MT S VN V NGUN S LIU CH VITThS. inh Th Thy HinTrng HKHXH&NV, HQG H Ni1. S liu vit - mt loi ngun truyn thngS liu ch vit khng phi loi ngun xut hin sm nht. Trong nghin cu v lch s loi ngi trc khi c ngun vn t th du vt vt cht v thng ip bng li l nhng ngun khng th thay th c. Mc d vy, s liu vit c mt v tr tng i c bit. Chng khng ch c tnh n vi t cch mt loi ngun ring bit[1], m nhiu nh phng php lun cn xem y l ngun chnh xc nht, quan trng nht. Martha Howell v Walter Frevenier trong cun From Reliable Sources: An Introduction to Historical Methods [T nhng ngun ng tin cy: Nhp mn cc phng php s hc] nhn thy thc t cc nh l thuyt thng tp trung vo ngun ch vit v cng ng quan im coi ngun vn t l b hong ca cc ngun: y l nhng dng cu hi c cc nh s hc th k XX tp trung ti, v nhng hc gi ny pht trin nhng cng c tinh vi vit v cc ngun. Tt c h tp trung vo bn thn ngun, ch yu l ngun ch vit, vn bn, v c bit l nhng ngun c coi l b hong ca cc ngun, nhng iu l hay vn bn[2]. Nguyn Th Anh, chng hn, tuy tha nhn vic nghin cu lch s da trn nhiu loi ngun, song cho rng ti liu vit mi l quan trng nht v ng tin cy nht i vi nh s hc: nu s c vit vi nhiu loi ti liu khc nhau, n c vit nhiu nht vi nhng bn vn cn c gi li, nhng ti liu bt k; cc loi ti liu bt k l loi ti liu chnh xc nht. Khc vi nh nhn chng hc ch trng n cc on th x hi cha c ch vit v nh kho c hc m ti liu l ngh v dng li bi k xo ca con ngi trong qu kh, s gia ch trng nhiu nht n cc bng c cha ng trong cc ti liu bt k[3]. Vic cc khoa hc b tr cho s hc u lin quan n nghin cu ch vit[4] cng h m phn no v tm quan trng c bit ca loi ngun ny i vi cc nh phng php lun.Sc hp dn nh s hc ca ngun ch vit cng nh v tr ca chng trong nghin cu lch s trc ht xut pht t chnh c trng ring ca loi ngun ny. Ch vit la mt iu ky diu v mt cng ngh. No lam cho li noi tr nn vinh cu trong khi khng lam mt i bt ky iu gi trong tinh chinh xac cua no, mc du trang thai giao tip ring t trc tip mt i. Vi vy, ni ch vit c dung rng rai, ngi ta trng i cac ngun thng tin rt cu th va rt a dang, iu cung cho phep thc hin mt s tai dng rt chi tit v qua kh[5]. Ngun ch vit, mc nht nh, c th khng c kh nng cung hin cho nh nghin cu nhng thng tin trc quan, sinh ng v qu kh thng qua hin din ca mnh nhiu nh ngun hin vt. Song, v l nhng hin vt cm, s liu vt thc khng phi lc no cng c th t ni ln c bn thn chng l g? ng vai tr nh th no trong i sng qu kh? V vy, nh nghin cu c th a ra din gii sai trm trong nh trng hp cc nha khao c hoc Tripolitania tng xac inh cu truc t thi La Ma c ai la nhng du tich cua in th tin s nao o trc khi cc hc gia v sau i n mt s din giai ang tin cy va kin inh hn rng chung la nhng may ep du[6]. Truyn thng truyn ming, mc d thng cha ng nhng thng tin sinh ng, chi tit, song vic thm tht, ci bin trong qu trnh khu truyn qua nhiu th h cng nh s thiu vng ca mt nin biu chnh xc khin vic khai thc nhng thng tin y li kh khn hn nhiu. Trong khi ti liu vit vn c th b bin i qua qu trnh sao chp, v c bn n vn c tnh n nh[7], v th vic ln tm lai lch v khi phc nguyn bn ca ngun ch vit thng d dng hn. Yu t nhn thc ch quan ca tc gi thng c xem l hn ch ca s liu ch vit, tuy nhin, thc ra th tt c cc ngun s liu u mang tnh ch quan. im khc bit l ch ngun vt thc ch mang tnh ch quan bi s din gii ca ngi s dng chng lm s liu; trong khi ngun truyn ming v ngun ch vit, tnh ch quan n t s din gii kp ca ngi gi v nhn thng ip[8]. Thng thng, ngi ta c xu hng cho rng ngun chi i qua mt s din giai n th tt hn thng ip phai trai qua it nht hai s din giai, nhng thc t co mt s bao v, lam cho cac ngun ro rang la chu quan hn (cac thng ip) lai thng khach quan hn nhng ngun ro rang la kem chu quan hn (bng chng trc tip). S din giai th nht gii han pham vi cho s din giai th hai, trong khi khng co gi gii han s din giai bng chng trc tip[9]. Cng t c im ny m ngun ch vit cn c kh nng cung cp cho nh nghin cu t tng v hnh ng ca con ngi, nht l cung cp trc tip ni dung t tng m tc gi ca ti liu mun truyn t.S di do ca ngun ch vit cng gp phn l gii vic chng c a chung. Ban u, vi phng thc chp tay, th ngoi bn gc ngi ta cn c th tip cn vi nhiu bn sao. T th k XV tr i, ngun ti liu ny tr nn di do hn hn so vi cc ngun khc nh s pht trin ca ngnh in. Khoa hc k thut pht trin, c bit l cng ngh thng tin hin i gn y li em n cho ti liu ch vit thm c hi c lu gi v truyn b rng ri vi vic s ho ti liu. Hot ng lu tr v c th lu gi ti liu vit l ch yu ca n cng m rng c hi cc nh nghin cu tip cn