary motor
cortex
in active movement, if a load is present, resistance reflex adds to motor command to make a stronger movement
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Summary so far resistance reflexes
provide for stability feedback loop
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Central control Central pattern generator (CPG)
Block sensory input (deafferentation)
Stick insect: innervated denervated
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CPG Locusts flying,
Clione swimming, tadpole swimming…
Reciprocal inhibition
excitation
CPG
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Role of sensory input why have sensory input
if CPG works anyway? initiate/end rhythm adjust speed of rhythm cycle by cycle feedback adjust pattern (gait)
examples from crustacean stomatogastric ganglion ~40 neurons
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Cycle by cycle feedback
Switch from stance to swing
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Initiate/end rhythm Simple : rhythm runs while stimulus is
maintained
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Accelerate rhythm More complex : rhythm runs on after
stimulus is maintained
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Babinski reflex
Healthy adult reflex - curl toes
Infant & damaged CNSspread toes
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Reflex reversal
Stimulate brain (MLR)to induce locomotion
Zap Ia interneuron afferentRecord motoneuron
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Summary so far resistance reflexes provide for stability
feedback loop Central pattern generation
Sensory control
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Generating force =mass x acceleration measured in Newtons force delayed by elastic elements
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Muscles helped by Levers
torque : force x distance
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3 types Force /
fulcrum / load Class 3 most
common Each muscle
contraction moves limb further than muscle contracts
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Hind legs more powerful
push back on the ground, lift up tail (balance)
some animals avoid using their front legs T rex kangaroos
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Power rate of working work = force x distance therefore power = force x
speed measured in
Watts litres O2 /
kg /hour at rest, basic
metabolic rate
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Metabolic rate basal metabolic rate determine from
food ingested heat produced oxygen consumed
70 W (1 light bulb)
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Limits to power output <1sec 4500 W muscle output <2 min 1500 W anaerobic energy store
kettle <2 hours 350 W oxygen transport All day 150W need to eat/sleep
2 light bulbs
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Walking and running You use more energy
going faster uphill
1 kW
5 miles / hour
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Going uphill Extra work is force x distance up =10 J/kg if muscle efficiency is 20%, need 50J/kg
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Going faster... more energy need to go faster for most
mammals horse
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Going faster same (per kilo) for all animals percentage increase less for small
animals larger BMR
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Per meter? it might be
the energy needed to move a particular distance
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Summary so far resistance reflexes provide for stability
feedback loop Central pattern generation Levers help & hinder energy use increases with speed and
gradient
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Why do we run? to keep foot on ground,
circular acceleration must be less than gravity speed ^2 < gravity * radius speed < ( gravity * radius ) speed < ( 9.8 * 0.9) = 3m/s
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When do we run? This gives us the Froude
Number F = speed ^2/(gravity * leg
length) at 0.5 walk -> run [trot] at 2.5 trot -> gallop
Gravity on moon 5 times less Children run sooner as they
have shorter legs
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In running energy changes between
potential energy elastic strain energy
Achilles tendon stretches by 5% gives back 93%
Achilles tendon
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In galloping second spring
flexing the spinal cord
with tendon above
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And Kangaroos hop... elastically
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Summary resistance reflexes provide for stability
feedback loop Central pattern generation Levers help & hinder energy use increases with speed and
gradient, but stays fixed per meter take off for running determined by
gravity and leg length in running, energy stored in tendons