MOTIVES BEHIND CHARACTERS’ DECISION MAKING IN …library.usd.ac.id/Data PDF/F. Sastra/Sastra...
Transcript of MOTIVES BEHIND CHARACTERS’ DECISION MAKING IN …library.usd.ac.id/Data PDF/F. Sastra/Sastra...
MOTIVES BEHIND CHARACTERS’ DECISION MAKING IN
CHOOSING GOOD AND EVIL DEED IN J.R.R TOLKIEN’S
THE LORD OF THE RINGS: THE FELLOWSHIP OF THE
RING
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
Anggi Georgie Christiansent
Student Number: 054214111
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAME
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2012
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
i
MOTIVES BEHIND CHARACTERS’ DECISION MAKING IN
CHOOSING GOOD AND EVIL DEEDS IN J.R.R TOLKIEN’S
THE LORD OF THE RINGS: THE FELLOWSHIP OF THE RING
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
Anggi Georgie Christiansent
Student Number: 054214111
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAME
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2012
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
v
Man is fully responsible for his nature
and his choices
(Sartre)
No great thing is created
suddenly
(Epictetus)
The man with the
greatest soul will always
face the greatest war
with the low minded
persons
(Anonymous)
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
vi
TO MY BELOVED
FAMILY
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to thank for Jesus Christ whose name I mention in my heart every
time I need to remember the existence of a bigger power above myself. Thank for
always being in my mind.
Very much thank I have to say to my advisor, Drs. Hirmawan Wijanarka,
M.Hum. and my co-advisor, Dewi Widyastuti, S. Pd., M. Hum. who does not only
care about my thesis but motivates me a lot as well.
The greatest thanks are for my family, to my father, Ir. Jansen Lihart, I thank
you for your advice so that I can be who I am now. To my mother, Ir. Selvia Mettaria
Silaban, for always supporting me with love and care. I admit that sometimes I do not
hear her, but my heart always belongs to her. Also, to my little brother, Basar Brasilio
Zwagery, for always being a good enemy at home. I know that he loves me as his big
brother. I thank for every supports that all of you give to me. It will be the precious
treasure for the rest of my life.
Big thanks are also presented to Jonathan, Irene Sartika Dewi, S.S. as the one
who always bothers with every question that she has in her mind, and as somebody to
share with in every situation. To my friends in Media Sastra, thanks for being my
friends since 2007. It has been fabulous time spent with you all. I would also thank
the members of Jl. Dian Nusantara 1/76 for their support in my deadline.
Anggi Georgie Christiansent
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ……………………………………………………………… i
APPROVAL PAGE ……………………………………………………….. ii
LEMBAR PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI ………………………………. iii
ACCEPTANCE PAGE …………………………………………................ iv
MOTTO PAGE ……………………………………………………………. v
DEDICATION PAGE ………………………………………………….... . vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ……………………………………………… vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS …………………………………………….…… viii
ABSTRACT ……………………………………………………………….. x
ABSTRAK ………………………………………………………………… xi
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ………………………………………… 1
A. Background of the Study ………………………………………. 1
B. Problems Formulation ………………………………………….. 4
C. Objectives of the Study ………………………………………… 5
D. Definition of Terms ………………………………….................. 5
CHAPTER II : THEORETICAL REVIEW …………………………...... 6
A. Review of Related Studies ……………………………………… 6
1. “Symbolism of the Ring: The Embodiment of Evil” ………. 6
2. “The Treachery of Saruman: A Symbol of Human
Selfishness” ……………………………………………….. 7
3. Fabrizio’s conflicts and their influences to his final decision in
Stendhal’s The Charterhouse of Parma ………………… 8
4. The Relationship between the Member of the Fellowship
of the Ring in J.R.R Tolkien’s The Lord of the Rings … 8
5. The Value of Heroism as seen in the Main Character of Frodo
in J.R.R Tolkien’s The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship
of the Ring ………………………………………………… 9
6. The Significance of the Dominant Symbol to the
Revelation of the Message in J.R.R Tolkien’s the Lord
Of The Rings ……………………………………………….. 10
B. Review of Related Theories ……………………………………. 11
1. Theory of Conflict ………………………………………….. 11
2. Theory of Motives ………………………………………….. 12
3. Psychological Theory on Conflict …………………….…… 14
C. Theoretical Framework ……………………………………..….. 16
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
ix
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ……………………………………… 17
A. Object of the Study ………………………………………….…. 17
B. Approach of the Study ………………………….…………..….. 18
C. Method of the Study ……………………………………….…… 19
CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS………………………………………………. 21
A. The Conflicts which the Four Characters Face in the Story……. 21
1. Gandalf Refusing Frodo’s offer to take the One Ring……… 23
2. Saruman’s and Gandalf’s Conflict whether to Join or not
to Join Sauron ………………………………………………. 25
3. Gandalf’s Conflict to Have the Ring Destroyed …………… 28
4. Frodo’s Conflict to Leave the Shire …………………………. 30
5. Boromir’s Conflict to Agree with the Plan to destroy the
Ring and Frodo’s Conflict to be the Ring Bearer ……………. 31
6. Boromir’s Conflict to go West and Take the Ring From
Frodo and Frodo’s Conflict to go East and Continue his
Journey ……………………………………………………… 34
B. The Motives of the Four Characters in Making decisions (Saruman,
Gandalf, Boromir, and Frodo) when facing the Conflicts in the
Story …………………………………………………………… 38
1. Gandalf’s Motives in Refusing Frodo’s Offer to
Take the Ring ………………………………………….…… 38
2. Saruman’s and Gandalf’s Motive whether Join or
not Join Sauron …………………………………….……… 39
3. Gandalf’s Motive to Have the Ring Destroyed …………….. 41
4. Frodo’s Motive to Leave the Shire …………………………. 42
5. Boromir’s Motives to Agree with the Plan to destroy
the Ring and Frodo’s Motives to be the Ring Bearer………. 44
6. Boromir’s Motives to go West and Take the
Ring From Frodo and Frodo’s Motive to go East and
Continue his Journey………………………………………… 46
C. How Their Motives Influence Their Actions into a Good deed or
Evil Deed……………………………………………………………… 47
CHAPTER V : CONCLUSION ………………………………………….... 52
BIBLIOGRAPHY ………………………………………………………….. 54
APPENDICES ……………………………………………………………… 56
APPENDIX 1: Synopsis of the Story……………………………… 56
APPENDIX 2: Biography of the Author ……………………….…. 58
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
x
ABSTRACT
ANGGI GEORGIE CHRISTIANSENT. MOTIVES BEHIND CHARACTERS’
DECISION MAKING IN CHOOSING GOOD AND EVIL DEED IN J.R.R
TOLKIEN’S THE LORD OF THE RINGS: THE FELLOWSHIP OF THE
RING. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters. Sanata
Dharma University, 2012.
One of the kinds of literary work may take form in a fantasy story. J.R.R.
Tolkien wrote his masterpiece fantasy stories in a trilogy of The Lord of the Rings.
This is the story about the conflicts between good and evil. In everyday life,
making a decision is a common thing, such as getting up in the morning, having
breakfast, and going to work. However, someone does not deal with trivial things
all the time. Sometimes, a person has to deal with a more serious thing that
concerns with other’s necessity. In this case, he has to make a right decision since
many human lives depend on his decision. Therefore, knowing one’s motives is
important to understand the decision one’s makes.
This undergraduate thesis is intended to examine the characters’ motives
in making decision in the novel The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the
Ring. By considering the motives of the four characters, how the motives
influence their actions into a good deed or evil deed will be figured out. Two
problems are formulated as follows; first is what are the motives of the four
characters in making decisions (Saruman, Gandalf, Boromir, and Frodo) when
facing the conflicts in the story, and the second is how do their motives influence
their actions into a good deed or evil deed.
I analyze the conflicts due to this problem to find out their motives behind
their decisions. Then I find out how these motives show their good and evil
decisions. The methodology applied in this thesis is library research. Using the
psychological approach, this thesis is written to analyze the motives of the
characters when facing the conflict. There are four theories applied in this thesis;
the theory of motives, theory of conflict, psychological theory on conflict and the
last is ethical theory of good and evil to classify the action.
There are six main conflicts that each character faces within the stories,
from the conflicts that occur in the story we can find out that Gandalf has love,
loyalty, wisdom, and hope as his motive. Meanwhile Saruman’s motives are
greediness, cunningness, and wickedness. Frodo has responsibility to save the
habitants as his motives while Boromir has glory and obedience. From the
analysis based on the ethical theories of good and evil, I find out that Saruman’s
and Boromir’s actions can be categorized as evil. Meanwhile, Gandalf’s and
Frodo’s actions are categorized as good.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
xi
ABSTRAK
ANGGI GEORGIE CHRISTIANSENT. MOTIVES BEHIND CHARACTERS’
DECISION MAKING IN CHOOSING GOOD AND EVIL DEED IN J.R.R
TOLKIEN’S THE LORD OF THE RINGS: THE FELLOWSHIP OF THE
RING. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra. Universitas Sanata
Dharma, 2012.
Salah satu bentuk dari karya sastra adalah cerita fantasi. J.R.R Tolkien
menulis karya besar cerita fantasinya dalam trilogi The Lord of the Rings. Novel
ini berisi cerita tentang konflik antara baik dan jahat. Dalam kehidupan sehari
hari, membuat suatu keputusan adalah hal yang umum. Bagaimanapun juga,
seseorang tidak selamanya berurusan dengan hal yang sepele. Kadang seseorang
harus berurusan dengan hal yang lebih serius yang berkaitan dengan kepentingan
orang lain. Dalam kasus ini, orang tersebut harus membuat keputusan yang tepat
dikarenakan banyak nyawa manusia bergantung pada keputusan tersebut. Untuk
hal itu, mengetahui motif seseorang merupakan hal penting untuk mengerti
keputusan yang diambil oleh orang tersebut.
Skripsi ini dimaksudkan untuk memeriksa motif-motif dalam pengambilan
keputusan yang dilakukan oleh para karakter dalam novel the Lord of the Rings:
The Fellowship of the Ring. Dengan mempertimbangkan motif-motif dari empat
karakter, akan kelihatan bagaimana motif-motif tersebut mempengaruhi tindakan-
tindakan mereka dalam berbuat baik atau jahat. Ada dua permasalahan yang
dimunculkan dalm analisa ini; yang pertama adalah apa motif dari keempat
karakter dalam pengambilan keputusan ketika menghadapi konflik yang terjadi,
sedangkan yang kedua adalah bagaimana motif-motif tersebut mempengaruhi
tindakan mereka dalam berbuat baik atau jahat?
Dalam hal ini, saya menganalisis konflik yang terjadi untuk mengetahui
motif dibalik keputusan keempat karakter. Lalu menyelidiki bagaimana motif
tersebut menunjukkan sifat baik dan jahat mereka. Metodologi yang saya pakai
dalam penulisan skripsi ini adalah kajian pustaka. Dengan menggunakan
pendekatan psikologi. Ada empat teori yang diaplikasikan dalam skripsi ini, teori
motif, teori konflik, teori psikologi dalam konflik dan yang terakhir adalah teori
etika jahat dan baik yang akan digunakan untuk mengklasifikasi tindakan yang
terjadi.
