Mostafa Eladawy MD,AFSA Basics of Echocardiography.
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Transcript of Mostafa Eladawy MD,AFSA Basics of Echocardiography.
- Slide 1
- Mostafa Eladawy MD,AFSA Basics of Echocardiography
- Slide 2
- Slide 3
- Slide 4
- Ultrasound principles
- Slide 5
- Penetration depth and resolution Factors affecting ultrasound transmission: cycle length: (wavelength [mm]) frequency: (frequency f [Hz]) Speed: (propagation velocity c [m/s]) in the respective medium The relationship of these parameters is described by the wave equation: c = f = c / f longer wavelengths penetrate further than shorter wavelengths Image resolution cannot be greater than one wavelength the higher the ultrasound frequency, the better the image resolution
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- Types of resolution Axial resolution Lateral resolution Elevational resolution
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- Modes 1-A mode 2-B mode 3-M mode 4-2D Echogenicity
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- Doppler principles Christian Doppler
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- The difference between the emitted frequency and the received frequency is called: Doppler shift (fd ) Blood flow V = fd c/2 f0 cos For practical application in Doppler echocardiography: the emitted frequency (f0) is known and the velocity of sound (c/2) is constant at 1540 m/s. Therefore, the velocity causing the Doppler shift can be calculated by: V = fd cos
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- PRF (or scale)
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- Nyquist limit Nyquist Limit = Pulse Repetition Frequency / 2
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- 1-PW 2-CW 3-CFM Angle of beam
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- Pressure or pressure gradient?
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- P = P 2 -P 1 = 4(V 2 2 V 1 2 )
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- Transducers
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- Manipulation of TEE probe
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- . The ASE/SCA 20 Views for a Comprehensive TEE Exam
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- Left Ventricle function FS = EDD-ESD EDD FAC = EDA-ESA EDA EF = EDV-ESV EDV
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- Left ventricle function Simpson mode M-mode 2D Eye balling TEI index
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- Regional wall motion
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- ME 4 chamber view
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- Trans gastric view
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- Right ventricle Size Contractility
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- Rt Atrium
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- LT atrium
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- LV filling pressure
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- Mitral valve leaflets
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- Mitral valve Stenosis 1-gradient 2-planimetry 3-pressure half time
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- Regurgitation 1-PISA 2-vena contracta 3-jet area 4-Regurgitant fraction 5-Indirect indices
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- Aortic valve Stenosis 1-gradient 2-planimetry
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- Regurgitation 1-PISA 2-jet area 3- vena contracta 4-Indirect indices
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- Tricuspid valve Stenosis Regurgitation
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- Pulmonary valve Stenosis Regurgitation
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- Pulmonary pressure
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- Pulmonary veins
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- Shunts
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- Ascending aorta and LVOT
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- Descending aorta
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- IVC and hepatic veins
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- Recent adavances 3D echo (live and offline)
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- TDI Speckle Tracking: non-Doppler, angle- independent quantification of myocardial deformation, by tracking the displacement of the speckles during the cardiac cycle, strain and the strain rate can be measured offline.
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- Recommended books 1-Practical approach to transesophageal echocardiography(Perrino) 2-Core topics in echocardiography (Rob Fenneck) 3-Atlas of multiplane transesophageal echocardiography (Martin Dunitz) 4-transesophageal echocardiography in anesthesia and intensive care (BMJ) 5-Pocket atlas of echocardiography (Thieme) 5-Essential echocardiography (Humana press)
- Slide 45
- Questions??