Motherboards and CPUstechnology.niagarac.on.ca/courses/ctec1465/images/week2/MOBO.pdf ·...

Motherboards and CPUsPart 1

CTEC1465/2018SComputer System Support

Motherboards and CPUs (1) 1

Learning Objectives• Differentiate between motherboard

components and explain their purposes.• Differentiate between CPU types and choose

an appropriate cooling method.• Configure and apply BIOS settings.• Install and configure expansion cards.

2Motherboards and CPUs (1)

Motherboards• The motherboard is the main circuit board in a

personal computer.

• It's made up of various components, including the CPU and other electronic devices, wires, and adapter sockets to which additional circuit boards and devices can be attached.


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motherboard#mediaviewer/File:Acer_E360_Socket_939_motherboard_by_Foxconn.svg


Motherboard ComponentsComponent FunctionCPU The chip that processes instructions,

manipulates data, and controls the interactions of the other components in your computer.

Expansion slots Slots into which you can plug additional circuit boards to expand the capabilities of your computer.


Motherboard ComponentsComponent FunctionAGP graphics adapter slot

A slot into which you can plug an AGP graphics adapter card, which produces the output displayed on your monitor.

Hard drive interface connectors

A header into which you can plug cables to connect hard drives, CD drives, and DVD drives to the system.


Motherboard ComponentsComponent FunctionFloppy drive interface connector

A header into which you can plug the cable to connect a floppy drive to the system.

Optical drive interface connector

IDE or SCSI connector to connect a CD or DVD drive to the system.


Motherboard ComponentsComponent FunctionPower connections

Connector to which you connect the output of the power supply to provide electrical power to the motherboard. Older systems have a pair of connectors rather than a single connector.

RAM slots Slots into which you insert memory modules to add system memory to your PC.


Motherboard ComponentsComponent FunctionPS/2 mouse and keyboard ports

Ports into which you can plug PS/2-style keyboard and mouse connectors.

USB ports One or more ports into which you can plug cables to connect USB devices to your PC.


Motherboard ComponentsComponent FunctionIEEE 1394/FireWire port

One or more ports into which you can plug cables to connect FireWire devices to your PC.

Serial/RS-232 ports

One or more ports into which you can plug cables to connect serial devices, such as modems or mice, to your PC.


Motherboard ComponentsComponent FunctionParallel port One or more ports into which you

can plug cables to connect parallel devices, such as printers, to your PC.

CMOS battery A battery to provide power for maintaining system configuration information, date, and time, while your PC is turned off or disconnected from the outlet.


Motherboard ComponentsComponent FunctionNetwork(Ethernet/WiFi) interface

Network interface circuitry built into the motherboard to enable connections to a network without using an add-on adapter card.

Video connector (VGA/DVI/HDMI)

Video circuitry built into the motherboard, which provides a video connector on the back of the system case.


Motherboard ComponentsComponent FunctionFan connectors Cooling fans connected directly to

the motherboard use 3- or 4-pin Molex connectors. Other fans are connected to the power supply instead of to the motherboard.


Jumpers• Jumpers (small conductive sheaths) and jumper

pins are used to manually configure settings on the motherboard.

• When jumper pins, arranged in pairs, are connected by a jumper, an electrical circuit is completed, which presents a signal to the motherboard.

• In older computers, jumpers were used to configure CPU and other settings.

• They can also be used to clear and reset CMOS settings.


Motherboard• The motherboard is sometimes called the

system board or main board.

• However, the latter term is typically used to describe the main circuit board in non-PC devices, such as alarm systems, televisions, and so forth.


Daughterboard• A daughter board is a

circuit board that connects to a circuit board (sometimes, though not normally, a motherboard) to provide or assist with its functions.

• Daughter boards are often used with video cards to add more video-processing capabilities. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daughterboard


Form Factor• The form factor of a motherboard is its size

and shape. • In addition, the form factor describes the

power supply and case that can be used with a motherboard.

• It also describes the general physical layout of the components on the motherboard.


Form Factor• Of course, motherboards must fit into cases,

which means that screw holes or retaining clip locations between motherboards and cases must match.

• Standardized dimensions and mounting layouts help make sure that components work together.


Form FactorForm factor Dimensions NotesATX 9.6 by 12 inches Standard created by Intel in 1996 and still

one of the most popular form factors.Mini-ATX 8.2 by 11.2 inchesMicro-ATX 9.6 by 9.6 inches Released in 1996. Offered fewer slots

than the ATX form. A smaller power supply could be used in PCs with this motherboard design.

Mini-ITX 6.7 by 6.7 inches Standard created by VIA Technologies in 2003.

Nano-ITX 4.7 by 4.7 inches Standard created by VIA Technologies in 2004.

Pico-ITX 3.9 by 2.8 inches Standard created by VIA Technologies in 2007.


Computer Buses• In computer terminology, a bus is a

communication pathway. • A PC has multiple buses to enable

communication among the various components of the PC.

• A bus is defined by various characteristics, including how many bits it can transmit at one time, which signaling techniques are used across it, and how fast it can transfer data.


Bus Types– Address - The bus that transmits memory

addresses between the CPU and the RAM. The memory controller also plays a crucial role between the RAM and the CPU.

– Data - The bus that transfers data between the CPU and the RAM. It's known as the system bus or system data bus.

– Expansion - The bus to which add-on adapter cards are connected in order to enhance the functionality of the PC.


Expansion Slots• Each mother board has slots to accommodate

additional components to expand the capabilities of your computer.