Ada enam konflik utama yang dihadapi oleh masing-masing karakter
dalam novel ini, dari konflik yang terjadi kita dapat mengetahui bahwa motif yang
dimiliki Gandalf adalah cinta, kesetiaan, kebijaksanaan, dan harapan. Sementara
Saruman adalah keserakahan, kelicikan, dan kejahatan. Motif yang dimiliki Frodo
adalah tanggung jawab untuk menyelamatkan sesama dan motif dari Boromir
adalah kejayaan dan kepatuhan. Dari analisa berdasrkan teori etika, saya
mengklasifikasikan tindakan oleh Saruman dan Boromir adalah jahat. Sedangkan
Gandalf dan Frodo adalah baik.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
A piece of literary work, in this case a prose fiction, tells us about a “story
based on imaginary things that are created by the author” (Roberts and Jacobs,
1986: 123). In the other words, it tells about an imaginative story. Using the
imagination, an author is free to create or to say anything that is unreal or
impossible in the real world.
A fantasy story is “a work that takes places in a nonexistent and unreal
world, such as a fairyland, or concerns with incredible and unreal characters”
(Holman and Harmon, 1986: 198). It takes the reader to the dreamland, a land in
the imagination where lots of fantastic creatures dwell.
It is obvious that the words dwarf and elf offer fantasy pictures to the
readers. „During the twentieth century, this kind of literary work was dominant in
United Kingdom after the first world war and the second world war and are often
thought as characteristically English‟ (Hunt, 2001: 270) and one of the famous
English writer at this period is John Reuel Tolkien. Related to this fact, I choose
him as the author that I want to study.
Bleiler in his book Supernatural Fiction Writers categorizes Tolkien, who
is considered as a famous 70‟s writer, as a supernatural fiction writer (Bleiler,
1985: 675-681) due to his fondness on fantasy matter. Tolkien, using his fantasy
to create supernatural things as Gods, myths, creatures, and a complete whole new
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
2
mythical world called middle-earth in his story. Tolkien even created languages
for the characters he made. However, some responses from the readers toward his
works were not all positive. „Tolkien‟s fiction dismayed most of the fellow
scholar at Oxford‟. (Magill, 1983: 2653). Furthermore, some of the negatives
critics even „insisted that the work had no right to an audience because it was a
“failure”, and therefore must soon prove unpopular as they wished to be‟ (Bleiler,
1985: 676). Nevertheless, facts prove the otherwise. Tolkien‟s works „delighted
most of his general readers…due to his hard work and skill in linguistic talent,
which underlay both his professional achievements and his mythical universe‟
(Magill, 1983: 2653).
Tolkien began to write about fantasy, which turned out to be great works,
just after he was sent home with trench fever from the First World War battlefield
in France. In 1917, during his recuperation in the military hospital, he began to
write a story that later became The Silmarrion (1977).
Tolkien‟s trilogy of The Lord of the Rings is the most famous work that he
has done and the most delighting one compared to his other works. The trilogy
consists of first, The Fellowship of the Ring, the one that will be analyzed in this
thesis and also the part that tells about the beginning of the quest, where all
adventures start and the characters‟ motives to make journey explained. The
second is The Two Towers; and, the final is The Return of the King. The trilogy is
a massive epic fantasy of more than half a million words.
The chronology of the story is so complicated because although the
adventure happens in particular times, the story itself has a connection with the
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
3
history of the Middle-Earth (Hardy, 1977: 6). Furthermore, in talking about
cosmogony, Tolkien inserted the story of the creation of the Middle-Earth to help
the readers understand his idea of the world.
Meanwhile, the complicated geography and nomenclature can be seen
through the vast number of places and the complexity of the system of names of
the characters. Another complicated thing is the languages that are used by the
people in the story, such as language of the elves and the dwarves. These
languages, which are merely Tolkien‟s creation, are different from human
language.
Although surrounded by mythical world, Tolkien‟s character adopts
human attitudes. However, the human attitudes that they show are not precisely
accordance to human physical appearance but more likely with the mental
attitudes. Tolkien‟s characters are capable to experience love, joy, pity, sad, angry,
hate, and jealous.
In The Fellowship of the Ring, at least two things that show matters of
good and evil, that is the theme and the other one is conflict. Evans in his Writers
for the 70‟s: J. R. R Tolkien says that The Lord of the Rings “has allegorical
characteristics and it simply tells about the triumph of good and evil” (Evans,
1974: 42). From the quotation, it can be inferred that there must be conflicts
between good and evil in the story. In the theme about one‟s ambition to gain
power and about fighting the villain and saving the world, the conflict between
them can be seen even clearer (Evans, 1974). Some characters in the story The
Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring have ambition to gain power
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
4
through the Ring so that they are willing to make evil actions. On the contrary,
some other characters choose to fight those who want to misuse the ring‟s power
in order to save the Middle-Earth, and this can be considered as a good action. As
a result there are conflicts between the two sides.
The decisions of the characters in The Fellowship of the Ring to do actions
have something to do with their motive. A motive is the reason why somebody
makes a certain action. A character who decides to take the Ring or to destroy it
must have motive(s) behind.
In everyday life, making an action is a common thing, such as getting up
in the morning, having breakfast, and going to work. However, someone does not
deal with trivial things all the time. sometimes, a person has to deal with a more
serious thing that concerns with other‟s necessity, like whether he has to use an
atomic bomb in the battle to win the war or not. In this case, he has to make a
right decision since many human lives depend on his decision. Therefore,
knowing one‟s motives is important to understand the decision one‟s makes.
B. Problems Formulation
The problems of this undergraduate thesis are formulated as follow:
1. What are the conflicts that the four characters (Saruman, Gandalf, Boromir,
and Frodo) faced in the story?
2. What are the motives of the four characters (Saruman, Gandalf, Boromir, and
Frodo) in making decisions when facing the conflicts in the story?
3. How do their motives influence their actions into a good deed or evil deed?
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
5
C. Objectives of the Study
The first objective of this study is to find out the motives of the four
characters (Saruman, Gandalf, Boromir, and Frodo) in making their decisions
while facing the conflicts in the story. By considering the motives of the four
characters, the second objective is how the motives influence their actions will be
figured out.
D. Definition of Terms
According to Holman and Harmon in A Handbook to Literature, a motive
is the product of the “combination of the character‟s moral value with the
circumstances in which the character is placed” (1986: 314). Charles G. Morris in
his book Psychology: an Introduction said that motive is a specific need, desire,
or want such s hunger, thirst or achievement, that energizes and directs goal-
oriented behavior (Morris, 1990: 408). I can define in conclusion that motive is
desire or need in somebody‟s mind that can stimulate the person to have a certain
action. Motive is something that „causes motion‟ or something that „causes
somebody to act‟
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
6
CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL REVIEW
A. Review of Related Studies
There are six related studies that I read before writing this thesis, five of
them discuss the same novel which is The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of
the Ring and the other discuss the same topic about character decision making.
The studies related to Motives Behind Character Decision Making to their Action
in Choosing Good and Evil Deed in J.R.R Tolkien’s The Lord of the Rings: The
Fellowship of the Ring are:
1. “Symbolism of the Ring: The Embodiment of Evil”
In this essay by Stephan Gundy, the explanation of the evil nature of the
Ring is explained separately from the Ring itself. In the physical world, the Ring
becomes the reality of evil. It is said that in every way, it is the nature of evil
which must be either accepted or rejected outright. Its mere presence is a
personification of the opportunity for people to have and execute free will and
make morally correct or incorrect decisions. The One Ring in J.R.R Tolkien‟s The
Lord of the Rings is a symbol of power, the evil power.
” The exercise of Evil, and in essence the power of the Ring, is the exact
opposite of freedom. As for the nature of evil, it has been shown that no
good can possibly come from evil means, but evil results can be averted if
one can acquire the evil object while resisting the evil nature of it. Also,
the Ring is both real and symbolic”. Gundy,Stephan. “Symbolism of the
Ring: The embodiment of Evil”, 1994. (www.writtenessays.net)
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
7
The physical nature of the Ring is behavioral and can be physically
observed. Meanwhile, the essence or power of the Ring is a concept which
opposes morality. In this thesis, it is explain the differentiation of the symbolism
and the presence of the Ring itself. In the conclusion, it is explained that even the
Ring destroyed physically, the evil essence will remain present in some form until
the end of time.
The thesis by Stephan Gundy is related to the writer‟s thesis since Gundy
analyzes about the ring in The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring. The
object of the study that Gundy use is the same object that the writer uses in this
thesis even the main topic is different. The Ring is the main issue in whole story;
furthermore, the ring is related to all of the conflict in the story. Thus, by
understanding the main role of the ring itself, the writer can find out the motives
and the psychological effect of the four characters toward the conflict.
2. “The Treachery of Saruman: A Symbol of Human Selfishness”
The main topic of this essay of Vladiskovic‟s is centered on Saruman the
White, the head of the order of Istari. Saruman is the character in Tolkien‟s The
Lord of the Rings. In the beginning, Saruman works with the other wizard to
defeat Sauron. Later, he betrays the Istari and allies with Sauron. This kind of
characteristics make Saruman human-like, he has the real depth of human being.
This essay analyzes Saruman‟s treachery and the reasons why he doing such kind
of action.
“The wizard is determined to have power for himself and to rule over
others, and, after his downfall, seeks for revenge. Ambition, pride, but also
determination and strength of will are the characteristics that make
Saruman the most human of Tolkien‟s characters. Since his ambition and
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
8
pride are exasperated and extremely marked, the wizard becomes in a way
a symbol of human selfishness.”. Vladiskovic, Chiara. “The treachery of
Saruman: A symbol of Human Selfishness”, 2012. (www.vladiskovic.it)
This essay related with this thesis of the writer‟s because it discuss about
Saruman who also being discussed in this thesis. It discussed about the
characteristic of Saruman and help the writer know more about this character.
3. Fabrizio’s Conflicts and Their Influences to His Final Decision in
Stendhal’s The Charterhouse of Parma
Vanessa‟s thesis analyzes a character named Fabrizio in Stendhal‟s The
Charterhouse of Parma. It analyzes a character who faces a whole series of
conflicts when he attempts to find pleasure from worldly happiness.
“The main character, in this novel, will experience such external and
internal conflicts when he tries to find his happiness. The external
conflicts will show how the character faces problems when he pursuits
happiness from adventure and love affairs. The internal conflicts will
show how hard the character has to struggle against himself when he has
to make such decision.” (P. iii)
Christina Vanessa‟s thesis on the character final decision in Stendhal‟s The
Charterhouse of Parma is related to this thesis because it discusses about the
same topic even the primary source (the novel) is different. The writer uses the
thesis above to see how the chronology of the thesis runs.
