Mouse Model for Gene Regulation Studies

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Mouse Model for Gene Regulation Studies

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Mouse Model for Gene Regulation Studies. Course Materials. Introduction to Gene Regulations Introduction to mouse models Introduction to transgenic techniques Examples: VEGF gene regulation and pathologic development. Transgenic Technology. Part 1 : Basis of classic transgenics Part 2 : - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Transcript of Mouse Model for Gene Regulation Studies

Page 1: Mouse Model for Gene Regulation Studies

Mouse Model for Gene Regulation Studies

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Course Materials

• Introduction to Gene Regulations

• Introduction to mouse models

• Introduction to transgenic techniques

• Examples: VEGF gene regulation and pathologic development

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Transgenic Technology

Part 1 :Basis of classic transgenics

Part 2 :Gene Targeting

Part 3 :Applications

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Part 1

Transgenic Technology

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What’s transgenic ?

• Narrow Definition : Artifacial insertion of DNA fragment into genome

• Broad Definition : Artifacial modification of genome, including insertion, mutation and deletion

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Importance of Transgenic Technology

Basic Research • Gene regulation , promoter function• Gene expression tracing ( Knockout , Gene Tra

p )• Cell tracing , tumor cell labeling• Functional study , embryonic, developmental and pathological

Commercial • Protein product• Low cost• Disease model• Organ donor• Strain improvement• Gene Therapy

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Common Techniques Used for Making Transgenic animals

• Most Comkon : Pronuclei DNA injection , random insertion , low predictability , variable

• Sperm associated DNA transduction , low repetibility

• Transposons, not common• Viral infection : High efficiency , less ran

dom , limited DNA size , safety consern• Embryonic stem cell / Blastocyst microinject

ion : Gene targeting, only for mice• Nuclear transpalntation/animal cloning / onl

y way to generate targeted modification. High cost and low efficiency

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真核基因结构与调节• 真核基因结构:启动子 (promoter) ,外显子 (exon) ,

内含子 (intron) , polyA 信号 , 活化信号( enhancers), 沉默信号( silencers ),封闭区 (Insulators)

• 转录因子 (transcription factors) ,活化因子 (activators) ,抑制因子 (inhibitors)

• 真核 mRNA 结构: Cap , 5’ 非编码区 (5’-UT) , 编码区 (coding region) , 3’ 非编码区 (3’-UT) , polyA

• 组织专一性调节 (tissue-specific)• 发育阶段调节 (developmental)• 诱导性调节 (inducible)• 转录后调节 : mRNA 剪接和修饰, mRNA 的稳定性,

蛋白质合成效率,蛋白质半衰期

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Gene Structure

mRNA structure

IV

3’-UT

AATAAA

Exon IGG

5’-UTR

AAAAAAAAA

3’-UTR

II III IV

Intron I

Translation

Exon IICCAAT boxTATA boxEnhancer

Transcription

Exon I

5’UT

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Transgenic Construct

• Selection for promoters• cDNA• Poly A• Introns and insulators• Construct design

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Promoter

• Tissue-specific :研究基因调节,启动子的功能,或调节其它基因的表达。如果用于调节其它基因,一定要查询启动子在转基因动物应用方面的文献,了解启动子的完整性

• High expression :用于高表达某个基因,调节其它基因,或高表达后蛋白的生产

• Universal expression :显示基因细胞标记,基因调节研究

• Inducible :用于基因调节,有毒蛋白表达,致命基因的可逆调控等

• Conbination :可诱导,高表达,组织专一,构成基因调节系统,用于调节基因或高表达蛋白

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Types of cDNAs

• Reporters: lacZ, GFP , CAT, AP 等 • Regulators: Cre, ER-Cre, tTA, PTX 等• Protein function :蛋白突变体的表达• Gene splicing :研究外显子、内含子功能• Commercial gene :药用蛋白,改良基因等 • Functional gene: 基因治疗,干细胞移植等• Non-coding :基因治疗,如 siRNA

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绿色荧光蛋白 (GFP) -活体细胞追踪

半乳糖干酶显示基因 (lacZ) -基因表达组织定位

LacZ and GFP

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Parts of transgenic construct

• poly A : stable mRNA• poly A: SV40 poly A, -Globin p

oly A• First Intron : -Globin • Insulator : Chicken beta-globin

gene• Loxp, FRT, tetO

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基因 A 启动子

Typical transgene

CCAAT boxTATA boxEnhancer

转录起始点

基因 B cDNA

翻译起始点

基因 C polyA

5’-UT

3’-UT

拼接区域:

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( Founders ) detection

• Check for insertion :– PCR– Southern

• Copy : Real time PCR• mRNA expression :