• By installing cards into expansion slots that connect to an expansion bus, you can add new hardware to your PC.

• e.g., Wi-Fi adapter


Expansion Slots - Legacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry_Standard_Architecture

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_Industry_Standard_Architecture

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VESA_Local_Bus


Expansion Slots - Legacyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro_Channel_architecture

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_Graphics_Port


Audio/Modem Riser (AMR) slot• Intel developed the AMR standard to support

modems and audio cards. • An AMR slot provides both audio and modem

support. • This slot moved analog input/output functions

off the motherboard and onto an external card.

• An AMR-compatible motherboard includes no other analog I/0 functions.

• Such motherboards don't have to be subjected to time-consuming Federal Communications Commission (FCC) certification tests.

• Thus, AMR-compatible motherboards are faster and cheaper to produce.


Communications and Networking Riser (CNR) slot

• Intel developed the CNR riser slot standard as an expansion of the AMR slot idea.

• The CNR expansion slot supports specialized modems, audio cards, and network cards.

• CNR also provides for extensions that would enable manufacturers to create CNR-based cards to support new technologies, such as cable modems and DSL modems.

• AMR slots are typically located in the middle of the motherboard, but CNR slots are usually near the edge.

• Both slots are normally brown. • A motherboard has either an AMR slot or a CNR

slot, not both.26Motherboards and CPUs (1)

Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI)

• The PCI standard was developed by Intel Corporation and introduced in 1992.

• The current crop of PCI adapters and expansion slots generally implements the PCIespecification.

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conventional_PCI

• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCI-X• https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCI_Express



• The PCI specification supports bus speeds of either 33 MHz or 66 MHz.

• It also supports both a 32-bit and a 64-bit bus design.

• With a 32-bit implementation at 33 MHz, the PCI bus supports a peak transfer rate of 133 MBps.

• In a 64-bit implementation at 66 MHz, the PCI bus supports a peak transfer rate of 533 MBps.



• The PCI-eXtended (PCI-X) standard was developed to address several shortcomings in the PCI standard, most importantly to increase bandwidth for high-performance components, running at 133 MHz and transferring up to a theoretical maximum of 1.06 Gpbs.

• PCI-X has been replaced in newer systems with the PCIestandard.


PCIe• PCI Express (PCIe) uses serial communication instead

of the parallel communication that PCI uses. • A connection between a PCIe device and the system

is known as a link.• Each link uses a dedicated, bidirectional, serial,

point-to-point connection called a lane. • In PCIe version 1.0, each lane can transfer 2.5 Gbps

(0.25 GBps) of data simultaneously in each direction using 8b/10b encoding.


PCIe• A link can use more than one lane at a time, but all links

must support at least a single-lane connection. • This is referred to as an "x1" (pronounced "by-one") link. • PCIe supports x1, x2, x4, x8, x12, x16, and x32 bus widths• PCIe cards can't connect to the system through PCI

buses, but they are compatible with software that uses the PCI standard.

• PCIe cards physically fit into slots designed for their lane configuration or higher (up-plugging) but not into slots designed for lower lane configurations (down-plugging).


PCI


Mini PCI• Mini PCI was added to the PCI

standard to create expansion devices for laptops.

• Mini PCI is a 32-bit standard that runs at 33 MHz.

• Mini PCI devices include wireless adapters, hard drive controllers, sound cards, and Bluetooth adapters.


Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP)• The Accelerated Graphics Port

(often shortened to AGP) is a high-speed point-to-point channel for attaching a video card to a computer's motherboard, primarily to assist in the acceleration of 3D computer graphics.

• Originally it was designed as a successor to PCI type connections.

• Since 2004, AGP has been progressively phased out in favor of PCI Express (PCIe).

• By mid-2008, PCIe cards dominated the market and only a few AGP models were available.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accelerated_Graphics_Port


Chipsets• In older PCs, separate microchips were used to

provide each individual function. • For example, one chip controlled the processor's

interaction with memory, another managed the CPU's interaction with add-on peripherals, and so forth.

• The cost and complexity of designing motherboards with many separate chips led designers to integrate the functions into single chips or sets of chips.


Chipsets• A chipset is one or more chips, packaged into a

single unit and sold together, that performs a set of functions in a computer.

• The term is used most often to describe the core features of a computer, which often include:– Memory control– Video display functions– System bus functions– System management functions– Audio functions


Chipsets• The chipset doesn't actually include the CPU.• However, each chipset is designed to support

a select few CPUs.• Sometimes the term "chipset" is used with

video adapter cards. • In such cases, the (video) chipset combines

what used to be separate video chips into a single chip or unit.


Northbridge and Southbridge chips• Two of the most important components of a PC

chipset are the Northbridge and Southbridge chips.

• Together with the CPU, these chips define the characteristics and capabilities of the computer.

• The Northbridge chip controls interactions among the CPU, memory and cache, AGP and PCIE video control circuitry, and the Southbridge.


Northbridge and Southbridge chips• The Southbridge chip controls interactions between

buses and devices not controlled by the Northbridge, including the standard PCI expansion bus, floppy drive controller, and serial, parallel, and PS/2 keyboard and mouse ports.

• More modern systems have taken integration even further, transferring most Northbridge functions such as memory and video control into the CPU itself.

• As a result, a motherboard purchased today might have only a single Controller Hub, essentially an enhanced Southbridge that performs all chipset functions.


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northbridge_(computing)


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