4. The Relationship between the Member of the Fellowship of the Ring in
J.R.R Tolkien’s The Lord of the Rings
There is a fellowship whose task is to bring the One Ring into the Crack of
Doom. This fellowship is consists of nine peoples from different races and
characteristics. This undergraduate thesis by Widyastuti Budiningsih analyzes the
relationship between the characters among the fellowship
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
9
“…the members of the fellowship of the Rings have their own
characteristics. Frodo is a brave but also weak Hobbit, Sam is loyal and
wise while Merry is strong and brave, and Pippin is curious and
adventurous. Gimli is a bad-tempered Dwarf but in the same time he is
honest and modest. Legolas the elf is the pillar of his friends, Gandalf is
wise, Aragorn is a -man of honor, and Boromir is a proud man. The
relationships between each members of the fellowship of the Ring arise by
their differences…” (p. vii)
The undergraduate thesis by Widyastuti is related with this thesis because
it analyzes the relationship of the character with the other character in the story. It
helps the writer to understand more about the character‟s characteristic and the
relation between them so it will help to understand more when they facing the
conflict in the story.
5. The Value of Heroism as Seen in the Main Character of Frodo in J.R.R
Tolkien’s The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring
Frodo as the main character in the Lord of the Rings has a main duty to
bring the One Ring into the Cracks of Doom. As the main protagonist in the story,
Frodo is characterized as a hero who later saved the Middle-earth. This thesis by
Wisnu Pujo Bayu Adi analyzes the value of heroism as seen in Frodo.
“The study explains the reason why Frodo Baggins has been chosen as the
ring Bearer and his qualities of heroism. Frodo Baggins is the only person
who can be trusted to inherit the Ring from his uncle. He also loves to
make adventurous journeys. He has been proven successfully brought the
Ring from the Shire to Rivendell, the study reveals Frodo Baggin‟s value
of heroism.” (p. x)
As Wisnu‟s thesis analyzes about the main character and his value of
heroism, it makes the thesis related with this thesis. Wisnu analyzes the value of
heroism that reflected by Frodo‟s action toward the conflicts that he has in the
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
10
story. In my thesis, I later analyze Frodo‟s motive before he doing some actions
toward the conflicts that occur in the story.
6. The Significance of the Dominant Symbol to the Revelation of the
Message in J.R.R Tolkien’s the Lord of The Rings
The One Ring becomes the most dominant symbol in the story. The One
Ring itself becomes the main issue in the story; it becomes the center of most
conflicts in the story. Himayanti‟s undergraduate thesis analyzes the One Ring as
the dominant symbol related to the revelation of the message that Tolkien want to
say through the story.
“The One Ring symbolizes the dark side of human being. A message in a
story is intended as a suggestion related to the problems in life that can be
taken by the readers through the story…The temptations trigger the dark
side of every human being in life, human beings always faces many kind
of temptations whether it is in a good or evil incarnation.” (p. ix)
This thesis by Himayanti helps later in my thesis in understanding the
nature of the One Ring. Thus, I can relate the problem with the conflicts related to
the One Ring in my analysis. Knowing the nature of the One Ring helps me to
understand more about the probably motives of the characters toward the conflicts
about the One Ring.
All of the studies reviewed above are different from my thesis because in
this thesis I analyze about the motive that the characters‟ have when they facing
the conflicts in the story and how their motive influence the character to do the
action relating to the conflicts.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
11
B. Review of related Theories
1. Theory of Conflict
According to Perrine, a conflict is “a clash of actions, ideas, desires, or
wills” (1996: 59). In other words, a conflict “involves two opposing forces”
(Shipley, 1962: 75). In the story The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the
Ring, the clash of ideas can be seen from the differences ideas of Gandalf and
Boromir. Gandalf thinks that the best way for the company to pass Misty
Mountain is through the mine of Moria. On the other hand, Boromir thinks that it
is better for them to take the way through the gap of Rohan (Tolkien, 2001: 287-
288). This difference causes a clash of ideas that lead to a conflict between them.
Perrine classifies conflicts into three types. The first is a social conflict, a
clash between a character against some person or group (Perrine, 1996: 59).
Second is a physical conflict, a conflict between a character with some external
force-physical nature, society or fate (Perrine, 1996: 59). Both of them are
external conflict, the conflicts between a man and things outside himself such as
one or more individuals, and/or the environment. The third is psychological
conflict, in which a struggle between a man with some elements in his own nature
(Perrine, 1996: 59). This kind of conflict involves several thoughts that exist in
one individual and the psychological aspects of a human being. A good example
of this case is Frodo‟s internal conflict when he faces the fact that his Ring brings
danger to others. Frodo is confused whether to leave the Shire or not. On one hand
he wants to go to save the Shire. On the other hand, he wants to stay since
everything that he loves is in that beautiful place. In this situation, there is a
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
12
psychological conflict within Frodo‟s mind before he makes a decision to do a
certain action.
Moreover a conflict can lead to another conflict. For example, a social or
physical conflict appears between a person and other person or force. Thus,
clashes between ideas, desires, and wills which grow out of the interplay of those
three forces may also appear among and inside the characters. (Shaw, 1972: 91).
This means that as a result of an external conflict, a psychological conflict may
appear. The clash of the three forces has caused a struggle inside the characters.
On the other way, a psychological conflict may also resulted in an external
conflict. By analyzing the character‟s conflict, we can see what motives behind
the action that the characters take.
2. Theory of Motives
A motive is something that stimulates a person to do something.
According to Holman and Harmon in A Handbook to Literature, a motive is the
product of the “combination of the character‟s moral value with the circumstances
in which the character is placed” (1986: 314). It means that a character with a
certain kind of moral value will have a certain kind of motive. The character‟s
motive is also influenced by the circumstances around him at the time he produces
a motive before making a particular action. For example: A robber takes some
money from an old lady after he empties the cashier machine in a little shop. The
possible motive behind his action is greediness. He lacks the moral value that
might stop him from taking the money from the old lady. Meanwhile, the
greediness is not the only one factor that forms his motive. The circumstances also
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
13
encourage him to do so. It is possible that at that time the old lady has just
received some changes for the things she buys and she has not got a time to put it
in her purse when suddenly the robber comes in and points his gun at the
shopkeeper and her. It is right after the robber takes all the cash from the cashier
that he seizes the money in the old lady‟s hand. He is not going to waste the
opportunity to have more money. In this case, a good opportunity is also another
factor that forms the robber‟s motive to take the old lady‟s money besides his
greed.
Motive is an incentive to act or a reason for doing something or anything
that prompted a choice of action. Anything that arouses the individual and directs
his or her behavior towards some goal is called a Motive or “Motive is a factor
which influences to do anything because anything we do has a motive behind”.
Motive is different from motivation, motivation is the activation or
energization of goal-oriented behavior. Motivation may be rooted in the basic
need to minimize physical pain and maximize pleasure, or it may include specific
needs such as eating and resting, or a desired object, hobby, goal, state of being,
ideal, or it may be attributed to less-apparent reasons such as altruism, morality, or
avoiding mortality.
By applying the above theory in the analysis, I will be able to find the
characters‟ motive in making some actions. Through the characteristics of the
characters and the situation where they are in at the time they make the action,
will find out the things that can encourage the characters to do so and it will
conclude about their motives.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
14
3. Psychological Theory on Conflict
To analyze the internal conflict, which involves psychological matters, the
help of the psychological theory of conflict is needed. “There are four kinds of
conflicts in the theory of motivation according to Miller” (Beck, 1978:258). They
are approach-approach, avoidance-avoidance, approach-avoidance, and multiple
approach-avoidance conflicts. (Beck, 1978:258)
The approach-approach conflict happens because one has to make a choice
out of two different positive or desirable alternatives (Beck, 1978:259). This
conflict can be illustrated like this; a little girl goes to a shop with her mother. She
sees a beautiful doll and a set of miniature cooking ware. She wants both of them.
However, her mother tells her that she can have only one of them. In this case, the
child has an “approach-approach conflict” because she has to choose only one out
of two desirable alternatives.
The avoidance-avoidance involves two different negative or aversive
choices, in which one of them should be chosen although it is not desirable (Beck,
1978:259). The conflict can be described as the following example; in the story of
Simalakama fruit, the boy has to choose whether to eat the fruit or not. The
alternatives are if he eats it, his father will be passed away. On the other hand, if
he doesn‟t eat the fruit, his mother will be passed away. As a result he has an
“avoidance-avoidance conflict” because he has to choose one of those undesirable
options.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
15
In approach-avoidance conflict there is only one goal but it has both
positive and negatives outcomes (p. 260). In this kind of conflict, an individual
faces a situation where the decision that he is going to make may have two
different results, the desirable and undesirable ones. For an example of this
conflict when an university student is working on his presentation paper. His goal
is to get a good mark and the only way to achieve it is by finishing his
presentation paper and presents it in front of the lecturer and the whole class. As
he about to finish the paper, he realizes that later on he has to face the whole class
when presents the material and he afraid of it. Here the students face the
approach-avoidance conflict. On one hand he wants to finish the presentation and
get the good mark. On the other hand, he feels reluctant to do it because he hates
and afraid to speak in front of many people. To achieve his goal, he must face
both the desirable and undesirable results.
The multiple approach-avoidance conflict has two goals, each of which
has approach-avoidance characteristics. The choice of one is usually followed by
losing the other, and this loss is a negative aspect of the chosen (Beck, 1978, p.
260). These psychological theories on internal conflict help me know what
triggers a character to actions and understand the character‟s motives. Discussing
the conflicts of the characters using the psychological theory of conflict shows the
difficulties of the characters in making their decisions. They have to struggle hard
before they choose the option to do something.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
16
C. Theoretical Framework
The theories written above are to answer the problems of this study. The
theory of conflict is the boundary to identify the conflicts that occurs in the story.
The theory of motives helps to identify the motives of each character while facing
the conflicts. Psychological theory on conflict applied to help while analyzing the
internal conflict within the character. This theory categorized the conflict which
the character faces and relates it with the motive inside the character‟s mind. From
the conflict which the characters face I dig out their motives and then relate how
these motives influence the characters to do the action
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
17
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
A. Object of the Study
For the analysis, I use the text of The Lord of the Rings: the Fellowship of
the Ring as the primary source. This novel is the first of three volumes of the epic
novel The Lord of the Rings by J.R.R Tolkien. It was originally published on July
29 1954 in United Kingdom. The novel contains all information needed for the
analysis such as the characters‟ thoughts, speeches, and action. From the novel, I
can find the characters‟ both external and internal conflicts. By analyzing those
conflicts I can dig their motives and finally reveal their actions.
This book is divided into two sections, book one entitled The First
Journey/The Ring Sets Out, and book two entitled The Journey of the Nine
Companions/The Ring Goes South. All those sections are written on 531 pages.
The fellowship of the Ring is preceded by The Hobbit and followed by The Two
Towers.
The problem in the story begins when Frodo inherits a very powerful
Ring. This Ring is wanted by Sauron, the most evil creature, to resume his power.
To prevent the destruction of their world; men and other inhabitants, such as the
mythical creatures of elves, dwarves, wizards, and hobbits are agree to go to the
Cracks of Doom, the only place where the Ring could be forged and destroyed.