– RT-PCR– Northern

• Protein Expression :– Reporter : lacZ , GFP , AP– Functional analysis– Immunohistochemistry (IHC)

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Mouse Characteristics

•Great immune system , high efficiency of propagation , small size , the most economic animal model•Variety of phenotypes , genome sequenced , classical mammal model•Long genetic study history, hundreds of inbred strains•Gestation19 - 21days•Sex maturity : 4 - 6 week•Estrus: as short as 5 days•Body weight of adults: 20-50g•Pregnancy average 5-6 times•Litter size: 6 - 14 pups

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Mouse Requirement for Transgenic Production

• SPF facility , High fat, high protein feed ( breeder chows)

• Egg donor : 4 - 6week old F1 femals (C57B6xCBA or DBA), 10-12 each time , ywice a week.

• Stuck males : 20-24 2-12 month old F1 males (C57B6xCBA or DBA).

• Recipient : 50-100 2-6 month old (CD1, Kunming)

• Stuck male : Vecectomysed (C57B6xCBA or DBA) or (CD1)males , 2-18months old

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Steps of making Transgenic mice

• Construct, remove vector

• Superovulation , set mating , collect E0.5 egg

• DNA microinjection• Overnight culture• Embryo transfer• Tail and numbering• Detection, mating• Expression analysis

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转基因鼠建立时间表转基因鼠建立时间表

注射注射 出生出生 分窝分窝 传代传代 F1F1 出生出生 分窝分窝 分析分析

孕期孕期 转基因鼠转基因鼠鉴定鉴定

传代传代鉴定鉴定

性成熟性成熟 孕期孕期

时间时间(月)(月)

00 11 22 33 44 55

出生率出生率3030 -- 5050%%

转基因比率转基因比率1515 -- 5050%%

传代效率 传代效率 ~90~90%%

性成熟性成熟

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•PMSF and HCG superovulationPMSF and HCG superovulation•Donor eggDonor egg ,, 100100 -- 200 each time200 each time•DNA concentration for injection: 2ng/ulDNA concentration for injection: 2ng/ul•Embryo transfer back to recipient: 20-30Embryo transfer back to recipient: 20-30•PCR or Southern to detect founders, 15-50%, PCR or Southern to detect founders, 15-50%, random insertionrandom insertion ,, copy 1 to over 100copy 1 to over 100•First generationFirst generation (( F1) 0-100%F1) 0-100% ,, some may insome may integrate at 2 cell stage, some may have more ttegrate at 2 cell stage, some may have more than one insertion locushan one insertion locus•Second generationSecond generation ,, Mendel inheritance, 50Mendel inheritance, 50%%•Characterization, E10 to 5 monthsCharacterization, E10 to 5 months

Related Data

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Discussion• 有限的启动子信息,不完全的启动子,造成基因不表达或表达于错误的组织• DNA 插入的随机性,多拷贝性,不表达,低表达,鼠系间差异• 转基因受插入位点的影响及封闭区 (insulaters) 序列的发现• 基因高表达可能造成的毒性,得不到转基因鼠或只有不表达的转基因鼠系 (founder

s)• 第一个内含子的重要性• 转基因片段的大小:

– 2kb 到 mb – 大部分 2-10kb, 容易注射– P1 质粒 (PAC),70kb 左右,黏度大– 细菌人工染色体 BAC , 120kb 左右, 黏度更大– 酵母人工染色体 YAC , 500kb-1mb 大小,非常难

• 同时注射两个以上的转基因:效率高,一般插入同一位点

• 多拷贝插入方式:头尾相接• 拷贝数与表达水平之间的关系:表达水平与拷贝数无紧密关联,多数拷贝被甲基化

及有限的转录因子浓度• 影响转基因成功与否的其它因素: DNA 的浓度 (2-3ng/ul), 纯度,如嗅化乙锭和 E

DTA 含量等• 载体 DNA 对转基因表达的影响:不稳定 • C57/BL6 纯系转基因鼠受精卵注射

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Transgenic Technology

Part 1 :Basis of classic transgenics

Part 2 :Gene Targeting

Part 3 :Applications

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Part 2 : Gene Targeting

•Theory

•Technique

•Application

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Importance of Gene Targeting

• Gene function study : Gene knockout is first choice to identify function for genes predicted from whole genome sequencing

• Gene Regulation : More accurate control, more confirmative results, better disease models

• Due to the stability and predictability, better for protein production or human gene replacement

• Major progress in Gene Therapy and Regeneration Medicine

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小鼠早期发育示意图

3.5 天

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干细胞的特性• Projenitor cells

– Can duplicate, few division, uneven division• Stem cells

– 可以分化成一种或多种组织器官,可以不断增殖的少数细胞

• Embryonic stem cell (ES)