ngun ch vit.Hn na, thc t hot ng nghin cu lch s cng tc ng n vic nh s hc thng coi y l ngun ti liu ch yu ca mnh. T vic tm ch nghin cu n trnh by kt qu nghin cu lch s u gn vi ch vit. Nh s hc phi c tt c nhng cng trnh cng b c lin quan, xem ngi i trc nghin cu nhng vn g, gii quyt vn n u, vn no cn phi tip tc nghin cu la chn cho mnh mt ti c ngha khoa hc hoc thc tin. Nh s hc cng chp nhn phn nhiu nhng dn chng m cc nh nghin cu khc a ra, hoc gii thch li nhng ti liu m h a ra. C ngha l h b chi phi bi vic cc nh nghin cu khc vit g v n. Kt qu, d cc bng chng c nh nghin cu i trc s dng l thnh vn hay bt thnh vn th bn thn cng trnh ca h - ci m nh s hc i sau s dng - l ch vit. Vi s h tr ca cc phng tin k thut hin i, gn y gii s hc khng cn xa l vi nhng cng trnh s hc c trnh by bng hnh nh, hoc bng li Mc d vy, tc phm s hc vit vn thng tr trong nn s hc th gii ng i.Nh th khng c ngha rng ch ngun ch vit l cho nh s hc, hoc y l ngun quan trng nht hay ng tin cy nht. nhng ni m ngun ch vit khng tn ti, cc ngun sn sinh trn c s khoa hc k thut cha xut hin, th ngun vt thc v truyn ming l nhng ngun m trch gnh nng ca vic ti to lch s. Ngay c khi ngun ch vit di do, th cc ngun khc vn c vai tr khng th thiu trong hot ng nghin cu lch s: Ngun ch vit ny, d r rng l rt cn thit i vi hu ht cc cng trnh ca cc nh s hc, v d i khi c coi l ngun duy nht ca cc d liu lch s, tuyt nhin khng phi l ngun s liu duy nht. Ngun khng thnh vn, k c hin vt v truyn ming, u l nhng b phn quan trng i vi nh s hc[10]. Mc d vy, c th khng nh rng s liu ch vit l mt loi ngun truyn thng c v mt phng php lun v thc tin i vi nh s hc. 2. V vn ph phn s liuNgun s liu khng phi l mt cun sch ang m trc mt v cung cp cho nh s hc nhng cu tr li ngay lp tc. Chng c th l ci m chng t ra, li cng c th rt khc so vi thot nhn. Chnh v th, khai thc c thng tin t s liu th vic gim nh ngun l yu cu bt buc i vi tt c cc loi ngun, v cho n nay vic xoay s vi cc ti liu vn c xem l mt trong nhng im phn bit chuyn gia s hc vi ngi nghin cu s nghip d[11]. Cc nh phng php lun gi cng vic gim nh ny l ph phn s liu, v phn thnh 2 bc nh gi tnh xc thc [authenticity] ca ngun v nh gi tin cy [reliability] ca thng tin t s liu. Tn gi cng nh ni dung ca 2 khu on k trn, mc d vy, li c hiu khc nhau gia cc nh phng php lun. Bc mt thng c gi l ph phn bn ngoi hay ph phn uyn bc, ph phn cp thp, ph kho hnh thc hay ph phn phn tch; bc hai nh gi tin cy, hay ph phn bn trong, ph kho ni dung, ph phn cp cao, khoa hc gii thch, ph phn tng hp. D c pht biu r rng hay khng th cc nh l lun u gp nhau nguyn tc chung cho ph phn s liu l da vo chnh bn thn s liu (bao gm c hnh thc ln ni dung s liu) v da vo nhng t liu khc. C tri thc ngun ln tri thc ngoi ngun cng c huy ng vo qu trnh nh gi thng tin v knh thng tin ny. y, chng ti s dng cc khi nim nh gi tnh xc thc v nh gi tin cy.S a dng ca cc ngun s liu i hi nh phng php lun phi i xa hn na a ra nhng phng php gim nh s liu c th. i vi ngun s liu ch vit, d trn cht liu giy, g, , ng, hay tre trc, th cc phng php vn bn hc c vai tr rt quan trng: i vi s liu vit, bc th nht, tc bc ph phn bn ngoi hay ph phn knh, c th ni l nh s liu hc s dng nhng cng c ca vn bn hc, hay ni cch khc, em phng php vn bn hc lm phng php ca mnh. giai on ph phn bn trong hay ph phn thng tin, nh s hc t s dng cc phng php vn bn hc hn. Ni t khng c ngha l hon ton khng, v c hai giai on ph phn s liu ny khng c ranh gii r rt trong thc t m lun gn vi nhau[12]. Tuy vy, ngay c vi ph phn bn ngoi th cc k thut ca vn bn hc vn cha . Nh nghin cu cn phi s dng cng c ca cc nh kho c hc [archeology], minh vn hc [epigraphy], c t hc [paleography], vn th hc [diplomatic], lch php hc, a danh hc [toponymy], nhn danh hc, n chng hc [sigillography], c tin hc [numismatology]... Tuy khng th m m tt c cc kin thc ny m ch c th c vi quan nim c bn v nhng ngnh hc ny, song iu s gip nh nghin cu bit kt hp kt qu ca cc ngnh khoa hc ny, phc v cho vic kho cu ti liu thc hin cng vic nghin cu lch s ca mnh. nh gi tnh xc thcMc ch ca ph phn s liu l i tm li gii p cho cu hi nhng thng tin do ngun cung cp c ph hp vi thc t hay khng, hay cn gi l nh gi tin cy ca thng tin t s liu. tin hnh c vic , trc ht nh nghin cu phi tr n v vi ngun gc xut x ng ca n, hay cn gi l nghin cu tnh xc thc ca ngun. John Tosh trong cun The Pursuit of History: Aims, Methods and new Directions in the Study of Modern History cng cho rng: Trc khi nh s hc c th nh gi chnh xc