However, it is not an easy task since to finish the plan, the fellowship sent to the
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
18
Cracks of Doom must face several obstacles from outside, that is from those who
want to take the Ring, and inside, that is within the company itself.
In 2001, this novel has been brought to a motion picture. It was released
on December 19, 2001, directed by Peter Jackson. The final scene of this movie is
actually taken from the first chapter of the second volume, The Two Towers.
B. Approach of the Study
To analyze the data, I use psychological approach and the tool needed is
the theory of conflict. Psychological approach is critics view works through the
lens of psychology. It looks either at the psychological motives of the characters
or of the author. According to Wilfred L. Guerin in his A Handbook of Critical
Approach to literature, the psychological approach was perhaps the most
controversial, the most abused, and least appreciated. However the psychological
approach can be fascinating and rewarding since its proper application to interpret
the literary work can enhance the researcher‟s understanding and appreciation of
literature.
I apply the theory of conflict and theory of motives to analyze the
characters‟ conflict to find the motives behind their decision-makings. Besides
literary theories, I also apply psychological theory on conflict to analyze the
internal conflicts of the characters to understand better about the character‟s
motives in doing something.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
19
C. Method of the Study
To collect the data, I did a library research. I gather information from the
internet since not all books that contain information related to this thesis are
available in Indonesia. There were several steps done in this study;
First, I read the text of The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring
as my primary resource. The novel contains all the information needed for the
analysis such as the characters‟ thoughts, speeches, and actions. From the novel, I
found the characters‟ both external and internal conflicts. By analyzing those
conflicts I uncovered their motives and finally revealed their actions.
Second, I read Perrine‟s Story and Structure, Holman and Harmon‟s A
Handbook to Literature, Beck‟s Motivation: Theories and Principles, and
Martin’s Everyday Morality: An Introduction to Applied Ethics as secondary
resources. Third step was deciding the characters that will be analyzed in this
thesis and chose the conflict where the characters involved.
Fourth step in this thesis was listing the conflicts that the four characters
face in the story. The purpose of this step is to understand the conflict that the four
characters face.
Fifth step in this thesis was analyzing the conflicts and find the motives
that the characters have when facing the conflicts; this step was divided into two
sections in order to make the analysis easier to understand. The first sections
analyzed the conflicts where Gandalf and Saruman involved; the second section
analyzed the conflicts where Boromir and Frodo involved. In this step, Perrine‟s
Story and structure and Holman and Harmon‟s A Handbook to Literature which
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
20
contains the theories of conflicts and motives were used. Those theories helped in
finding the nature of the characters‟ actions.
Sixth and final step, I applied the psychological approach. The
psychological theory on conflict was applied to analyze the internal conflicts of
the characters to understand better about the characters‟ motives in doing
something and how those motives influence the four characters to do the actions
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
21
CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS
A. The Conflicts which the Four Characters Face in the Story
Gandalf and Saruman are wizards with powerful skills. Both of them have
influential roles in the story of The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring.
Gandalf is the one who reveals that the ring is the One Ring. He is also
encourages Frodo to make a journey to Rivendell so that the adventurous in the
story could began. He is the wisest character in the story that makes him a leader
and mentor to Frodo and many others. Gandalf knows his limitations and refuses
the ring when Frodo offers to him. He uses his power only for the cause of good
against evil and never takes advantages of it. He also encourages the other
characters to be the best they can be.
Whereas, Saruman is the head of the council of the wizards, a community
of the wise. He is the one whom everybody trusted to handle matters concerning
the Dark Lord, Sauron. However, Saruman is the one who betrays Gandalf and all
the trust bestowed on him.
The decision of each character, Gandalf and Saruman, to yield or not to
yield the Ring‟s power after they are tempted by it can be seen in three different
occasions. Those occasions are when Gandalf refuses to take the Ring from
Frodo, when Gandalf tells the Council of Elrond about Saruman, and when
Gandalf agrees to destroy the ring. These occasions are the most obvious moments
which show the characters‟ good or evil actions. Before making the decisions,
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
22
there are conflicts experienced by Gandalf and Saruman. These conflicts are
analyzed in order to find out the motive behind the decision. The results of the
analyses, later on, are used to conclude the nature of characters‟ actions. Both
Frodo and Boromir are also tempted by the ring and they have the choices
whether yield or not to yield under the influences of the One Ring.
Frodo Baggins is intelligent and graceful hobbit. He inherits the evil Dark
Lord Sauron‟s Ring of Power. He is the Ring-Bearer. There are a few important
points about Frodo that must be settled, first, Frodo is not just a youngster. In the
beginning of the story, Frodo is about to celebrate his 33rd
birthday, the typical
year for coming of age for Hobbits. Although he has many hobbits characteristics,
like a good sense of humor and a love of mushrooms; he also has more of a
thoughtful mind and adventuring spirits. Though Frodo is loving, generous and
kind, he has his faults. Initially, he is fearful and timid. Later, when the Ring
strengthens him, he also nearly seduced by it. Still, he has a strong sense of
justice.
Boromir is the son of the Steward of Gondor, the country‟s ruler since
everyone believes there are no descendants of the original kings. At the beginning
of the quest he doesn‟t believe that the Ring must be destroyed. He talks to the
council and the fellowship to use the power of the Ring to fight against Sauron. In
the middle of the quest, he tries to take the Ring from Frodo. Noble by nature,
Boromir is horrified by what he has to do, and gives his life trying to save Merry
and Pippin from the Orcs. Boromir shows his bravery in the end of the story and
makes him one of the protagonists in the story.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
23
There are several events that show Frodo‟s and Boromir‟s different actions toward
the One Ring. First, when Frodo agrees to set out from the Shire to Rivendell.
Second, when there is a meeting at the house of Elrond Halfelven. Third, when the
fellowship is at the crossroad between Mordor and Gondor. In those three
sequences, I analyze the characters‟ conflict, decision, and motive to yield or not
to yield to the Ring. Later, I conclude the characteristics of Frodo‟s and Boromir‟s
actions based on their motives and then find the nature of the character.
There are six conflicts that analyzed in this thesis, tese conflicts are the
conflicts which the four characters is involved.
1. Gandalf Refusing Frodo’s offer to take the One Ring
This is the conflict when Gandalf Refusing Frodo‟s offer to take the One
Ring, in this conflict Gandalf faces inner conflict whether he take or not the One
Ring. The result is he refuses the offer.
In this occasion, Gandalf shows that he does not want to yield to the charm
of the One Ring through his decision when he faces Frodo‟s offer. Aroused by the
mysterious history behind Bilbo‟s magical Ring, Gandalf makes some researches
to find the truth. The effort results in shocking discovery. The Ring turns out to be
the One Ring. Gandalf brings this news to Frodo and tells everything concerning
the history of the Ring especially the danger it carries. When Frodo knows about
the truth of the ring, he asks Gandalf to take it from him. He says to the wizard,
“You are wise and powerful, will you take the Ring?” (Tolkien, 2001: p. 60).
Towards this offer, Gandalf explicitly makes a simple reply, “No!” (p. 60). He
refuses to use the opportunity given to him by Frodo to have the Great power of
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
24
the One Ring. His motives for doing so can be noticed from the conflicts that he
has before makes the decision.
The simple offer that Frodo makes has caused an external conflict between
Gandalf and Frodo and internal conflicts within the wizards. The external conflict
that appears is a social conflict in the form of a clash of ideas. This clash happens
because of the different ideas between two. In Frodo‟s point of view, the wise and
powerful person is the most suitable one to handle the Ring. On the contrary,
Gandalf thinks the opposite. The wise and powerful person is not the one who can
take the Ring because it will only make the problem worse. This idea can be seen
from Gandalf‟s answer that he will “have power too great and terrible” (Tolkien,
2001: 59) from the Ring. He will have power beyond his control and it will be
more dangerous since through him “the Ring would gain a power still greater and
more deadly” (p.59). It means, because the Ring is able to consume the power of
its wearer, the Ring will add the extra power to itself from a powerful person and
thus makes it more destructive than before. In this way, instead of keeping the
ring safe for the sake of others, a powerful person will only create a more
powerful lethal weapon. It means a greater danger has to be handled later on. So,
Gandalf thinks that leaving the Ring in the hand of powerful person is not a good
idea.
In a way, Gandalf‟s idea gives a glimpse of his reason for refusing Frodo‟s
offer. He makes such a decision because he thinks of other people‟s safety. He
does not want to endanger others by making a decision to take the One Ring from
Frodo and so creating a more dangerous weapon.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
25
In this situation, Gandalf suffers from a conflict that is called multiple
approach-avoidance conflicts. As Gandalf repeats the words “Do not tempt me!”
(p.59) twice, it can be assumed that Gandalf‟s mind troubled by Frodo‟s words.
Furthermore, as Frodo‟s offer is a temptation, it strengthens the fact that Gandalf
has to struggle hard within himself.
For Gandalf, either accepting the offer to take the Ring or refusing it has
its own positive and negative results. Since there are two options coming from
each result, it means that Gandalf has multiple approach-avoidance conflicts.
Accepting the offer and taking the Ring means that he has the opportunity
to gain great power. This can bring him an advantage, which is a chance to realize
his dreams to commit lots of good deeds. However, taking the ring also has
negative result. The Ring will absorb Gandalf‟s power and it will be more
powerful
On the other hand, refusing the Ring also has its own positive and negative
effects. The positive one is Gandalf can save others from Sauron‟s destruction
while the negative one is that he will not have a chance to do lots of good deeds
since the Ring will consume him.
2. Saruman’s and Gandalf’s Conflict whether to Join or not to Join Sauron
This is the conflict of Gandalf and Saruman. There is a clash of ideas
between them whether join or not to Sauron‟s side. The conflict result into fight
between them.
Saruman offers Gandalf to join Sauron in order to get the benefits from the
power of the Ring, which actually belongs to Sauron. Gandalf shows that he does
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
26
not want to yield the Ring. On the other hand, Saruman shows that he does since
he becomes Sauron‟s ally
The conflicts between Gandalf and Saruman happen when Gandalf goes to
Isengard to meet Saruman to ask for a counsel over the Ring‟s problem. Saruman
gives Gandalf a choice:
“I have brought you hither…to give you a choice…A new power is rising.
Against it the old allies and policies will not avail us at all. There is no hope left in
the Elves or dying Numenor. This then one choice before you, before us. We may
join with that power.”(Tolkien, 1964: 252-253)
There is a clash of ideas between them that means Gandalf and Saruman
have different ways of thinking. Saruman persuades Gandalf to join Sauron, “it
would be wise, Gandalf. There is a hope that way. Its victory is at hand; there will
be rich reward for those aided it...” (p. 253). But Gandalf believes that joining
Sauron is an action taken only by ignorant people.”..I have heard speeches of this
kind before...to deceive the ignorant” (p. 253). Gandalf thinks that joining Sauron
is a foolish action since there is no prospect in the future when Sauron the wicked
rules.
