Mountain Waves entering the Stratosphere
description
Transcript of Mountain Waves entering the Stratosphere
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Mountain Waves entering
the Stratosphere
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Mountain Waves entering the Stratosphere: New aircraft data analysis techniques from T-Rex
Ronald B. Smith, Bryan WoodsYale University
New Haven, Connecticut
J. Jensen*, W. Cooper*, J. D. Doyle**, Q. Jiang**, V. Grubisic***[* National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO;
**Naval Research Laboratory, Monterey, CA, ***Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV]
[Support from the National Science Foundation]
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Outline• T-Rex Events (march/April 2006)• Potential and Kinetic energy• Sensitivity to Mountain Top Winds• Wave spectra with altitude• Wind and stability profiles• Layering of Mechanical Bernoulli and Ozone• Summary and future work
[Warning: Beware of speculation. This project is only a few weeks old.]
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Microwave Limb ScannerJiang et al
Global pattern ofGravity Waves in the upperatmosphere
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Frequency w > 1 m s-1 and Mean TKE> 2 m2 s-2
COAMPSClimate(Doyle)
Tropopause
Wind
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Final GV Flight Table for T-Rex RF IOP Date JD Track
/actual Wmax**
Del WI
DWS MS Feature
01 1 M2 61 B 1.5 4 17 Smith 02 2 M5 64 C 1.5 18 Smith 03 3 M9 68 A/265 5 12 Smith Leg differences 04 4 M14 73 B/245 5 12 31 Smith 05 6 M25 84 B/260 9 17 32 Doyle Short Train & leg
diff 06 9 A2 92 B/245 1.5 3 Cooper Leg Diff 07 IC A7 97 IC* Grubisic 08 10 A9 99 B/245 3 8 Grubisic Periodic W& leg
diff 09 13 A15 105 B 2 6 Grubisic 10 13 A16 106 B/245 10 20 Grubisic Easter Event 11 14 A21 111 C Cooper? 12 15 A26 116 B/210
? 5 Cooper Easterly flow,
Jiang (* Intercomparison flight; ** eyeball)
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Dashed Line = North Leg Solid Line = South leg
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Note shorter wavelength ~15km
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dxdyvuKH
)''()2/( 22
dxdywKZ 2')2/(
dxdyTgPE '')2/(
Wave Energy Components
)0()(
)()(
0
dssU
sws
s
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Vertical Kinetic Energy (J/m2)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Research Flight (RF#)
Ve
rtic
al K
E
(times 1000) Each point is a leg
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Sensitivity
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Windspeed @700hPa (m/s)
Ver
tic
al
KE
(J
/m2
)Threshold?
Lemoore and Visalia soundings
Each point is a flight
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Horizontal Kinetic Energy (J/m2)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Research Flight (RF#)
Ho
rizo
nta
l Kin
eti
c E
ne
rgy
Each point is a leg
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Potential Energy (J/m2)
-2000
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Research Flight (RF#)
Po
ten
tia
l En
erg
y
Computed from the product of theta and displacement perturbation
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BigWaves (RF4,5,10) Potential Energy (J/m2)
-5000
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000
Altitude (m)
Po
ten
tia
l E
ne
rgy
(J/
m2
)
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Wave Energy Comparison
• Observation – Vertical KE ~ 40 J/m2– Horizontal KE ~ 400 J/m2– Potential Energy ~ 4000 J/m2 (stratosphere)
• Interpretation– Wave energy concentrated in the stratosphere– Observations not consistent with vertically
propagating or trapped waves “rooted” in the troposphere
– Horizontal KE may be enhanced by Bernoulli layering
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Wavelength 20 km
10km
VerticalVelocitySpectrum
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9km 11km 13km
RF10
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9km 11km 13km
RF10
North
South
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9km 11km 13km
RF4
North
South
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9km 11km 13km
RF4
North
South
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Vandenberg Windspeed Profiles:Big Wave Events(RF4,5,10)
[Note oscillations in the stratosphere]
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Vandenberg Theta Profiles:Big Wave Events(RF 4,5, 10)
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Scorer Parameter from quadratic fits
0.00E+00
5.00E-08
1.00E-07
1.50E-07
2.00E-07
2.50E-07
3.00E-07
3.50E-07
4.00E-07
4.50E-07
5.00E-07