ngha ca mt vn bn, h cn phi tm ra c khi no, ti sao v bng cch no n li xut hin[13]. Tnh xc thc, nh nhc n trn, li c nhiu quan nim khc nhau. J Topolski phn bit 4 khi nim v tnh xc thc. Xc thc 1: tri thc v thi gian hnh thnh v a im xut pht v ngun. Xc thc 2: c tng i ha theo tnh cht ca thng tin m chng ta tm trong ngun (vi vn ny th l xc thc, vn khc l khng xc thc). Xc thc 3: vn gi mo. Xc thc 4: tnh nguyn thy ca ngun[14]. Phm Xun Hng cho rng cn ph phn cc yu t cu thnh ca s liu lin quan n cc vn : s liu ra i trong hon cnh c th no, hon cnh nh hng, chi phi n ni dung s liu ra sao, kh nng phn nh hin thc ca tc gi; vn mc ph hp vi cc thng tin t s liu vi thc t. Ni cch khc l ph phn vt mang tin, thi gian, a im hnh thnh ti liu, tc gi v bn vn ca s liu[15]. Phn ln cc nh phng php lun ngy nay th cho rng, xc nh tnh xc thc ca s liu l xc nh cc yu t tc gi, thi gian, a im hnh thnh s liu, xc nh bn tht bn gi, xc nh bn gc bn sao. Vi mc ch tr s liu v vi chnh n, d vn bn c ghi tc gi, a im v thi gian hnh thnh hay khng th vic xc minh vn l th tc khng th b qua. Tt nhin, vic ny khng phi lc no cng d dng hay kt qu em li bao gi cng lm hi lng nh nghin cu.V vic xc nh yu t tc gi s liu, c kin cho rng nhn chung l vn ring, vt ra ngoi vn tnh xc thc ca cc ngun[16] hoc khng ch phi tm ra h l ai, m quan trng hn phi nh gi c h l ngi nh th no: y vn c t ra l trong hai yu t: xc nh h, tn ngi thng tin v ngi thng tin y l ngi nh th no, th yu t no l quan trng hn? V vn ny, cc nh phng php lun ch ra rng: tm ra c mt ci tn ring thc ra cha c ni dung g c, m vn l phi hiu v nh gi c tc gi y l con ngi nh th no? Gii quyt c vn ny th vic xc nh tc gi s liu mi c ngha khoa hc[17]. iu ny xut pht t mi quan h hu gia hai khu ph phn bn trong (nh gi thng tin) v ph phn bn ngoi (nh gi knh thng tin). nh gi tin cy ca thng tin c ngha l nh gi ngi thng tin - tc gi s liu[18]. Tuy nhin, chng ti quan nim rng vi nhim v ca ph phn bn ngoi l xc nh tnh xc thc ca ti liu th v mt nguyn tc ch cn xc nh tc gi l ai l . Tc gi vn bn l ngi nh th no thc s l vn bn cht m nh s hc phi gii quyt khi nh gi tin cy ca thng tin cng on k tip.Xc nh nin i thng c xem l quan trng nht trong khu ph phn bn ngoi, bi v trn c s cc thng tin t s liu, nh s hc s ti dng nn s kin lch s tng din ra trong mt khng gian v thi gian c th. Nu khng bit c mi lin h ca mt vn bn vi s kin lch s ang nghin cu, ti liu s tr nn v gi tr. Trong trng hp bit tc gi vn bn, c th da vo hnh trng c nhn hoc lch s hot ng ca c quan ln tm v thi im sng tc. Kiu ch, vn phong, ngn t, ch hu cng l cn c gip xc nh nin i nh tnh thi i ca ngn ng. Theo John Tosh, nh s hc lm vic vi ti liu vit tay cn phi c cht g ging nh c t hc xc nh liu ch vit c ng vi a im v thi gian khng, li ging vi nh ng vn hc nh gi phong cch v ngn ng ca mt vn bn ng nghi[19]. iu ny khng ch ng vi vn bn vit tay m c th p dng cho mi ngun ch vit. i vi nhng vn bn hnh chnh, nh s hc c th tr li cho cu hi v tnh xc thc ca nin i ti liu ch bng cch so snh vn bn cn nghin cu vi nhng vn bn tng t cng hoc khc thi k v th thc, kiu ch, thm quyn ban hnh... Vn th hc c ngha c bit trong vic xc nh thi im ra i ca th loi ngun ny. Nhng ngn ng vay mn hoc trch dn t mt ti liu khc cng l c s xc nh nin i tng i ca ti liu; tng t, nu vn bn c nhc ti mt s kin lch s bit, th n chc chn ra i sau s kin .Nghin cu phong cch trang tr ca ti liu minh vn (ch vit trn , trn ng) - th mnh ca cc nh kho c hc lch s - s cho bit cu tr li v nin i ti liu. Nh s hc cng c th da vo s gip ca cc chuyn gia k thut, chng hn th phn ng ha hc ca giy, mc, xc nh tui ca vn bn. tr li cho cu hi v a im hnh thnh s liu, hnh trng ca tc gi ti liu hay lch s n v c th cung cp nhng manh mi hu ch. a danh hc lch s v ngn ng hc, dn tc hc c bit hu ch trong khu on ny bi chng c kh nng gip xc nh du n a phng - chng hn tn t, tn sng, phong tc tp qun hay phng ng - li trong vn bn. Bn thn s hin din vt cht ca ti liu cng ni ln chng thuc v khng gian no khi cht liu giy, loi mc, kiu in c phn tch nh hnh php hc.Ngay sau khi xc nh c cc yu t tc gi, nin i, a im hnh thnh vn bn, mt cu hi c t ra tip theo: vn bn l nguyn gc hay bn sao, bi v ta ang tm cch tr s liu tr v l ng n, m Tam sao tht bn: bn sao li thng khng th hin xc thc hon ho ca bn gc[20]. Qu trnh sao chp, d l chp tay hay in n, photocopy, u c th gy ra nhng li m cc nh phng php lun thng lng phn thnh sai lm c v sai lm v [21]. Nhng sai lm cng tng ln khi mi vn bn li c s dng lm bn gc cho