It is detected from Saruman‟s offer to Gandalf to join Sauron that in a way
Saruman has internal conflict, which can be categorized as an approach-avoidance
conflict. For Saruman, becoming Sauron‟s ally means that he has a chance to have
power so that he has a chance to realize his dreams; but joining Sauron also means
that he agrees to do evil things.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
27
Yet it does not take long for Saruman to decide. He answers Gandalf,
“…maybe evils done by the way but approving the high and ultimate purpose:
Knowledge, Rule, and Order; all the things that we have so far striven in vain to
accomplish…”(p. 253). From Saruman‟s choice of words „maybe‟ and „but‟, it
can be seen that Saruman makes some kind of excuse that to do something evil is
alright as long as it can lead to success
Unlike Saruman, Gandalf undergoes multiple approach-avoidance
conflicts. He is trapped between two options. Accepting Saruman‟s offer to join
Sauron may have two meanings, power and security. It means that Gandalf may
have the power as said by Saruman, “And why not, Gandalf? Why not? The ruling
Ring? If we could command that, then the power would pass to us...” (p. 253).
However, accepting the offer also has a negative or aversive result. It means that
he may lose his friends. The existence of this Ring in the Shire has already noticed
by Sauron and Saruman, “I believe that you know where this precious thing now
lies. Is it not so? Or why do the Nine ask for the Shire, and what is your business
there?” (p. 253). Accepting the offer means that Gandalf has to tell Saruman the
fact that the Ring is Frodo‟s hand. As a result, the agreement with Saruman will
endanger the lives of the inhabitants of the Shire including Frodo.
The second option is not easier. By refusing Saruman‟s offer, he may save
Frodo. However, refusal means that he puts himself in danger. Saruman explicitly
threat Gandalf with his words, “...I gave you the chance of aiding me willingly,
and so saving yourself much trouble and pain” (p. 253). His words give a hint
about Saruman‟s intention to harm Gandalf in case he refuses the offer.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
28
3. Gandalf’s Conflict to Have the Ring Destroyed
This is the inner conflict of Gandalf to have the one ring destroyed. In this
conflict he has to think wisely about the consequences if the council wants to
destroy the ring.
At the council of Elrond, Gandalf and the others discuss whether to
destroy the ring or not. Once again Gandalf shows his persistence that he does not
want to yield under the Ring‟s charm. This time he shows it by agreeing the plan
to destroy the ring. His motives to make such decision can be inferred through his
conflicts when he faces the critical situation in solving the Ring‟s problem.
Gandalf undergoes conflicts for there is no advantageous choice that he
can choose in dealing with the Ring‟s problem. There are four solution suggested.
First two solutions are to hide the Ring or to destroy it. (p.260). The third one is to
use the One Ring to fight and destroy Sauron. (p260). The fourth is to use the
other magical Rings to fight Sauron.
In this situation, Gandalf suffers from an avoidance-avoidance conflict. It
is not easy for Gandalf to decide. He has to make a choice out of the four
undesirable options. To hide the Ring is a vain effort since there is no place in
Middle-Earth or even overseas land which can resist the power of Sauron. The
second option is not less terrible that the first one as they have to go to the Cracks
of Doom, Sauron‟s territory. Going there with the purpose to destroy the Ring is
the same as bringing it right into the hands of the enemy. Gandalf tells Frodo that,
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
29
“There is only one way: to find the Cracks of Doom in the depths of Orodruin, the
Fire-Mountain, and cast the Ring in there, if you really wish to destroy it…” (pp.
59-60)
In this way the risk that lies before the task is tremendous. The third and
the fourth solution are not preferable either. Wearing the Ring to fight is
dangerous as fighting Sauron without the Ring or even more dangerous.
According to Elrond, “If any of the Wise should with this Ring overthrow the
Lord of Mordor, using his own arts, he would set himself on Sauron‟s throne, and
yet another Dark Lord would appear” (p. 261). Thus the effort is useless since the
present Dark Lord may be vanquished but the future Dark lord will appear.
Meanwhile, to use the other magical Rings to fight Sauron and the One Ring is
not possible. Elrond says, “...they were not made as weapons of war or conquest:
that is not their power” (p. 261). The other Rings will not be able to fight
Sauronand the One Ring. In this case, Sauron‟s control over Middle-earth
somehow seems inevitably certain.
Later on Gandalf also has an external conflict with Erestor, one of the
members of the Council of Elrond. While Gandalf wants to settle the problem
over the Ring by destroying it, Erestor disagrees. He thinks that destroying the
Ring is a foolish, impossible act. No one can bring the Ring to Mordor to destroy
it. It is reasonable since Sauron must guard his territory really carefully so that no
one can trespass without being noticed by his men.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
30
To this disagreement, Gandalf goes on saying that he decides to do it
because “it is not our part here to take thought only for a season, or for a few lives
of men, or for a passing age of the world. We should seek a final end of this
menace…” (p.260). it means it is better for them to completely solve the problem
to its root.
4. Frodo’s Conflict to Leave the Shire
This is the conflict when Frodo decides to leave the Shire. He has to
struggle inside his mind to make this decision. This inner conflict is the beginning
of his journey.
Like the previous both characters (Gandalf and Saruman), Frodo has to
make a decision whether he yields or not to the Ring‟s power. It is not easy for
Frodo leaving Shire. He has to undergo several conflicts before he can decide to
do it. It is through these conflicts that his motives in making the decision to go can
be noticed.
Frodo‟s conflicts begin when Gandalf is finally able to convince him that
his ring is actually the One Ring. It is a legendary Ring owned by a Dark Lord
named Sauron. It is believed to have lost after the war of Dagorlad where Sauronis
defeated by an alliance of the Men and the Elves. The problem now is that when
Sauron knows that his Ring has been found, he wants it back to revive his power.
The most crucial thing is that he has suspected the Shire to be the place where the
One Ring is and Baggins the person who keeps it. In this dangerous situation,
Frodo ponders about to leave the Shire and goes to Rivendell. He says, “I should
like to save the Shire...and I suppose I must go alone, if I am to do that...” (p. 61).
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
31
With this matter in his mind, Frodo shows that he does not have the notion to
yield under the Ring‟s power. His journey to Rivendell is to keep the Ring away
from Sauron and to distract Sauron‟s attention so that he cannot locate the Ring
position. By so doing he will do something good for the Shire.
5. Boromir’s Conflict to Agree with the Plan to destroy the Ring and
Frodo’s Conflict to be the Ring Bearer
In this conflict, there are two different conflicts occurs in one event.
Boromir conflict when he has to decide whether agree or not to the plan of
destroying the Ring and Frodo‟s inner conflict to be the Ring bearer. These
conflicts occur in the council of Elrond when they discuss about the plan of
destroying the Ring and who will take the Ring to be destroyed.
Both Boromir and Frodo have to make a decision whether to yield or not
to the Ring‟s power. Each of them shows their decision by making a choice
whether agree or disagree to the plan to destroy the Ring. Here, both Boromir and
Frodo finally agree to destroy the Ring. However, their motives to make such
decision might be different. In this case the conflicts they have before making the
decision can help to find out the motives.
The decision at the Council of Elrond to agree with Gandalf‟s idea to
destroy the Ring causes several conflicts among some people who attend the
gathering. One of them is Boromir. Between Boromir and the Council there is a
clash of ideas. While the council agrees with the ideas of destroying the Ring,
Boromir does not. He thinks that using the Ring is the better way to hinder
Sauronfrom recovering his power. Boromir asks, “Why do you speak ever of
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
32
hiding and destroying? Why should we not think that the Great Ring has come
into our hands to serve us in the very hour of need?” (p. 260). He thinks that the
Ring might be useful for them against Sauron if only they are willing to use it. He
believes that it is for this reason that the Ring is brought to them in such an urgent
situation. But, in the end, Boromir changes his mind and agrees with the plan to
destroy the Ring. He explicitly shows his decision when he says, “So be it” (p.
261).
This decision that shows Boromir does not want to yield to the Ring‟s
power is not easy to make. Boromir must suffer from an avoidance-avoidance
internal conflict before he can make it. Neither to oppose against the Council‟s
plan to destroy the Ring nor to agree with the plan has positive outcomes for him.
Challenging the decision of the Council is only creating a new foe for his land
Gondor and losing a support, which is needed most. This becomes the first
outcome he wants to avoid. Gondor, Boromir‟s homeland, is in a dangerous
situation for being attacked by Sauron. This is why Boromir needs to find any
support from other Middle-earth inhabitants. (p. 239).
Furthermore, he also needs to ask Elrond about the meaning of a dream
about a voice saying things related to a broken sword, Imladris, Isildur‟s Bane,
and Halfling that he thinks has something to do with the future of Gondor, which
bothers both his brother and him. (p.240). The word broken sword refers Narsil,
the sword defeats Sauron. Ilsidur‟s Bane refers to the One Ring. Meanwhile the
word Halfling means little people. However the most important word is the word
Imladris, which means Rivendell in ancient language. Those words become
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
33
important for Boromir because at the time Gondor is in war with Sauron and in a
way the words related to Gondor‟s fate in the future. For these reasons, Boromir
cannot counter the Council of Elrond. The representatives of the inhabitants of
Middle-earth are there so that he can have a chance to ask for their help and he
cannot mess with it. He also needs Elrond‟s favor. Thus he cannot oppose
Elrond‟s decision or he might upset the Elves‟ Lord and so fail to do his ask.
On the other hand, to agree with the plan to destroy One Ring also brings a
negative result for Boromir. He believes that the power of the Ring can help and
bring them victory in the battle with Sauron. He says, “Wielding it the Free Lords
of the Free may surely defeat the Enemy..Let the Ring be your weapon, if it has
such power as you say. Take it and go forth victory” (pp. 241-261). In this case,
destroying the ring is something that he also wants to avoid since the result is
negative, the wasting and losing of a great power source that might give Gondor
or even Middle-earth a chance to win the battle against Sauron. However,
Boromir cannot avoid all those undesirable results. He must make a decision that
at least involves one of the undesirable results.
After the Council makes a decision to destroy the One Ring, Frodo is
suddenly aware of the problem in front of him. The Council decides to destroy the
Ring but no one is willing to take the Ring to Mordor (p. 263). Facing this fact,
Frodo has multiple approach-avoidance internal conflicts due to two options. On
one hand, Frodo feels that he has to go to Mordor. On the other hand, he wishes to
rest at Rivendell. Frodo thinks that he has to go since he thinks that it is his
responsibility to do so but he also needs a rest after the dangerous journey from
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
34
the Shire to Rivendell. Each of these two options has its own positive-negative
results. To go to Mordor has a positive result, which is a chance for Frodo to save
Middle-earth. However, it also has a negative result, since by doing so; he will
have no chance to rest at Rivendell. On the other hand, to rest at the Rivendell has
a positive result, which is a chance for him to enjoy a peaceful rest at a beautiful
site. Nevertheless, it has a negative result, which is the lost of a chance to save the
Middle-earth.
6. Boromir’s Conflict to go West and Take the Ring From Frodo and
Frodo’s Conflict to go East and Continue his Journey
This is the conflict when the fellowship arrived at the Parth Galden. In
this event, Frodo decides to continue the journey alone. He has an inner conflict
within before making this decision. While Boromir decides to take the Ring from
Frodo and use it to fight Sauron‟s army.