0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000
Altitude (m)
Sc
ore
r P
ara
me
ter
(m-2
)
Ksquared for Lamda =15km
Gravity wave region
April 16, 2006
Scorer Parameter from quadratic fit
22 /)( UNzS
0ˆ)(ˆ 2 wkSwZZ
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Conserved Variable Diagram for a racetrack
Dashed line = North Leg Solid line = South Leg
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.)2/1()( 2 constgZUpPB
Mechanical Bernoulli Function for compressible steady flow
GPS altitudeMinor contributoras the A/C tries tofly at constant pressurealtitude
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Dual Conserved Variable Plots(RF4; March 14, 2006; Leg @41kft)
Ozone Mechanical Bernoulli*
Wave #1 @41kft
352
354
356
358
360
362
364
366
368
370
372
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Ozone (ppb)
Theta
(K)
Wave #1 @ 41kft
352
354
356
358
360
362
364
366
368
370
372
352300 352350 352400 352450 352500 352550 352600 352650 352700 352750 352800 352850
Bernoulli (m2/s2)
Theta
(K)
[using GPS altitude]
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Conclusions• The new GV aircraft is effective in monitoring
stratospheric gravity waves. • March/April 2006 was an active period for storms hitting
the Sierras• 3 large gravity wave events out of 8 Track B flights• Wave energy is concentrated in the stratosphere• Typical wavelength there is ~15km• Wave location suggests Sierra causation• 2-D and steadiness are imperfect and variable• Wave amplitude very sensitive to mountain top winds• Strong wave events have similar wind environments
(with a stratospheric critical level)
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Linear Theory
• Criterion for linear waves is nearly satisfied
2.0/50/02.0*500/2
smmUNPMAX
•Vertically propagating gravity waves should have KE = PE at each level (equipartition)
•Trapped waves should have PE concentrated in the active stable layer
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Speculations on wave dynamics
• Waves are “rooted” in the stratosphere– Wave energy distributions are not consistent
with vertically propagating or conventional trapped waves.
– Potential energy is concentrated in the stratosphere
– Scorer parameter exceeds the wavenumber only in the stratosphere
– Generation mechanism unknown; probably non-linear
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Free surface (Critical layer?)All the potential energy is here.
UMT website
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Speculations on layering
• Vertical advection by waves allows diagnosis of ozone layering and dynamic “Bernoulli Layering”
• GPS altitude is required for Bernoulli function determination (new!)
• Bernoulli Layering correlates with ozone layering in the stratosphere
• Layering may represent isentropic interleaving of stratospheric air masses, prior to the wave encounter
• Bernoulli layering contributes a false signal to the horizontal wave kinetic energy.
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Future work
• Improve GV instrument calibrations– Compute wave energy flux using GPS altitude– Improved wave energy density computations– Momentum fluxes– Improved Bernoulli computations
• PV computations using Crocco’s theorem• Analysis of soundings• Compare observations with linear wave theories• Test non-linear theories of wave regeneration, undular
bores, and critical level reflection and/or decoupling• Determine the role of the critical level
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Big Waves (RF4,5,10)Vertical Kinetic Energy (J/m2)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000
Altitude (m)
Ver
tic
al
Kin
eti
c E
ne
rgy
(J
/m2
)
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(Smith, 1985)
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Other aircraft profiles:OzoneAir densityWater Vapor
Each point is a racetrack
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delta WI
0
5
10
15
20
25
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Flight number
Wm
ax-W
min
(m
/s)
Each point is one racetrack
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Big Wave Events (RF4,5,10)Aircraft Racetrack Data
y = -3E-07x2 + 0.0043x + 33.241R2 = 0.3747
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000
Altitude (m)
Ave
r. W
ind
spee
d (
m/s
)
Big Wave Events (RF4,5,10)Aircraft Racetrack Data
y = 2E-06x2 - 0.042x + 501.97R2 = 0.8289
310
320
330
340
350
360
370
380
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000 16000
Altitude (m)
Th
eta
(K
)
Aircraft Profiles:All Big Wave Events(RF4,5,10)
Each point is a racetrack
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