vn bn khc. Sau khi pht hin cc li trong vn bn, nh nghin cu phi tm cch khi phc li vn bn gc hoc tm ra vn bn gn nht vi bn gc. i din vi nhng khc bit gia cc bn hin tn, cc nh Trung c hc pht trin phng php sai lm chung, t bn sao vo mi quan h vi cc bn sao khc. Nu hai bn sao ca mt vn bn cha ng nhng li thng thng, chng c th c coi l c ly t mt ngun (hay sao li nhng vn bn th h trc). Vi cch thc , nh s hc c th lp cy ph h phc tp ca cc vn bn; thm ch nhn din c c im ca nhng th h mt trong cy ph h[22]. Vi s pht trin ca khoa hc k thut, ngi ta cn pht trin cch thc tm mi quan h gia cc th h vn bn bng cch so snh s thay i kiu dng v c t: Vic so snh cht ch cc vn bn, nht l ch vit v cch din t khc nhau cho php nh s hc thit lp nn mi quan h gia cc bn cn li v ti dng mt bn gn nht vi cch din t ca bn gc[23].Khi xc nh c vn bn c nht trong ph h phm vi c th cng nhng sai lm trong , nh s hc c nhim v khi phc li vn bn gc tng tng. Tuy nhin, trong qu trnh ny, nh s hc d ri vo tnh trng hon thin vn bn bng cch bin tp li, tm cch lm cho ngha vn bn r rng hn. Khi , ngi bin tp phi cn c vo bt c s chnh xc no c tnh tng i vi vn bn (ci sau c gi l s sa li) hay mt cuc tranh lun tt (c gi l s phng on). S thn trng nh vy l cn thit, khng ch tn trng ngun gc, m cn lu li nhng li ca n. Nhng li: nh vn sai, li ng php, chuyn dch, thm ch c nhng s b st c th thy c, l nhng chng c lch s c ngha, i khi v nhng chuyn chnh tr m cho bit s hnh thnh vn bn ring bit v lun lun nin i k thut c lin quan, nhng tp qun ngn ng, v v tr ca bn thn t c vit trong nn vn ho . iu quan trng cn bn m nh bin tp s hc l to mi s can thip r rt ti ngi c, thng thng bng nhng phng tin nh ch thch v nhng li m u rt gn. V tt nhin, nh s hc phi gii thiu vn bn vi tt c nhng thng tin mnh c v lch s vn bn, mi quan h ca vn bn vi tt c nhng g c bit (hay l gi thuyt) vn bn gc, nhng bin tp trc ca vn bn, ni sng tc vn bn, v nin i ca vn bn,[24]Vic khi phc vn bn gc cn t ra trong trng hp v l do no m vn bn b khuyt thiu. Khi , ngi ta c th s dng nhng bin php k thut cng nh i chiu vi cc ti liu khc cng loi, hoc ngun khc c cp n n tm ra nhng ch, on b mt.Cng nh cc ngun khc, nh nghin cu cn phi xc nh tnh tht gi ca s liu bi khng c thng tin ng tin cy trong mt ti liu gi. S dng ti liu gi, d l v ng c g, cng s dn nh s hc n nhng nhn thc sai lm[25]. Ngi ta thng phn chia ti liu gi thnh hai loi: gi ton b v gi b phn. Thot tin, nhiu ngi cho rng vic xc nh gi tng b phn mi kh, cn gi ton b th vic xc nh li d dng hn. Tri li, trong thc t vic xc nh nhng s liu c lm gi ton b mi l kh nht. Ni cch khc, ci gi ton b thng kh pht hin hn ci gi tng b phn[26]. xc nh gi ton b, vic nghin cu hnh thc ca ti liu, t cht liu, n th thc, ngn ng, kiu ch, vn phong, bt tch, loi mc, kiu in da trn phng php hnh php hc s gip xc nh n c ng thuc v thi i , ca tc gi , a im hay khng. Vi vn bn gi b phn, vic tm nhng yu t mun hay yu t th c da trn c s tm ra mu thun vi c trng thi i, c im ca tc gi, hoc ca a phng hnh thnh s liu. John Tosh cho rng , s l sai lm khi gi rng cc nh s hc lin tc pht hin ra nhng s gi mo hoc h kim tra v mt phng php tnh xc thc ca mi ti liu m h gp. Th tc ny chc chn thch hp vi nhng nhnh nht nh ca lch s trung c, ni m phn ln c th da vo mt hp ng n l c chng minh khng chc chn. Song i vi hu ht cc nh s hc v c bit l nh s hc hin i c rt t trin vng cho mt khm ph sng gi. Thi i ca h c nhiu kh nng nghin cu k mt chui m rng cc bc th hoc bn ghi nh, ghi chp nhng giao dch nhm chn hng ngy, iu m him c ai quan tm lm gi. V trong trng hp cc ghi chp cng di s chm cht ca lu tr ch thc th kh nng b gi mo l kh nh[27]. Nhn xt ny khng phi khng c yu t hp l. Tuy nhin, trong thc t cuc sng nhng ng c thc y vic gi mo giy t th thi no cng c, v nh s hc ng trc bt k mt ti liu vit no cng phi t ra cu hi v tnh xc thc v kim chng tnh xc thc ca n. Ch c iu khng phi lc no nh nghin cu cng c c cu tr li c th, chnh xc cho vn ny.nh gi tin cyGim nh tnh xc thc ca vn bn mi ch l bc u trong vic nh gi s liu. Nh nghin cu cn phi xc nh tin cy ca thng tin t s liu bc th hai ca ph phn s liu. Ni dung ca khu on ny cng khc bit ty quan im ca nh s hc. S khc bit , theo chng ti ch yu l xut pht t quan nim v vn c (hay gii m, ph m, din gii) ni dung s liu ni chung ca cc bn. Tu chung li, c hai xu hng chnh, mt bn tch vic c s liu ra khi khu ph phn, trong khi nhm khc xem chnh l mt ni dung ca ph phn bn trong. C th thy J. Topolski l mt v d cho xu hng th nht, khi ng cho rng: Nghin cu nhng c tnh bn ngoi ca ngun (tc l tt c tr ni dung nhng thng tin do cc ngun truyn t) cng nh xc nh mt cch tng qut s ph phn bn ngoi - nhng cng vic ny c th xem xt theo ngha rng v ngha hp. Trong trng hp nghin cu mt cch rng ri cng vic ny, th ni n s ph phn bn ngoi, cn phi k c vic c (ph m) nhng thng tin cha ng trong ngun, cng nh nghin cu bn thn ngun theo quan nim ca l thuyt thng tin, ngun l knh thng tin. Theo cch hiu hp hn th ph phn bn ngoi ch nhm vo cc c tnh c lut m (v d nh khi xc nh ngy thng trn c s mt vn kin hoc xc nh tc gi trn c s phong cch vit vn). Trong trng hp ny, vic nghin cu lut m li nm trong s ph phn bn ngoi (theo ngha ng n). Nhng y bn ngoi ca ngun c hiu nh l knh thng tin (v y l cch hiu ng), tc l tch th tc c thng tin ra khi s ph phn ny. Nhng cng c th xy ra trng hp l phn tch nhng c tnh bn ngoi ca ngun, cn phi phn tch cho khng ni n vic c thng tin[28]. C kin xem c s liu l mt trong 4 khu ch yu ca qu trnh x l s liu hc: Xc nh phm vi ca cc ngun s liu; Su tm v la chn s liu; c s liu; v Ph phn s liu[29].Trong khi , theo mt s nh phng php lun, trc khi tin hnh nh gi tin cy ca s liu, cn phi din gii ni dung vn bn , tc l coi c s liu l mt phn ca ph phn bn trong. Nguyn Th Anh trn c s tip thu l thuyt s hc phng Ty t nhng nm 70 ca th k trc cho rng: s gia i vo vic l gii v phn tch cng gii p ngha ca ti liu, tc l gii p nhng vn gy nn bi ngn ng s dng (ngn ng bin chuyn trong thi gian v trong khng gian), bi chnh ni dung ca ti liu (iu ny cng hin nhin khi ngi vit c dng tm du ngha ca cc cu vn); s gia cng tm hiu v tnh cht chnh xc ca ti liu, v cui cng xc nh cc s kin c bit cha ng trong ti liu[30]. John Tosh trong n bn tng i gn y cng ch trng cp th nht ca ph phn bn trong l din gii ni dung ca vn bn: C cho l tc gi, thi gian v a im ca ti liu l nh n c cho l, chng ta lm g t nhng t ng trc mt? mt cp th y l cu hi v ngha. iu ny khng ch n thun lin quan n vic dch ngha t mt ngn ng c hoc mt ngoi ng, Nh s hc i hi khng ch phi thng tho ngn ng m phi tinh thng bi cnh lch s, iu s cho bit cc t ng trong vn bn thc s ni g[31].Trn thc t, vic c s liu din ra trong sut qu trnh lm vic vi s liu, cng nh sut qu trnh nghin cu lch s. Nh s hc phi c tt c nhng cng trnh nghin cu c lin quan, xem ngi i trc gii quyt c nhng vn g, gii quyt n u, vn g cn tn nghi xc nh ti nghin cu ca chnh mnh. Trn c s phm vi ngun gii hn bi ch , thi gian v khng gian nghin cu, cc ti liu n tay nh s hc u c c, t h s la chn ngun ph hp v loi b nhng g khng hu ch. Khng th pht hin s liu m li khng h c chng. Ni dung vn bn c c khi ph phn bn ngoi v ni dung s liu l mt c s xc nh tnh xc thc. Tuy nhin, phi n khu ph phn bn trong, vic c mi c t ra mt cch chnh thc: phi hiu c ni dung vn bn trc khi nh gi xem n c phn nh ng s tht hay khng. Chnh v th chng ti tn ng quan im ca John Tosh. Trc khi nh gi tin cy ca ngi thng tin, mt nhim v rt quan trng ca vic xc nh tin cy ca thng tin s liu chnh l c s liu.c s liu cng ng ngha vi vic gii m vn bn da trn cc lut m tm l, lut m dn tc, lut m thi i v lut m cc k hiu, bi mi thi i, mi dn tc,... c du n ring ca mnh. Vi s liu ch vit, c hai cch gii thch vn bn l trc gii (gii thch tng hng theo th t trong ti liu) v suy lun (gii thch theo cc vn chnh, theo cc trng tm ca ti liu)[32]. Mc ch ca s gii thch l lm sng t ti liu, trong i hi: (1) nh ngha chnh xc cc nhn danh, a danh, cc t ng c tnh cch k thut hay ch nh nhng nh ch; (2) Lm sng t cc bin c lch s c m ch n trong ti liu s cho php hiu r bn vn; (3) Gii thch r thm nhng dng ng ngoi mt c v tm thng v mp m thng c cha ng trong cc trong cc o lut, cc bn hin php, cc bi din vn; (4) Ph bnh (nu cn) cc li ni ca tc gi[33]. qu trnh ny, vic nm bt c bi cnh lch s c bit c ngha gip nh s hc hiu thu o c ni dung vn bn. cp cao hn - vn t c s thng nht gia cc nh phng php lun - l xc nh xem cc thng tin trong vn bn ng tin cy n u: mt khi nh s hc chm m trong cc ngun thi i ca chng v nm c cc khuynh hng mang tnh c tnh ca cch din t v t vng k thut ng, cc vn v ngha thng c xu hng t khin h lo lng hn. Nhng ni dung ca mt ti liu li gi ra mt cu hi xa hn, dt khot hn nhiu: n c ng tin cy khng? Khng mt ngun no c th c dng ti dng lch s cho n khi s nh gi no v v tr ca n vi t cch l bng chng lch s c thc hin. Cu hi ny vt khi phm vi ca bt c k thut l thuc no, chng hn nh c t hc hoc vn th hc. Tr li n i hi thay v tri thc v bi cnh lch s v mt s hiu bit su sc bn cht con ngi. y, nh s hc da vo chnh mnh[34]. C th