In this last sequence, Boromir and Frodo involve in a situation where they
are to choose whether to yield or not to the Ring‟s power. However, this time they
show different action. Frodo tends to refuse to yield to the Ring while Boromir
shows the other way around. The motives of Boromir and Frodo to make different
decisions can be seen through the conflicts that they have in the process of
decision-making.
Reaching the Parth Galden, the company comes to a crossroad. Each
member of the company must make a decision whether to go wet to Gondor to
help the people there in the war against Sauron or to go east straight to Mordor.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
35
As the result of the options, there are conflicts happening among and within the
company members.
The external conflicts are marked by the clash of ideas between Boromir
and Frodo. Boromir tells Celeborn, the Lord of Lothórien, that will take the
wetern road that leads to Gondor, “...it will be the eastern shore...I shall go to
Minas Tirith, alone if need be, for it is my duty” (pp358-360). Furthermore, he
also thinks that the Ring Bearer should come to Godor as well (p.390).
Meanwhile, Frodo wants to take the eastern path to go straight to Mordor. He
thinks that going to Gondor is only delay for his own task. “...it would seem like
wisdom but for the warning of my heart...Against delay” (p. 388)
The clash of ideas between Boromir and Frodo is also shown in their ways
of thinking about destroying the One Ring. Here Boromir once again shows his
disagreement to destroy the Ring. After the company has reached the forest of
Lothórien, he explicitly tells Frodo that it is not a good idea to destroy the Ring
since it can bring victory for those who fight against Sauron. (p. 360).
On the other hand, in responding to Boromir‟s opinion Frodo reaffirm his
own determination that the Ring must be destroyed since it brings only misfortune
to many people... He says, “No hope while the Ring last” (p. 388). As a result of
these different ideas, Boromir has multiple approach-avoidance internal conflicts.
He has two options that lead to two different goals. Firs, to go west and take by
force the Ring of power. Second, to go west but does not take the Ring for the
sake of friendship. Each of this option has its own positive and negative results.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
36
The option to go west and to have the Ring with him for the power as the
goal has two results, positive and negative. Obtaining the Ring‟s power is the
positive result for Boromir and becomes the desirable side of the option. Taking
the Ring in order to have its power means that he has to take it from Frodo‟s hand.
It might involve some kind of struggle between him and the Ring Bearer. This
action can be considered as treachery since as the one of the member of the
Fellowship, it is Boromir duty to protect Frodo and the Ring. Therefore, the
negative result is betrayal or treachery, which is the avoided side of the option.
Moreover forcing Frodo go to west, will make Boromir face the other member of
the Company. Boromir wants to avoid this too, for he is no match to fight against
a ranger, an elf, a dwarf, and four hobbits at the same time.
The option to go west and to let Frodo keep the Ring and accomplish his
task has also positive and negative results. The positive one is that by letting
Frodo have the Ring and do his job, Boromir does not have to betray him nor take
it by force. In this way, he does exactly what Elrond wants the members of the
Fellowship of the Ring to do, to keep the Ring and its Bearer safe from any harm.
On the other hand, the negative result is that he cannot have the Ring‟s power to
save Gondor.
Finally Boromir decides to go to Gondor and take the One Ring by force
from Frodo‟s hand. From Boromir‟s conflict and decision, it can be seen first; he
is a person that is to proud of himself and his people. He shows it when he tells
Frodo that he is the right person to wear the Ring of power and that he and his
men will be able to defeat Sauron with the Ring in his side. Although he knows
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
37
that the Ring‟s power is too great for even a wizard like Gandalf or an Elf like
Elrond to control; and knows that Sauron has made an alliance with Saruman so
that he becomes more powerful, Boromir is overly confident that he and his men
have the ability to control the Ring and to overcome Sauron‟s army.
Unlike Boromir, Frodo‟s internal conflict is about continuing his journey
or not. For Frodo, the crossroad means the last chance for him whether to go
forward to Mordor or to retreat. He knows that he actually has to go to Mordorand
accomplish his task but he is afraid to do it, “...I know what I should do, but I am
afraid of doing it...afraid...simply afraid...” (pp. 388-389)
In this approach-avoidance conflict due to the option to go to Mordor there
are both positive and negative outcomes. The positive outcome is the chance to
fulfill his duty, which is to destroy the Ring and maybe the enemy as well.
Meanwhile the negative outcome is the bigger danger he faces and the larger
possibility that the mission might fail. The danger comes from the One Ring. As it
getting nearer to the creator, its power over its bearer grows stronger. Frodo
knows this since he feels its influence grow from the vision he has at Parth Galen
when he puts the Ring on his finger:
“…and suddenly he felt the Eye...a fierce eager will was there. It leaped towards
him; almost like a finger he felt it, searching for him... He heard himself crying
out: never, Never! Or was it: Verily I come, come to you? He could not tell.. The
two powers strove in him. For a moment, perfectly balanced between the piercing
points, he writhed, tormented.” (pp. 391-392)
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
38
The confusion that Frodo feels about which he actually utters, when he
feels Sauron‟s presence as the “Eye”, whether they are “Never,Never” or “verily I
come, I come to you” shows two things. First the Ring has already consumed
Frodo‟s mind and is trying to lead him to its master. Second, The Ring has not yet
had a full control over Frodo since he is still able to fight it. However, Frodo does
not know until how long he can resist the Ring‟s power, and when he can no
longer fight the Ring, He might blow up the mission by returning the Ring to
Sauron instead of destroying it. As a result, he can never save Middle-earth even
he wants to. This is the negative result that might appear from the option to go to
Mordor, which makes Frodo afraid to do it.
B. The Motives of the Four Characters in Making Decisions (Saruman,
Gandalf, Boromir, and Frodo) when Facing the Conflicts in the Story
After analyzing the conflicts and its psychological aspects occur inside the
characters, I can dig out and analyze what are the motives that the four characters
have when facing the conflicts. Since a motive is the product of the “combination
of the character‟s moral value with the circumstances in which the character is
placed”, certain character will have certain motive behind their action toward a
conflict.
1. Gandalf’s Motive in Refusing Frodo’s Offer to Take the Ring
It is not easy for Gandalf to make a decision. Gandalf has to make a kind
of sacrifice that proves he really cares about others. He has to put aside his dreams
and the chance to have a great power that enables him to make lots of good deeds
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
39
for their sake. From the internal conflicts, it is obviously seen that Gandalf‟s
motive to refuse Frodo‟s offer is his care for others‟ safety.
After analyzing Gandalf‟s conflicts and decisions, it can be seen that
Gandalf is a character who is full of love. Frodo‟s offer puts Gandalf between the
choices of having a great power for himself or having others‟ safety. He thinks of
every possible result that may happen before he makes a decision. He is willing to
sacrifice his own necessity for the sake of others. Besides, he is also a persistent
figure. Eventhough he is tempted to get his own desire, he does not change his
mind. His motive of love makes him unable to make a decision that will harm
others.
2. Saruman’s and Gandalf’s Motive whether Join or not Join Sauron
In these multiple approach-avoidance conflicts, Gandalf has to choose one
option out of two where each of them has its own desirable and undesirable
results. By deciding to choose one of the options, Gandalf may get the desirable
result of the option but as a consequence he will lose the desirable result of the
other option. The same thing also happens with the undesirable results. Gandalf
does not want to yield to Sauron or to his own will to get the power. He chooses
to save his friends rather than to get more power or to save himself. Therefore,
Gandalf chooses to refuses the offer. He says, “...well, the choices are, it seems, to
submit to Sauron, or to yourself, I will take neither” (p. 253)
The decision results in another external conflict between Gandalf and
Saruman. As a reaction towards Gandalf‟s refusal, Saruman gives him a third
choice.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
40
“The third choice is to stay here, until the end...Until you reveal to me
where the One may be found. I may find means to persuade you. Or until it is
found in your despite, and the Ruler has time to turn to lighter matters: to device,
say a fitting reward for the hindrance and insolence of Gandalf the Grey.” (p.
253). Although there is a hint that Saruman will use any means to force Gandalf to
become Sauron‟s ally; Gandalf still refuses. Later Saruman arrests Gandalf and
imprisons him at the pinnacle of Orthanc. This is the final conflict between them,
still Gandalf does not change his decision.
From the characters‟ conflicts and decisions, Saruman shows greediness,
cunningness, and wickedness when he joins Sauron and arrests Gandalf. He is not
satisfied by becoming only the head of the council of wizards. He wants to have
more power to control not only the wizards but also others and he thinks the only
way to have such power is by taking side with someone with greater power and he
also expects that in the future he can use the Ring of power for himself. This
indicates that Saruman is greedy and cunning. Moreover, Saruman‟s betrayal of
his friends Gandalf shows he is wicked as well
Meanwhile, Gandalf shows love, loyalty, and wisdom. Gandalf
persistently refuse to join Sauron. He knows that joining Sauron means to give
information about the ring and to put Frodo and others in danger. He does not
want it to happen. Furthermore, he has promised Bilbo to take care of Frodo and
he has offered Frodo his help to solve the Ring‟s problem. He has made his
decision to keep promises. These show his love and loyalty to his friends.
Furthermore, Gandalf is persistent in his decision eventough he knows that his
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
41
own safety is at stake. He makes his decision based on his knowledge about the
enemy‟s tricks. This shows that he is wise as well.
Based on the conflicts, conclusion of Saruman‟s and Gandalf‟s motives in
making their decisions can come. From Saruman‟s cunningness and wickedness, I
can see that he is greedy for more power to control others and also to control the
One Ring. He proves that he wants to be the one that can put anything under his
control. His own glory is his motive for his decision. On the other hand, Gandalf
has love and loyalty as his motives. Gandalf does not want to make a decision that
might harm his beloved friend in the Shire.
As a conclusion, Saruman and Gandalf show different reactions toward the
One Ring. Saruman thinks that joining Sauron is the chance for him to get the
power of the Ring. Therefore, in making decision, Saruman proves that he yields
to the Ring‟s power. On the other hand, Gandalf thinks that joining Sauron is
more dangerous than not. Therefore, Gandalf decides not to yield to the Ring‟s
power by refusing to join Sauron. Again Gandalf shows he has love and loyalty to
his friends as his motives.
3. Gandalf’s Motive to Have the Ring Destroyed.
Gandalf must have thought very hard about the possible results of the
options. To hide the Ring means only delay the disaster. Sooner or later, Sauron
will find it. To use the Ring is also impossible since it will finally create a new
Dark Lord. Meanwhile to use the Three Rings is useless since their power is less
than the power of the One Ring. Therefore, for Gandalf the option to destroy the
Ring gives the most desirable result than the other three options. It will destroy
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
42
the dark power it carries and also Sauron. In this way, Middle-earth will not have
to worry again about Sauron and his power in the future. Besides, destroying the
Ring is not a folly action after all. Gandalf says, “…let folly be our cloak, a veil
before the eyes of the Enemy” (p. 262). Gandalf believes Sauron will not guess
they agree to destroy the Ring because it is dangerous to bring the Ring to Cracks
Doom. So it is a clever act that might deceive Sauron
From Gandalf‟s conflict and decision, it can be seen that he is pragmatic.
