General PsychologyGeneral Psychology

MotivationMotivation

MotivationMotivation

refers to the various refers to the various physiological and physiological and psychological factors that psychological factors that cause us to act in a specific cause us to act in a specific way at a particular time.way at a particular time.

Seven Rules of MotivationSeven Rules of Motivation#1 Set a major goal, #1 Set a major goal, but follows a path.but follows a path. The path has mini The path has mini goals that go in many goals that go in many directions. When you directions. When you learn to succeed at learn to succeed at mini goals, you will be mini goals, you will be motivated to motivated to challenge grand challenge grand goals.goals.

#2 Finish what you #2 Finish what you startstart..

A half finished A half finished project is of no use project is of no use to anyone. Quitting to anyone. Quitting is a habit. Develop is a habit. Develop the habit of finishing the habit of finishing self-motivated self-motivated projects.projects.

#3 Socialize with others of #3 Socialize with others of similar interestsimilar interest.. Mutual Mutual support is motivating. We will support is motivating. We will develop the attitudes of our develop the attitudes of our five best friends. If they are five best friends. If they are losers, we will be a loser. If losers, we will be a loser. If they are winners, we will be a they are winners, we will be a winner. To be a cowboy we winner. To be a cowboy we must associate with cowboys.must associate with cowboys.

#4 Learn how to learn#4 Learn how to learn.. Dependency Dependency on others for knowledge supports the on others for knowledge supports the habit of procrastination. Man has the habit of procrastination. Man has the ability to learn without instructors. In fact, ability to learn without instructors. In fact, when we learn the art of self-education we when we learn the art of self-education we will find, if not create, opportunity to find will find, if not create, opportunity to find success beyond our wildest dreams. success beyond our wildest dreams.

#5 Harmonize #5 Harmonize natural talent with natural talent with interest that interest that motivates.motivates. Natural Natural talent creates talent creates motivation, motivation motivation, motivation creates persistence creates persistence and persistence gets and persistence gets the job done. the job done.

#6 Increase knowledge of #6 Increase knowledge of subjects that inspiressubjects that inspires..

The more we know The more we know about a subject, the about a subject, the more we want to more we want to learn about it. A learn about it. A self-propelled self-propelled upward spiral upward spiral develops. develops.

#7 Take risk#7 Take risk..

Failure and bouncing Failure and bouncing back are elements of back are elements of motivation. Failure is a motivation. Failure is a learning tool. No one learning tool. No one has ever succeeded at has ever succeeded at anything worthwhile anything worthwhile without a string of without a string of failures. failures.

When you are motivated, you When you are motivated, you usually show usually show 3 characteristics3 characteristics::

You are You are energizedenergized to do or to do or engage in some activity.engage in some activity.

YouYou directdirect your energies toward your energies toward reaching a specific goal.reaching a specific goal.

You have differing You have differing intensitiesintensities of of feeling about reaching the goal.feeling about reaching the goal.

Theories of Motivation:Theories of Motivation:

A.A. Instinct TheoryInstinct Theory

William McDougall claimed that humans were motivated by a number of instincts.

InstinctsInstincts are innate tendencies or are innate tendencies or biological forces that determine behavior. biological forces that determine behavior. However, psychologists who study animal However, psychologists who study animal behavior have now redefined instincts as behavior have now redefined instincts as fixed action patterns.fixed action patterns.

Fixed action patternFixed action pattern is an innate is an innate biological force that predisposes an biological force that predisposes an organism to behave in a fixed way in the organism to behave in a fixed way in the presence of specific environmental presence of specific environmental conditions.conditions.

B. B. Drive Reduction TheoryDrive Reduction TheoryPsychologists developed Psychologists developed 2 new 2 new conceptsconcepts to explain human behavior: to explain human behavior:

NeedNeed is a biological state in which the is a biological state in which the organism lacks something essential for organism lacks something essential for survival, such as food, water, and survival, such as food, water, and oxygen. oxygen.

DriveDrive is a state of tension that is a state of tension that motivates the organism to act to reduce motivates the organism to act to reduce the tension.the tension.

HomeostasisHomeostasis is the tendency of the is the tendency of the body to return to, and remain in, a body to return to, and remain in, a more balanced state. more balanced state.

By combining these 3 concepts – By combining these 3 concepts – drive, need, and homeostasis – we drive, need, and homeostasis – we can have the key components of can have the key components of drive reduction theorydrive reduction theory..

Drive reduction theoryDrive reduction theory

says that a need results in a drive, says that a need results in a drive, which is a state of tension that which is a state of tension that motivates the organism to act to motivates the organism to act to reduce the tension and return the reduce the tension and return the body to homeostasis. According to body to homeostasis. According to this theory, drives motivate us to this theory, drives motivate us to engage in a wide variety of engage in a wide variety of behaviors to satisfy biological behaviors to satisfy biological needs.needs.