Can develop into any tissues, whole body• Source of ES cells :

Inner cell mass (ICM)

Strain : 129SV/jae, fewer from C57/BL6

Coat color : Brown (129), Black (C57/BL6)

Sex : Male, more stable

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Targeting strategy

• Vector design

• Conditional construction

• Reporter knocking– Tissue-specific for study gene regul

ation– Universal expression: functional stu

dies

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NEO1 3 TK

X X

1 NEO 3

1 32Wild type alelle

Vector

After recombination

Basic Targeting Vector

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NEO TK

FRTFRT

loxPloxP

Wild type

Vector

Flipase to remove NEO

FRT

Tissue-specific Cre to inactivate gene

loxP

FRT

Conditional knockout

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Steps for targeting

• ES cell isolation and culture• Targeting vector construction• ES electroporation and selection for recombination• ES cell injection• Chimera production and mating• Heterologous mice generation• Homozygous generation• Function analysis

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Chimera Mating

• Chimera ( Founders ) – ES come from 129 strain , brown mice

(agouti) – C57 / BL6 blastocyst (black) – ES , coat color can tell how much ES

get integrated– 40-100% male chimera mate with C57/B

L6 female • 6 week old chimera male with two C57 /

BL6 female, female changed every week.• Look for brown mice

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Time Table

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输卵管移植

子宫移植

代孕鼠

电击筛选

囊胚注射

Comparison of Trangenic and targeting proceduresComparison of Trangenic and targeting procedures

Founder 的产生

传代,分析

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Comparison of Trangenic and targetingComparison of Trangenic and targetingTransgenic Targeting

Genetic property

Dominant, Unstable

Dominant or recessive ,Stable

Insertion position

Random , uncontrolled

Fixed , Controllable

Copy number Vary,

1 to >100

Het1, homo 2

Expression Up to construct and insertion site

Mimic original gene

Time >5 month >9 month

Cost >$3000 USD >$10,000USD

Influence to nearby gene

Likely, unpredictable

Usually no

predictable

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(Gene Trapping)

LacZ-Neo(GEO)

Gene B-likeGene B-likeExpressionExpressionpossiblepossible

No No ExpressionExpression

Gene BGene BGene AGene A

Gene CGene C

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基因捕捉可以做为基因敲除的替代

电转干细胞,筛选 neoR

PGK neoR pA

剪接受体

用 Inverse PCR 、序列分析确认被捕捉基因

被随机捕捉的基因

启动子 外显子

转录产物

从基因捕捉库筛选出基因进行囊胚注射

lacZ pA

基因功能分析

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Gene trap transgenic embryos

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核移植技术与大动物克隆• 供体细胞核

– 越胚性越容易成功,如胚胎成纤维细胞– 细胞分裂状态:分裂静止期

• 受体细胞– 超排卵– 去细胞核

• 核移植– 核显微注射– 诱导发育

• 目前还存在问题

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转基因动物发展趋势• 以研究为导向,以技术突破为核心• 以应用为目标,以加速技术转化为宗旨• DNA 序列解析加速基因功能的解析• 小动物为研究材料,大动物为生物反应器• 干细胞、克隆技术进一步成熟• 在疾病治疗、品种改良方面扩展、深入• 由间接的转基因药物到直接的基因治疗、器官移植• 从人们对转基因食品的不接受到转基因制品管理的逐步完善• 转基因技术与基因定位技术的有机结合,对启动子特性的不

断了解,在组织专一性,可诱导性方面将更加精确• 大动物转基因技术的不断完善,商业应用将更为普遍,如品

种改良,蛋白药抗体药生产等• RNAi 在转基因动物和基因治疗方面的应用• 转基因技术对人类生存将产生更为深远的影响,人们对转基

因产品的认识将不断发生改变,相应的政策法规将得到进一步完善

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干细胞研究的进展与前景• 第一个人干细胞来源于人胚胎

– 定向分化后的干细胞可以用于治疗• Induced pluripotent stem (iPS)

– 病人特异性干细胞可以通过基因诱导获得:Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc

• 病人特异性干细胞可以通过核移植获得• 需要解决问题:

– 诱导干细胞与正常干细胞的差异– 表观遗传学问题– 定向诱导分化问题– 安全问题

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核移植和大动物克隆的应用前景

•成本高,目前主要用于品种改良,器官移植等商业价值较高的方面•最近已经成功用于干细胞生产,有望将来用于临床再生治疗•理论上可行,实际上还有很多问题,但它是唯一的大动物基因修饰途径

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