He wants to find out a solution for the problem once and all. He does not want to
take the other options that only delay the coming disaster and so he decides to
destroy the Ring. It can be seen that Gandalf is a brave person. He knows that his
decision results in a dangerous action, still he goes on. He does not change his
mind. Furthermore, he is a person who is full of hope. He hopes that anyone sent
to destroy the Ring can carry on the task well to Mordor and can deceive Sauron
so the Dark Lord may not notice that someone is trying to trespass his territories
to cast his Ring away into the Crack of Doom.
Considering Gandalf‟s conflicts when he makes the decision to destroy it,
it will be found that this time, his motive is hope. Sauron‟s power is growing. So,
the only hope left is on the option to destroy the Ring.
4. Frodo’s Motive to Leave the Shire
The decision to leave the Shire is not easy thing to do. Before he comes
out with such decision, he undergoes a kind of internal conflict first. After
knowing the truth about his magic Ring, Frodo realizes the danger he faces and
that be endanger others as he says, “.it seems that I am a danger to all that live
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
43
near me. I cannot keep the ring and stay here. I ought to leave Bag End, leave the
shire, leave everything and go away!” (pp. 60-61). Sauron, wanting his Ring back,
certainly will send his men to go to the Shire to search for the Ring. They may
harm not only Frodo but also other inhabitants. However, Frodo has a problem
here. On one hand, he wants to leave the Shire regarding that it can have a good
result, which is the safety of his friends. By leaving the Shire, the men looking for
Frodo will follow him and leave the place in peace. This is the best way out since
staying and fighting Sauron‟s men will only cause lots of damage to the village
and harm to the inhabitants. On the other hand, he feels reluctant to do so
considering that it gives him unpleasant results. Frodo has to leave everything he
loves and that means the shire, the woods, the fields, the little rivers, and his
friends (p. 32). Leaving the shire also means an “...exile, a flight from danger into
danger...” (p. 61). Frodo uses the word “exile” because he thinks that he may
never see the Shire again for Sauron‟s men tracking him down, which might mean
he has to leave the shire forever. Nevertheless, he decides to leave the Shire.
Further Frodo also has an external conflict. Sauron sends the Nazgûl, the
black riders, to go to the Shire and search for someone with the name of Baggins.
By the time the Nazgûl reach the Shire, Frodo fortunately has left the place.
However, there are times when those men of Sauron almost catch him before he
finally gets to Rivendell. The most criticalmoments are when the Nazgûl attack
Frodo‟s camp at the Weathertop and when they chase Frodo down at the Ford of
Bruinen. One of the Nazgûl has wounded Frodo during their ambush at the
Weathertop and when the wounded Frodo is trying to reach Rivendell, the Nazgûl
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
44
are able to catch up Frodo‟s horse and corner him with only the Bruinen River lies
between them. It is only with the help of the Aragorn and Gandalf that Frodo is
able to escape these clashes of action without further casualties on him.
Based on Frodo‟s conflict and decision, it can be seen that he is brave. He
does not try to hide behind his friends but chooses faces the danger by himself if
he can. He is brave to stand in front of Sauron‟s men and fight them. The second,
he is responsible. He does not try to escape from his responsibility to save the
Shire. Third Frodo is full of love. He is willing to leave everything he loves, to
face the danger and to live in an exile to save the Shire that he loves so much.
Frodo‟s motives to leave his homeland are his responsibility to save the
Shire and its people. In making the decision, Frodo‟s goal is only one, the safety
of those he loves. The One Ring has been given to him by Bilbo. It means that it
belongs to him and if it brings danger for the Shire, he is the only one that should
settle the problem. This is why he has a plan to go to Rivendell alone. From
Frodo‟s decision, he is not tempted to have the Ring‟s power although he has the
power to do so. It proves that he does not want to yield to the Ring.
5. Boromir’s Motives to Agree with the Plan to destroy the Ring and
Frodo’s Motives to be the Ring Bearer
From the way Boromir undergoes his conflicts and makes a decision, it
can be seen that he is a narrow minded person. First, he thinks that the Ring will
give them power to lead them to victory against Sauron. It means he only thinks
of the short term result that can be given by the Ring, not the long term one.
Besides, he also shows that he is a man who is full of pride and confidence. He
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
45
simply underestimates the Ring‟s power by assuming that it can be controlled so
easily by anyone like himself. It also can be seen that he is full of pride and
confidence by his courage to speak of his opinion. He is not afraid to say that he is
disagrees with the Council‟s decision. Next, Boromir also that he is a well
mannered person when he finally changes his opinion and agrees to the Council‟s
plan.
Relating Boromir‟s conflicts, it can be concluded that his motive for
agreeing the Council‟s plan is obedience. The majority of the Council agree to
destroy the Ring. As a result he must agree with it too. Furthermore, he is in an
unadvantageous position to stand against the Council. Both his homeland and he
himself need a favor from the Council and Elrond. So, it is better for him to obey
their decision if he does not want them to turn their back against Gondor and him.
Seeing Frodo‟s conflicts and decision, it can be concluded that first, Frodo
is a very responsible man. Frodo puts aside his own desire to stay at Rivendell to
fulfill his obligation. He realizes that the task to carry the Ring to Mordor is his
duty and that is what he is going to do. Besides, he is also brave. Frodo knows
about the danger on the way to Mordor but it is not going to stop him.
Frodo‟s motive to be the Ring Bearer is his responsibility. From the
beginning of the meeting, he already feels that to save Middle-earth is his task. As
a result, he thinks that he needs to carry on his duty until it is accomplished. He
cannot stop by taking the Ring to Rivendell and saving the Shire inhabitants only.
The right thing to do now is to bring the Ring to Cracks of Doom in Mordor to
have it destroyed and save the whole Middle-earth. When Bilbo asks who should
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
46
be assigned to go to Mordor, “...A great dread fell on him, as if he was waiting the
pronouncement of some doom that he had long for seen...” (p.263). From the
quotation, Frodo knows he is the one who should go. Thus he offers himself in
front of the Council of Elrond to be the Ring Bearer. Facing the situation where he
has to choose between responsibility and desire, Frodo chooses responsibility.
There are several things that can be concluded from Boromir‟s and
Frodo‟s conflicts and decision. From his conflicts and decision, Boromir is
narrow-minded, proud, but also confident, and well mannered. Meanwhile,
Boromir‟s motive to agree with the Council of Elrond to have the ring destroyed
is obedience. On the other hand, Frodo is responsible and brave. Frodo‟s motive
to be the Ring Bearer is Responsibility.
6. Boromir’s Motives to go West and Take the Ring From Frodo and
Frodo’s Motive to go East and Continue his Journey
From the decision, Boromir decides to yield to the Ring‟s power in order
to be a hero for Gondor. His homeland Gondor is in need and nearly defeated at
any time by the enemy. Seeing the opportunity to bring victory and be a hero, he
cannot let it pass away. As a result he is willing to do anything, even treachery, to
get glory. Therefore Boromir has glory as his motive.
In the end, Frodo decides to continue his journey to Mordor, “I will do
now what I must do...I will go...” (p. 392). Based on the conflict that Frodo has
and the decision that he makes, it can be concluded that Frodo is responsible. He
knows his duty is to carry the Ring to Mordor and to guarantee that the mission of
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
47
destroying the Ring ends successfully. Referring to Frodo‟s decision, his motive
to continue the journey is responsibility.
To sum up, in this crucial moment, both Boromir and Frodo suffer from
great conflicts whether to yield or not to the power of the Ring. Boromir decides
to yield and not destroy the Ring because he wants to use it as a weapon against
Sauron. Therefore Boromir tries to take the Ring from Frodo so he can become a
hero for his people. Here, his surrender to the temptation shows that his motive is
glory. On the other hand, Frodo‟s decision to destroy the Ring shows that he feels
responsible for the safety of Middle-earth. It means he is motivated by his
responsibility for his task.
C. How Their Motives Influence Their Actions
The process of decision making is related with the motive that the
characters‟ have when facing the conflicts. When facing the conflicts, the
characters facing two or more options that they have to choose in order to solve
the conflicts that they face. Motive that they have when facing the conflicts will
eliminate the option that does not match with the motive itself and make the
characters do the action that appropriate according to the motive that they have.
While analyzing Gandalf‟s motives in several occasions. It can be found
that he has made several actions. In his motives of love and loyalty, Gandalf
shows temperance and proper ambition. As one of the Wise, Gandalf must share
the same ambitions for knowledge, power, and command as other people of his
kind. However, Gandalf realizes that his ambition must not harm others. Thus he
knows the limitation for his desire. The limitation enables Gandalf to restrain his
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
48
will, which shows he has a good temper. Meanwhile, Gandalf‟s motive of hope
reveals that he has courage, proper pride and, and hope. Gandalf is courageous
since he bravely takes the risk to face the danger of his decision and he goes on
without changing his mind. Gandalf has proper pride since unlike Saruman, he
does not have glory as his motive.
The process can be drawn by the diagram below,
When Facing Frodo‟s offer to take the Ring, Gandalf has love as his
motive. He has two options towards the conflict, accepting the Ring or refusing it.
Accepting the Ring means there is a probability for him to harm the others that he
loves because the Ring will consume his power and become more powerful.
Motive
(love)
Take the Ring
(The ring will consume
his power, Using the
power temporarily to
fight Sauron)
Refuse the Ring
(The Ring will not have
greater power, he will not
harm the other
inhabitants that he love)
Not
match
match
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
49
Driven by the motive he decides to refuse the Ring because he does not
want to endanger the life of the other people who he loves. The love is the base of
the action that he does towards the conflict. He is willing to sacrifice his own
necessity for the sake of the others. Besides, he is also a persistent figure.
Eventhough he is tempted to get his own desire, he does not change his mind. His
motive of love makes him unable to make a decision that will harm others.
Finally the way Gandalf makes his decisions shows his pragmatic way of
thinking. Gandalf measures all the possible solution and chooses the one who
gives more benefits. This process shows that Gandalf acts in a careful way and
does not rush in deciding something.
On the other hand, Saruman‟s motive of glory shows that he has too much
ambition which leads him to have a vaulting emotion. Saruman thinks that he has
the quality to be a great leader. He becomes too ambitious and will do whatever it
takes to realizes his dreams. He does not hesitate to harm others whom he
considers stand on his way. He even betrays Gandalf, his own best friend. He is
not satisfied by becoming only the head of the council of wizards. He wants to
have more power to control not only the wizards but also others and he thinks the
only way to have such power is by taking side with someone with greater power
and he also expects that in the future he can use the Ring of power for himself.
His motives of glory influence him when deciding to join Sauron. He
wants to have a great power, and for Saruman, to have a great power means that
he has to join Sauron and find the Ring. By joining Sauron, he has guaranty
himself not to be harmed by the greatest dark power of Sauron, and later he can
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
50
use the Ring and use the power of the Ring for his own advantages. Saruman
eliminates the option not to join Sauron since he thinks that it will bring
disadvantages to himself since he will not have the power to become greater
wizard.
When Frodo decides to go to Rivendell he shows courage and love.