C. C. Incentive TheoryIncentive Theory

IncentivesIncentives are environmental are environmental factors, such as external stimuli, factors, such as external stimuli, reinforce, or rewards, that motivate reinforce, or rewards, that motivate our behavior.our behavior.

Incentive theoryIncentive theory

explains that, even though our explains that, even though our immediate needs are met, incentives immediate needs are met, incentives continue to pull us toward them. It continue to pull us toward them. It also explains that when we perform also explains that when we perform our life-threatening behaviors, we are our life-threatening behaviors, we are motivated by positive incentives, motivated by positive incentives, such as praise, recognition, or such as praise, recognition, or rewards.rewards.

D. D. Cognitive TheoryCognitive Theory

There are 2 kinds of motivation: There are 2 kinds of motivation: intrinsicintrinsic and and extrinsicextrinsic..

Intrinsic motivation involves engaging in certain activities or behaviors because engaging with these activities fulfills our beliefs or expectations.

Extrinsic motivationExtrinsic motivation involves involves engaging in certain activities or engaging in certain activities or behaviors that either reduce behaviors that either reduce biological needs or help us obtain biological needs or help us obtain incentives or external rewards.incentives or external rewards.

With these, cognitive evaluation theory states that allocating extrinsic rewards for behavior that had been previously intrinsically rewarded tends to decrease the overall level of motivation.

Biological and Social NeedsBiological and Social Needs

Biological needsBiological needs are are physiological requirements that physiological requirements that are critical to our survival and are critical to our survival and physical well-being.physical well-being.

Social needs are needs that are required through learning and experience.

Social needsSocial needs::

Achievement motiveAchievement motive – – need to excelneed to excelAffiliation motiveAffiliation motive – – need for social bonds need for social bondsNurturance motiveNurturance motive – – need to nourish and need to nourish and protect othersprotect othersAutonomy motiveAutonomy motive – – need for need for independenceindependenceDominance motiveDominance motive – – need to influence or need to influence or control otherscontrol othersOrder motiveOrder motive – – need for orderliness need for orderlinessPlay motivePlay motive – – need for fun and relaxation need for fun and relaxation

Maslow’s hierarchy of needsMaslow’s hierarchy of needs

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is in Maslow’s hierarchy of needs is in ascending order, or hierarchy, in ascending order, or hierarchy, in which biological needs are placed which biological needs are placed at the bottom and social needs at at the bottom and social needs at the top. This indicates that the top. This indicates that we we satisfy our biological needs before satisfy our biological needs before we satisfy our social needs.we satisfy our social needs.

Abraham MaslowAbraham Maslow

Maslow’s hierarchy of needsMaslow’s hierarchy of needs is is presented by a pyramid and presented by a pyramid and shows the order in which you shows the order in which you satisfy your biological and social satisfy your biological and social needs. The first needs you satisfy needs. The first needs you satisfy are physiological or biological are physiological or biological ones. As you meet the needs, you ones. As you meet the needs, you advance to the next level.advance to the next level.

Level 1 Physiological NeedsLevel 1 Physiological Needs

foodfood

waterwater

sexsex

sleepsleep

Level 2 Safety NeedsLevel 2 Safety Needs

Protection from harmProtection from harm

Level 3 Love & BelongingnessLevel 3 Love & Belongingness

Affiliation with othersAffiliation with others

Acceptance by othersAcceptance by others

Level 4 Esteem NeedsLevel 4 Esteem Needs

AchievementAchievement

CompetencyCompetency

Gaining approval and recognitionGaining approval and recognition

Level 5 Self-ActualizationLevel 5 Self-Actualization

Fulfillment of one’s unique potentialFulfillment of one’s unique potential

1. 1. DETERMINE WHERE YOU DETERMINE WHERE YOU BELIEVE YOU FIT IN BELIEVE YOU FIT IN MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF MASLOW’S HIERARCHY OF NEEDS.NEEDS.

A. HOW DO YOU KNOW THAT A. HOW DO YOU KNOW THAT YOU ARE AT THAT YOU ARE AT THAT PARTICULAR LEVEL?PARTICULAR LEVEL?

B. WHAT TYPES OF THOUGHT B. WHAT TYPES OF THOUGHT PATTERNS AND BEHAVIORS MIGHT PATTERNS AND BEHAVIORS MIGHT YOU ENGAGE IN DURING YOUR YOU ENGAGE IN DURING YOUR STRUGGLE TO THE NEXT LEVEL IN STRUGGLE TO THE NEXT LEVEL IN THE HIERARCHY?THE HIERARCHY?

C. WHAT BEHAVIORS WOULD YOU C. WHAT BEHAVIORS WOULD YOU IDENTIFY WITH YOUR EVENTUAL IDENTIFY WITH YOUR EVENTUAL SELF-ACTUALIZATION?SELF-ACTUALIZATION?