ni, nu nh cp trc nhm mc ch nm bt ni dung vn bn, th cp ny l hiu s tht/s kin/bin c c phn nh trong s liu y.nh gi tin cy ca s liu vit thc cht l nh gi tin cy ca tc gi ti liu. Nh nghin cu phi i vo hng lot cc cu hi v ch ng ca ngi vit, rng ng ta c mi lin h th no vi s kin c ghi chp; v lp trng quan im, h gi tr; v nng lc... ca tc gi. Nu do ngi trong cuc vit ra, chng ta cn phi tm hiu: Liu v tr h ng c kh nng a ra mt m t ng tin khng; Tc gi ti liu c thc s hin din , c trng thi ch tm ti s kin khng; Vic ghi chp c thc hin ngay khi din ra s kin, hay c ghi chp rt lu sau - khi tr nh ca ngi vit b bo mn bi tui tc v nhng tri nghim ng nh trong cuc i; hoc kh nng nhn thc ca ngi vit khi s kin xy ra? Vi nhng ghi chp ca ngi khng tn mt chng kin, vic h da trn nhng ngun no bin son hoc c am hiu v lnh vc hay khng l nhng cu hi c ngha.Trn ht, nh kin v ng c ca tc gi thng c cho l cc yu t tc ng nhiu nht n ng tin cy ca mt ngun. Theo ngha no , nhng ngun mang tnh ch ch cao, chng hn nhng ti liu vit cho hu th c bit ng ng v chng c ng c b bp mo s tht. nh kin c th nm bt k dng ngun no, mt cch ngm ngm hoc r rng. Nhng ngun tng chng mang tnh ngu nhin nht nh nht k vn c th l bo v lng t trng v bao bin cho ng c ca ngi vit. Mt bn tng thut trc tip li iu c nghe, nhn, hoc ni c th v thc hoc ch bc l nh kin ngm ca tc gi vi mong mun lm hi lng hay li ko ngi nghe. Vi ngi ngoi cuc, thot nhn c v khch quan hn trong vic ghi li s kin, song nhng gi nh v cc khun mu mang gii hn vn ha c chia s bi hu nh tt c cc tr thc lc by gi i hi s nh gi c bit cn trng. i vi nh s hc nghin cu cc x hi tin ch vit nh chu Phi nhit i th k XIX th nhng m t ng thi ca cc nh du thm chu u l mt ngun rt quan trng, song hu nh tt c chng u c t mu bi ch ngha phn bit chng tc v xu hng git gn Cc tiu thuyt gia, nh son kch v nh th cng c nhiu nh kin nh bt k ai khc, v iu ny cn phi tnh n khi trch dn tc phm ca h lm bng chng lch s[35]. V vy, kh c th ni ti liu ca ngi trong cuc ng tin hn ngi ngoi cuc; vn chng ng tin cy hn; ngun tn mt chng kin ng tin cy hn... V xc nh bn cht ca ti liu v cch n n thi i chng ta l bt u xc nh gi tr ca n[36]. Pht hin ra nhng nh kin ca ngi vit, tuy vy, khng phi loi b m l s dng chng phc v nghin cu. Chc chn, bn thn s thin v mang ngha v mt lch s[37]. Do , vic nh gi tin cy ca ngun s liu khng ging vi vic kim tra cho bng chng trong mt phin ta. C hai u kim tra tin cy ca li chng, song vi phin ta ch c mt s tht cn vi cc ngun s liu th tn ti nhiu s tht nm di mt vn bn. Mt bn a b vi nhng thng tin rung t sai lch li h m s tht v tnh trng n lu rung t lng Vit trc kia khi ln tm lai lch ca vn bn: qu trnh hnh thnh, ng c Nh vy, c th ni rng di gc s liu hc khng c khi nim s liu gi. Gi hay tht, ng tin cy hay khng li ty thuc tng gc nhn, tng vn nghin cu.D xc nh tin cy ca ngun s liu khng h n gin, ngi ta vn c th p dng mt s quy tc tng qut cho php xc nh tin cy ca ti liu: ti liu ghi chp cng gn vi thi im bin c m n tng thut xy ra th cng chnh xc; tc gi ti liu cng chn thnh trong nh duy nht l ghi chp s kin th ti liu cng ng tin cy; ti liu cng ring t bao nhiu th ni dung ca n cng t b thu dt hoc che giu hn; tc gi cng c am tng v vn tng thut th ti liu cng ng tin cy hn[38].3. Mt s im ng lu Ngun ch vit trn thc t li bao hm v s tiu loi. Khng k n s a dng v mt cht liu, ch tnh ring vn bn trn giy cng c th phn chia thnh ngun s cp th cp; n bn v phi n bn; ngun c sn sinh ra bi chnh quyn ngun c sn sinh bi cc t chc, cc hi v cc c nhn; hoc hng c, thn tch, sc phong, chnh s, a ch, a b, hi k, tiu thuyt, th... ty cch tip cn. Do , vic nh gi s liu vit trn vn ch mang tnh nguyn tc chung. c trng ring ca mi loi ngun i hi phi c cch thc x l khc bit. tng trng hp c th, nh nghin cu cn c s vn dng linh hat mi c th t c hiu qu cao nht. Cng cn lu n tnh tng i ca bn thn khi nim ngun ch vit. iu ny trc ht lin quan n tnh c l rt d nhn thy trong cch phn loi ngun. Ch vit trn , ch vit trn ng (hay ti liu minh vn) cng lc c th c xem l s liu vit v s liu vt thc. Hn na, xt cho cng tt c cc dng ngun khc u c th chuyn thnh ngun thnh vn nh qu trnh ghi chp li, hoc m t li [39], v th qu trnh nh gi s liu i hi nh s hc cn trng c th p dng nhng phng php ph phn cn thit. R rng l khi s dng cc tp sch nh Lnh Nam chch qui, Vit in u linh vn da trn nhng cu chuyn dn gian lu truyn t trc hay nhng vn bn chp truyn thuyt Thnh Ging, Sn Tinh - Thy Tinh hay M Chu - Trng Thy, nh s hc khng th ch coi chng l ngun ch vit, m