Furthermore, Frodo also shows responsibility and modesty when he agrees to be
the Ring Bearer and takes the Ring to Mordor. In fact that he feels not suitable for
this job but he wants to be responsible for the duty that he has taken. As Frodo is
persistent, it proves that he is hopeful and tough. He does give up. Despite all the
problems and dangers ahead, Frodo has fixed his will to go to Mordor and he
continues to accomplish his duty no matter what will happen in the end.
Frodo‟s motive of responsibility and love was his base on doing all the
action, it influence him to leave the Shire, be the Ring bearer and continue his
journey until he reach Mordor. His love makes him leave the Shire instead of keep
stay, by doing so; he can saves the other inahbitants of the Shire that he loves
much. Leaving the Shire makes Sauron and his army stay away from the Shire.
Responsibility stimulates him to be the Ring bearer and continue his journey to
the east. For Frodo, he has all the responsibility to bring the Ring to Mordor,
because he is who the one has started the problem by wearing the Ring. Thus he
thinks that it is his responsibility to continue his journey and make all the
problems finish by destroying the Ring.
Boromir shows temperance and modesty when he agrees to the Council of
Elrond‟s plan to destroy the Ring. He has temperance since he is able to restrain
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
51
himself and does not force his will to others. Moreover he also shows that he has
modesty. He knows how to pay respect to the elders who attend the meeting. He
does not try to oppose their words but he is also not afraid to say his opinion.
Based on this, it can be said that he has a proper pride.
However, Boromir also has a motive to be a hero. By betraying Frodo he
shows ignorance, vanity, and vaulting ambition. He does not care about what will
happen to Middle-earth if the Ring is not destroyed. He is blinded by too much
pride and too much ambition. He thinks that he could control the Ring and lead
his people to victory against Mordor.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
52
CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION
After analyzing those two characters‟ conflicts, decisions, motives, and
actions, it can be concluded that in the beginning all the four characters are good
people. However, as condition changes, one of them also change in their action.
Facing the troublesome situations, they have to choose one option out of two,
whether to yield or to resist from the Ring‟s power.
There are six main conflicts which the characters face in the story. First,
Gandalf‟s conflict when Frodo offers him to take the Ring. Second is Gandalf‟s
and Saruman conflict in make decision whether each of them join or not join
Sauron. Third is Gandalf‟s conflict when he decides to have the One Ring
destroyed. Fourth is, Frodo‟s conflict whether he leaves the Shire or not due to his
problem to be the ring bearer. Fifth is Boromir conflict when he decide to agree
with the plan to destroy the One Ring. And the last conflict is when Boromir and
Frodo have the conflict in ParthGalden.
After analyzing the six main conflicts, the motives of each character‟s can
be revealed. The result is Gandalf has love, loyalty, wisdom, and hope as his
motive. Meanwhile Saruman‟s motives are greediness, cunningness, and
wickedness. Frodo has responsibility to save the habitants as his motives while
Boromir has glory and obedience.
Before Sauron tries to find his ring; Saruman was the head of the wizards.
It means that Saruman was good so that the other wizards were willing to have
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
53
him as their leader. But then he becomes too ambitious, he wants to be more than
just what he is. Influenced by the Ring, he decides to join Sauron to get glory. He
wants to be the leader of all Middle –earth. Thus he yields to the Ring‟s power
Gandalf does not yield to the Ring‟s power because Gandalf refuse
Frodo‟s offer to take the Ring and Saruman‟s ambition to join Sauron. He has a
proper ambition so that his actions keep showing love, loyalty, and hope towards
his friends. Furthermore, Gandalf‟s love and loyalty reveal that he has courage
and proper pride.
In the beginning Boromir is also a good person. At first, together with all
members of Elrond‟s Council, he agrees to destroy the Ring. But then he decides
to take the Ring from Frodo which show that he yields to the Ring‟s power.
Boromir wants to be a hero for his people and is motivated by glory because he
believes that he can control the Ring and use it against Sauron. Therefore Boromir
has vanity and vaulting ambition.
On the other hand, Frodo decides to leave his homeland to be the Ring
Bearer and continue his journey to Mordor to destroy the Ring. Motivated by love
and responsibility, Frodo sticks to his decision to resist the Ring‟s power
The motives that the characters have when facing the conflicts is the base
of all their actions. It eliminates the option which not matches with the motive
itself.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
54
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Aji, Wisnu P.B. “The Value of Heroism as seen in the Main Character of Frodo in
J.R.R. Tolkien‟s The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring.”
Undergraduate thesis. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University, 2006.
Beck, R. C. Motivation: Theories and Principles. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc,
1978.
Bleiler, E. F. (Ed.). Supernatural Fiction Writers: Fantasy and Horror. (Vol.2).
New York : Charles Scribner‟s son, 1985.
Budiningsih, Widyastuti. “The Relationship between the Members of the
Fellowship of the Ring in J.r.r. Tolkien‟s The Lord of the Rings.”
Undergraduate thesis. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University, 2005.
Evans, R. Writers for the 70’s: J. R. R. Tolkien. New York: Warner Books, Inc,
1974
Guerin,W.L. A Handbook of Critical Approaches to Literature. (Second ed.). New
York: Harper and Row Publisher, 1979.
Gundy, Stephan. “Symbolism of the Ring: The Embodiment of
Evil”.<http://wrritenessays.net/symbolism-of-the-ring-the-embodiment-of-
evil/> (19 April 2012)
Hardy, G. B. The Lord of The Rings and the Hobbit: Notes. Lincoln: Cliffs Notes
incorporated, 1977.
Himayanti, Wulan A. “The Significance of the Dominant Symbol to the
Revelation of the Message in J.R.R Tolkien‟s The Lord of the Rings.”
Undergraduate thesis. Yogyakarta: Sanata Dharma University, 2004.
Holman, C. H. & Harmon, W. A handbook to literature. (Fifth ed.). New York:
Macmillan Publishing Company, 1986.
Hunt, P. Children’s Literature. Oxford: Blackwell Publisher, Inc, 2001
Magill, F. N. (Ed.). Critical survey of long fiction: English language series. New
Jersey: Englewood Cliffs, 1983
Martin, M. W. Everyday morality: An introduction to applied ethics. Belmont:
Wardsworth Publishing Company, 1995
Morris, Charles G. Psychology: An Introduction. (Seventh ed.). Prentice Hall,
Englewood Cliffs, 1990.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
55
Perrine, L. Story and structure. (second Ed.) new York: Harcourt, Brace & World,
Inc, 1996
Roberts, E. V., & Jacobs, H. E. Literature: An introduction to reading and
writing. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, 1986
Shaw, H. Dictionary of literary terms. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inc, 1972
Shipley, J.T. Dictionary of: World literature. New Jersey: Littlefield, Adams &
Co, 1962
Tolkien, J. R. R. The lord of The Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring. London:
Harper Collins, 1964.
Vanessa, Christina. “Fabrizio‟s conflicts and their influences to his final decision
in Stendhal‟s The Charterhouse of Parma”
Undergraduate thesis, Surabaya: Petra University, 1996
Vldiskovic, Chiara. “The Treachery of Saruman: A Symbol of Human
Selfishness”.< http://vladiskovic.it/chiara/ee.html> (19 April 2012)
Wood, R. Tolkien’s lord of the Rings: A Christian classic revisited. (31
paragraphs). Leadership University, 2001
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
56
APPENDICES
Appendix 1: Synopsis of the Story The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of
the Ring
Bilbo Baggins plans to leave Shire and wants to leave his belongings
including his magical Ring to Cousin, Frodo Baggins. Gandalf the Wizard,
Bilbo‟s old friend, tells Frodo that the Ring is actually the legendary Ring that
possesses evil power and that right now its former master, Sauron is looking for it.
It is possible that soon Sauron will send his men to search for the Ring in the
Shire. Hearing this news, Frodo asks Gandalf to take the Ring because he thinks
that he will never be able to handle the thing and the problem that comes because
of it. But Gandalf refuses the offer.
The Frodo as the Ring bearer decides to leave the Shire in order to prevent
danger from falling to others who live near him. Gandalf asks the Hobbit to go to
Rivendell, the places of Elves, while he himself tries to consult Saruman, the head
of the council of the wizards, about the problem.
Sauron sends Nazgûl, the black riders, to find the Ring. They track down
Frodo and his friends, Sam, Merry, and Pippin, along their way to Rivendell. The
hobbits manage to escape the ambush at Crickhollow and Bree but Frodo is
wounded in the attack at Weathertop. In a critical condition, Frodo is brought to
Rivendell to be cured by the Elves, who are skilled in healing.
Then Elrond, the head of the Elves at Rivendell, holds a meeting. Attend
the gathering are the representatives of Middle-earth inhabitants, the Elves, the
Dwarves, the Men, and the Hobbits. They discuss the problem about Saruman the
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
57
White, who has joined the dark lord Sauron because he is interested in the Ring‟s
power. Facing the danger from both Sauron and Saruman, Elrond and the others
try to find a way to prevent Sauron from having the Ring and getting greater
power so that he will never be defeated. They agree to have the Ring destroyed by
throwing it into the Cracks of Doom in Mordor. Frodo is willing to bring the ring
to Mordor.
On the way to the Cracks of Doom in Mordor, Frodo is accompanied by
Gandalf the Wizard, Legolas the Elf, Gimli the Dwarf, Aragorn and Boromir the
Men, and Sam, Merry and Pippin the Hobbits. Gandalf cannot continue his
journey since he falls into depth of Moria mine after fighting a Balrog, an ancient
creature living in that place. The rest of the company continues their journey,
passing the forrest of Lothlórien until they reach Parth Galen. In this place the
fellowship breaks. Boromir wants to go west to his country, Gondor, while Frodo
east to Mordor. Because of this, Boromir tries to take the Ring from Frodo‟s hand
so that the Hobbit runs to escape and leave the company.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
58
Appendix 2: Biography of the Author
John Ronald Reuel Tolkien was born on January 3, 1892, in Bloemfontein,
South Africa. His father died when he was very young and her mother died when
he was twelve. Soon after he became an orphan, he lived with a Roman Catholic
priest.
When he was grown up he went to Oxford University. However, his study
period had to stop for a while because World War I. as a result, it was not until
1919 that he could receive his MA degree.
From the beginning he had showed a great interest in language. It was for
this reason that later on he was chosen to work on the well-known Oxford English
Dictionary. Besides that, he also had career in teaching and writing. He became a
professor of Anglo-Saxon at Pembroke College at Oxford for about twenty years.
He also received an Honorary Fellowship from Exeter College.
Tolkien began to publish his work when he was in his middle age. It was
when he was forty-five years old that he published The Hobbit. There were
positive responses toward the novel. Compliment from many people also came
when he published his massive work The Lord of the Rings. The latter was
considered to be his masterpiece among the other works of the great author.
Professor Tolkien died in 1973. He left a large amount of manuscript that
contained some materials of his works before The Hobbit. It also contained some
concept on the work that later became The Lord of the Rings. Moreover, it was
based on the notes that his work Silmarillion was published.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJIPLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI