Motherboard - 11

7/29/2019 Motherboard - 11

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Motherboard is

Multi-layered printed circuit board

Copper circuit paths called traces carry signals

and voltages across the motherboard

Some layers carry data for input/output while

other layers carry voltage and ground returns


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Motherboard and Its Classification

What is Motherboard?

Motherboard is the main component of the CPU

Backbone of the Computer

Functions of Motherboard

It integrates all Hardware components into one system

Allows all parts of your computer to receive power and

communicate with one another.


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Printed Circuit board (PCB)

Sockets

Slots


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Speed

Upgrade Capabilities

Size and shape (form Factor)

Specifications


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Processorsocket

Memory

slot

PCI slots

ATX Power

connector

PCIe slot

SATAconnector

PATA/IDE

connector

Components of Motherboard


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CMOS

Battery

ISA

Slot

AGP

Slot

Components of Motherboard


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I/O Ports

PS/2

Port

VGA

Port

Serial

Port

Audio

Port

Parallel

Port

USB Port

Ethernet

Port

I/O Ports


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Motherboard and Its ClassificationClassification of Motherboard

Integrated Motherboard Non-IntegratedMotherboard


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Integrated Motherboard Components are in built in the

motherboard.

Designed for simplicity.

Draw backs

When one component in the

board is broken or stops

working you have to replace

the wholeboard

Cheaper to produce but more

expensive to repair.


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Non-Integrated Motherboard The major assemblies like Video

circuitry, disk controllers, and

accessories are installed on

theComputer as expansion cards.

Can easily Identify the

Non-integrated motherboards

by their expansion slots usually

occupied by one of the components.

Expansion card


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Motherboard Form Factors

The form factor of the motherboard describes itsgeneral shape, what sorts of cases and powersupplies it can use, and its physical organization.

Many computers, however, are built aroundmotherboards of a few standard sizes.

Form factor means the size and shape of theactual motherboard

3 most common Form Factor classifications: Baby AT

ATX

Slimline NLX


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PC/XT

When IBM came out with its first PersonalComputer (PC), there were no standards and themotherboard tended to be a little on the largesize with more space than it really needed.

Within a short time, they had developed theirExtended Technologies computer (XT), reducingthe size of the motherboard to make it morecompact and still accept the different circuits and

components needed for the system. The XT quickly became a standard for

motherboards.


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AT/baby AT

Computers quickly became more and more powerfulwith more system memory installed on the board,faster CPUs, and features that required more circuitryand components.

IBM had to increase the size of their boards to acceptall these components and developed the ATmotherboard.

At 13.5" X 12", this form factor soon became anotherstandard followed by other manufacturers.

Size, screw placement, expansion slot positioning, andeven component placement was followed so closelythat some motherboard manufacturers were worried.


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AT and Baby AT

Up until recently, the AT and baby AT form factorswere the most common form factor in themotherboard world.

These two variants differ primarily in width: theolder full AT board is 12" wide.

One of the major problems with the width of thisboard (aside from limiting its use in smaller cases)is that a good percentage of the board "overlaps"

with the drive bays. This makes installation, troubleshooting and

upgrading more difficult.


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The AT, however, pretty well became industry standardthroughout the 80's and into the early 90's. Astechnology advanced, circuits and components becamesmaller and more integrated.

Many companies decided to reduce the size of themotherboard again. Because the AT had been standardfor so many years they retained the placement of theexpansion slots and the screw positioning on a 13" X8.5 or 9" board.

This meant that an AT board could be replaced with a'baby AT' or 'mini AT' board and still fit in the samecase.


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ATX board Because the baby AT form factor was never made a true

standard, many companies have taken liberties withdifferent dimensions and design.

The ATX is a form factor developed by Intel that closelyconforms to the baby AT size.

It puts together some of the better ideas, engineering anddesign to make a standard that is cheaper to develop,allows for better component access, and in some ways isfaster and more stable.

The ATX board measures approximately 9.5" X 12" andtakes the baby AT board and turns it 90 degrees to put thelong edge of the board along the back of the computercase, which provides maximum space for expansion slotsand I/O ports.


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'mini ATX

The ATX standard also provides for a smaller

'mini ATX' form factor which cuts the size of a

board down to 8.2" X 11.2" and removes one

row of mounting holes. These boards will fit ina regular ATX style case.


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NLX

(New Low-Profile EXtended motherboard) A

low-profile PC motherboard from Intel for

slimline cases, introduced in 1987.

Unlike boards for desktop, these hold the

expansion cards perpendicular to the board.


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NLX Motherboard:


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NLX Motherboard:


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NLX


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LPX(Low-Profile EXtended motherboard) A

low-profile PC motherboard for slimline cases,

introduced in 1997 by Western Digital.


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Comparison of Form Factors


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A+ Guide to Managing andMaintaining your PC, 6e

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Table 6-3 Buses listed by throughput


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Figure 6-6 Four outdated bus connections on expansion cards


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Buses and Expansion Slots (continued)

The PCI buses Intended to replace the 16-bit ISA bus

Types: Conventional PCI, PCI-X, PCI Express

On-board ports (integrated components) Examples: keyboard, mouse port, parallel printer, USB

Internal connectors EIDE, floppy drive connector, serial ATA, SCSI, 1394

Riser slots Audio/modem riser (AMR)

Communication and networking riser (CNR)


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Hardware Configuration

Three ways to configure the motherboard:

DIP switches, jumpers, CMOS RAM

Dual inline package (DIP) switch

Has ON (binary 1) and OFF (binary 0) positions Reset DIP switch when adding or removing device

Use pointed instrument other than graphite pencil

Jumpers

Retain setup or installation information

Are opened and closed using jumper covers

Typical setting: enabling/disabling keyboard power-up


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DIP switches are sometimes used to store setup data

on motherboards


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Figure 6-15 Setup information about the motherboard can

be stored by setting a jumper on (closed) or off (open). A

jumper is closed if the cover is in place, connecting the two

pins that make up the jumper; a jumper is open if the cover

is not in place.


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Hardware Configuration (continued)

CMOS RAM

Also called clock/nonvolatile RAM (RTC/NVRAM)

Stores most configuration for the motherboard

Can be accessed without opening the case CMOS setup program

Stored on a floppy disk or ROM BIOS chip

Access built-in program by pressing key during POST

Menus: Main, Advanced, Power, Boot, and Exit

Brand name PCs, such as IBM, have custom screens


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Table 6-4 How to access CMOS setup


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CMOS Setup Main menu


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Hardware Configuration (continued)

Battery power to CMOS RAM

Enables CMOS to hold data after the PC is turned off

Setup information is lost if battery fails or disconnects

Startup passwords in CMOS Stored in CMOS RAM and changed in setup screen

Should be distinguished from OS passwords

CMOS settings are specified in motherboard manuals

Documentation of configuration settings

Enables you to recapture lost or altered settings

Should be labeled and stored in a safe place


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The coin cell is the most common type of CMOS battery


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Flashing ROM BIOS

Programs stored in the ROM BIOS chip:

CMOS setup program

Startup BIOS that manages the startup process

System BIOS that manages basic I/O functions

Programs on ROM BIOS may need upgrades

Flashing: upgrading or refreshing ROM BIOS chip

Sources for ROM BIOS upgrades

Manufacturers Web site

http://www.esupport.com
http://www.esupport.com/http://www.esupport.com/


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Figure 6-26 Intel displays a list of motherboard model

numbers that have a Flash BIOS upgrade available


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Motherboard Drivers

Located on CD bundled with motherboard

Motherboard CD may also contain usefulutilities

Drivers are periodically updated bymanufacturer

Dealing with an unstable motherboard

Check for updated drivers, especially chipsetdrivers

Install updated drivers for non-functioning devices


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Troubleshooting the Motherboard

and Processor Field replaceable units (FRUs) on old

motherboards CPU, RAM, RAM cache, ROM BIOS, CMOS battery

FRU components on newer motherboards: CPU, RAM, CMOS battery, and motherboard itself

POST reporting aids diagnosis Chapter 3 or manufacturer Web site describe codes

A good tactic: replace a bad device with a newone Caveat: check voltage from power supply first

If voltage is excessive, new part may be damaged


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Figure 6-40 The ROM BIOS manufacturers Web site is a

good source of information about beep codes


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Basic Input/Output System

All motherboards include a small block of Read

Only Memory (ROM) which is separate from the

main system memory used for loading and

running software.

The ROM contains the PCs BIOS.

BIOS performs a self-test(POST) every time you

turn it on.Some systems feature dual BIOS, which

provides a backup in case one fails or in case of

error during updating.


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CMOS

The real time clock chip is a battery-operatedchip that maintains basic settings and the

system time.

1. Predecessors (2)


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Figure 1.2: The motherboard of the IBM PC

5x ISA/16

Source: http://www.tomh.net/museum/mobo/pccassif.html

Keyboard

Casette

DMA

vezrl

Parallel

I/OIntel 8088

CPU

8087 arithm.

proc. socket

RAM

16-64 kbyte

or

64-256 kbyte

ROM

PC

2.2. AT (2)


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Figure 2.9: The motherboard of the IBM PC/AT

2x 8 bit/5x 16 bit

ISA

Keyboard

Intel 8088

CPU

8087 arithm.

proc. socket

DRAM

512 Kbyte

PC

Source:http://library.thinkquest.org/18268/photos.htm

2.2. AT (3)


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This is a Western Digital Disk Drive Interface Card. This is a Case Interface, both parallel and serial.

Figure 2.10: Adapter cards of the IBM PC/AT

Source:http://library.thinkquest.org/18268/photos.htm

2.3. Baby AT (3)


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Figure 2.13: Example: A Pentium-based late Baby AT-motherboard

CPU

3x PCI/32

4x SIMM/723x ISA/16

L2

Periph.

contr.

FD

IDE

System

contr.

PC

2.5. ATX (6)


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Figure 2.22: A late PCI-based motherboard for PentiumIIs (MSIs MS-6111)

(Based on Intels 440LX chipset for slot 1 processors (1997)Source: http://www.msi.com.tw/program/support/download

CPU

(Slot1)

4x PCI/32

4x DIMM/168

Peripherial

contr.

FD IDE

System

contr.

PC

BIOS

AGP ATX connectors

Battery

3x ISA/16

2.5. ATX (8)


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Figure 2.24: Early, port based ATX motherboard for Pentium IIIs (Abits SL6)

(based on Intels 815 chipset)Source: http://www.abit-usa.com/products/mb

5x PCI/32 AGPCNRATX connectors

CPU

MCH

3x DIMM

ICH

FDIDE

BIOS

Battery

PC

2.6. NLX (2)
http://www.abit-usa.com/products/mbhttp://www.abit-usa.com/products/mbhttp://www.abit-usa.com/products/mbhttp://www.abit-usa.com/products/mb


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Figure 2.29: View of an NLX-motherboard

Source: Intel Corporation, Intel NLX Form Factor

http://www.intel.com

2.7. BTX (3)


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Figure 2.32: A micro BTX-motherboard (Intels D915GMH)

CPU

4x DIMM/168

ATX connectors

MCH

ICH

PC

PCI

PCI-X/64

IDE

FD

http://www.intel.com/design/motherbd/mh

2.5. ATX (9)


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Fgure 2.25: Mature port-based ATX motherboard for Pentium4 processors (Intels D865PERL)

CPU (P4)

4x PCI/32

4x DIMM/168

ICH

FD

IDE

MCH

PC

BIOS

AGPATX connectors

Battery

Source: http://www.intel.com/products/motherboard/d865perl/index.htm

2.5. ATX (11)


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PS FDIDE2xIDE

3x PCI/32

2x PCI Ex1

PCI Ex16

4x DIMM

Figure 2.27: Serial port-based ATX-motherboard for Pentium4 Prescotts (MSIs 915G Combo)

4x SATA

P4 Prescott

IHC6/6R

MCH

(915P/G)

Bat

IDE RAID c.

(VIA 6410)

2x USB

BIOS

Syst. monitoring

http://www.pricegrabber.com/search_getprod.php/masterid=3191326

3. Server/workstation motherboards (2)


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Figure 3.2: Example: A P4-based ATX-board for entry-level servers (The P8SCT from Supermicro)Source:http://www.supermicro.com/products/motherboard/P4/E7221/P8SCT.cfm

4x DIMMATX connectors

ICH

CPU

IDE

MCH

E7221

PCI

PCI-X

64bit

IDE

2x GbE

IPMI

3. Server/workstation motherboards (6)


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ATX

connectors

MCH

(I7525)

PCI-X 64-bit

Registered

ECC DDR

PCI Expr. x8

PCI

HW management

PRO/1000 server

adapter

IDE

Dual

Processor

ICH

PCI Expr. x16

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