cn phi p dng nhng phng php nh gi truyn thng truyn ming. Bn g bng ghi m ca mt cuc phng vn theo phng php lch s truyn ming s khng hn l ngun ch vit, m cn l ngun lch s truyn ming vn c nhng phng php x l s liu hc chuyn bit.Th na l tnh hi tip gia cc ngun s liu hay tnh khng hon ton c lp ca cc ngun. y l khi nim c D. Henige - ngi a danh s quan tm manh me nht ti s cung cp cua tai liu vit trong cac truyn thng truyn ming a ra ch qu trnh vay mn gia cc ngun ti liu[40]. Jan Vansina khi nghin cu cc truyn thng truyn ming cng lu rng nha s hoc nn y thc v nhng s lan truyn hoa trn co th co va nhng s vay mn gia cac ngun vi nhau[41]. Nh vy, ngun ch vit c th bao hm trong n cc yu t vt thc, truyn ming, cng nh ngc li. Vic x l s liu hc i vi ti liu khi theo phng php ph phn s liu vit, ti liu ghi m, hay ti liu ming cng khng phi l cu hi d g gii p tha ng.TI LIU THAM KHO1. H Vn Tn, Mt s vn l lun s hc, Nxb. i hc Quc gia H Ni, H Ni, 2007.2. J. Topolski, Phng php lun s hc, Tp II, Nxb. i hc v Trung hc Chuyn nghip, H Ni, 1968.3. Jan Vansina, Oral Tradition as History, First Pubished, James Currey (London) and Heinemann Kenya (Nairobi) Press, 1985.4. John Tosh, The Pursuit of History: Aims, Methods and new Directions in the Study of Modern History, Revised third edition, 2002.5. Martha Howell & Walter Frevenier, From Reliable Sources: An Introduction to Historical Methods, 2002, Bn dch ca Trng i hc Khoa hc X hi v Nhn vn, i hc Quc gia H Ni.6. Nguyn Th Anh, Nhp mn Phng php S hc, Si Gn, 1974.7. Phm Xun Hng, Vn x l s liu hc i vi ti liu ch vit, Tp ch Nghin cu Lch s, S 1, 1996.

[1] Hai trong s nhng cch phn chia thng dng nht l: (1) ngun thnh vn v khng thnh vn; (2) ngun vt thc, ngun ch vit v ngun truyn ming. Cng vi s pht trin ca khoa hc k thut, mt s ngun mi c sn sinh v nhn chung c a vo h thng phn loi c bng hai cch: gia nhp vo cc loi hnh c sn hoc ko di danh sch cc loi ngun. [2] Martha Howell & Walter Frevenier, From Reliable Sources: An Introduction to Historical Methods, 2002, Bn dch ca Trng i hc Khoa hc X hi v Nhn vn, i hc Quc gia H Ni, tr. 46.[3] Nguyn Th Anh, Nhp mn Phng php S hc, Si Gn, 1974, tr. 49.[4] Theo Topolski, vic lng phn ngun thnh ngun thnh vn v khng thnh vn m chng ti gi l khoa hc v ngun lu n tm quan trng ln lao (i vi cc nh s hc theo ngha chnh xc nht) ca cc ngun thnh vn. Tiu chun phn loi l s tn ti ca bn ch vit. Khng cn phi nhn mnh rng, phn ln cc l gii ca chng ta trc y v ci gi l nhng khoa hc h tr cho s hc u lin quan vi vic nghin cu vn t (c vn hc, tn vn hc) (Xem J. Topolski, Phng php lun s hc, Tp II, Nxb. i hc v Trung hc Chuyn nghip, H Ni, 1968, tr. 89.[5] P. Irwin, Ngi Liptako ln ting, tr. 164. Dn theo Jan Vansina, Oral Tradition as History, First Pubished, James Currey (London) and Heinemann Kenya (Nairobi) Press, 1985, tr. 199.[6] D. E. L. Haynes, An Archeological and Historical Guide, tr. 143. Dn theo Jan Vansina, Oral Tradition as History, First Pubished, James Currey (London) and Heinemann Kenya (Nairobi) Press, 1985, tr. 194.[7] Ngi sao chep [copyist] co th thm vao hoc loai bo khoi thng ip gc mt s din giai khac, nhng thm chi o tng s cac s din giai kt thuc thi im vit. Xem John Tosh, The Pursuit of History: Aims, Methods and new Directions in the Study of Modern History, revised third edition, 2002, tr. 195.[8] Jan Vansina, Oral Tradition as History, First Pubished, James Currey (London) and Heinemann Kenya (Nairobi) Press, 1985, tr. 193-194.[9] Jan Vansina, Oral Tradition as History, First Pubished, James Currey (London) and Heinemann Kenya (Nairobi) Press, 1985, tr. 194.[10] Martha Howell & Walter Frevenier, From Reliable Sources: An Introduction to Historical Methods, 2002, Bn dch ca Trng i hc Khoa hc X hi v Nhn vn, i hc Quc gia H Ni, tr. 24.[11] Marc Bloch, The Historians Craft, Manchester University Press, 1954, tr. 86.[12] H Vn Tn, V mi lin h gia vn bn hc v s liu hc, in trong H Vn Tn, Mt s vn v l lun s hc, Nxb. i hc Quc gia H Ni, H Ni, 2007, tr. 209.[13] John Tosh, The Pursuit of History: Aims, Methods and new Directions in the Study of Modern History, revised third edition, 2002, tr. 86.[14] J. Topolski, Phng php lun s hc, Tp II, Nxb. i hc v Trung hc Chuyn nghip, H Ni, 1968, tr. 124-125.[15] Phm Xun Hng, Vn x l s liu hc i vi ti liu ch vit, Tp ch Nghin cu lch s, S 1, 1996. Mc d xut n khi nim ph phn phn tch v ph phn tng hp thay cho ph phn bn ngoi v ph phn bn trong mang tnh quy c, quan nim ca ng v mc ch ca khu on th nht ny khng h khc bit vi cc nh phng php lun khc: xt n cng, mc ch ca vic ph phn phn tch l nhm tr s liu v vi chnh n.[16] J. Topolski, Phng php lun s hc, Tp II, Nxb. i hc v Trung hc Chuyn nghip, H Ni, 1968, tr. 127.[17] H Vn Tn, Mt s vn v s liu hc, in trong H Vn Tn, Mt s vn l lun s hc, Nxb. i hc Quc gia H Ni, H Ni, 2007, tr. 153.[18] H Vn Tn, Mt s vn v s liu hc, in trong H Vn Tn, Mt s vn l lun s hc, Nxb. i hc Quc gia H Ni, H Ni, 2007, tr. 153.[19] John Tosh, The Pursuit of History: Aims, Methods and new Directions in the Study of Modern History, revised third edition, 2002, tr. 89.[20] Martha Howell & Walter Frevenier, From Reliable Sources: An Introduction to Historical Methods, 2002, Bn dch ca Trng i hc Khoa hc X hi v Nhn vn, i hc Quc gia H Ni, tr. 46.[21] Trc khi pht minh ra in n vo th k 15, cch thc duy nht nhn rng v ph bin ti liu vit l chp tay. Sai lm v c th din ra trong qu trnh ny bi vic c nhm, nghe nhm, vit nhm, hiu nhm ngha. Cc phng tin k thut hay cng ngh hin i nh my photocopy, my fax, bng t, qu trnh s ha ca thi i chng ta hm nay cng khng gip trnh khi nhng sai lm v thc trong qu trnh sao chp, do trn thc t cc qu trnh thng khng hon ho bi v nhng tht bi k thut khng nh liu c. Tng t, sai lm c c tm thy c trong bn chp tay ln bn in vi nhng s sa li c ch nh i vi mt vn bn gc hay nhng n lc c thc thay i ngha bng vic ct gt hay thm tht vo vn bn gc. GS. H Vn Tt a ra thm mt loi sai lm trung gian sai lm do hiu li. Xem thm H Vn Tn, Mt s vn v s liu hc, in trong H Vn Tn, Mt s vn l lun s hc, Nxb. i hc Quc gia H Ni, H Ni, 2007, tr. 162.[22] H Vn Tn cho rng thuyt ny qua p dng nhiu khi t ra my mc, hiu qu khng cao. Xem H Vn Tn, Mt s vn v s liu hc, in trong H Vn Tn, Mt s vn l lun s hc, Nxb. i hc Quc gia H Ni, H Ni, 2007, tr. 161.[23] John Tosh, The Pursuit of History: Aims, Methods and new Directions in the Study of Modern History, revised third edition, 2002, tr. 90.[24] Martha Howell & Walter Frevenier, From Reliable Sources: An Introduction to Historical Methods, 2002, Bn dch ca Trng i hc Khoa hc X hi v Nhn vn, i hc Quc gia H Ni, tr. 48.[25] Vn tht/gi ca mt ngun s liu, tuy vy, li ch mang tnh tng i: ti liu gi li l tht khi tr thnh s liu phc v mt ti c th.[26] H Vn Tn, Mt s vn v s liu hc, in trong H Vn Tn, Mt s vn l lun s hc, Nxb. i hc Quc gia H Ni, H Ni, 2007, tr. 157.[27] John Tosh, The Pursuit of History: Aims, Methods and new Directions in the Study of Modern History, revised third edition, 2002, tr. 89.[28] J. Topolski, Phng php lun s hc, Tp II, Nxb. i hc v Trung hc Chuyn nghip, H Ni, 1968, tr. 121-122.[29] Phm Xun Hng, Vn x l s liu hc i vi ti liu ch vit, Tp ch Nghin cu lch s, S 1, 1996, tr. 57-63. [30] Nguyn Th Anh, Nhp mn Phng php S hc, Si Gn, 1974, tr. 54.[31] John Tosh, The Pursuit of History: Aims, Methods and new Directions in the Study of Modern History, revised third edition, 2002, tr. 90-91.[32] Nguyn Th Anh, Nhp mn Phng php S hc, Si Gn, 1974, tr. 90.[33] Nguyn Th Anh, Nhp mn Phng php S hc, Si Gn, 1974, tr. 90.[34] John Tosh, The Pursuit of History: Aims, Methods and new Directions in the Study of Modern History, revised third edition, 2002, tr. 91.[35] John Tosh, The Pursuit of History: Aims, Methods and new Directions in the Study of Modern History, revised third edition, 2002, tr. 93.[36] Nguyn Th Anh, Nhp mn Phng php S hc, Si Gn, 1974, tr. 89.[37] John Tosh, The Pursuit of History: Aims, Methods and new Directions in the Study of Modern History, revised third edition, 2002, tr. 94.[38] Nguyn Th Anh, Nhp mn Phng php S hc, Si Gn, 1974, tr. 54-55.[39] J. Levewel trong Historyka (1815) mc d chia cc ngun lch s thnh: cc truyn thng (nhng thng tin truyn ming); nhng ngun khng c vit ra (nhng di tch cm) v nhng ngun thnh vn, song cng lu rng hai nhm u c th chuyn thnh ngun thnh vn (vit bo co, ghi li cc ngun vt cht). Dn theo J. Topolski, Phng php lun s hc, Tp II, Nxb. i hc v Trung hc Chuyn nghip, H Ni, 1968, tr. 84.[40] D. Henige, Oral Historiography, tr. 80-87. Dn theo Jan Vansina, Oral Tradition as History, First Pubished, James Currey (London) and Heinemann Kenya (Nairobi) Press, 1985, tr. 156. [41] Jan Vansina, Oral Tradition as History, First Pubished, James Currey (London) and Heinemann Kenya (Nairobi) Press, 1985, tr. 156-157.