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Lecture21_22_MOSFET_AmplIndian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Year 2018
Course Instructor: Shree Prakash Tiwari
Email: [email protected]
Course related documents will be uploaded on http://home.iitj.ac.in/~sptiwari/EE314/
1
Note: The information provided in the slides are taken form text books for microelectronics (including Sedra & Smith, B. Razavi), and various other resources from internet, for teaching/academic use only
MOSFETs as Current Sources
• A MOSFET behaves as a current source when it is operating in the saturation region.
• An NMOSFET draws current from a point to ground (“sinksAn NMOSFET draws current from a point to ground ( sinks current”), whereas a PMOSFET draws current from VDD to a point (“sources current”).
10/2/2018
2
Amplifier circuit Smallsignal analysis circuit for determining voltage gain, Av
Smallsignal analysis circuit for determining output resistance R
Dout
in
DDoxnDmv
RR
R
CommonSource Stage: 0
• Channellength modulation results in reduced smallsignal voltage gain and amplifier output resistance.
Small signal analysis circuit Small signal analysis circuit forSmallsignal analysis circuit for determining voltage gain, Av
Smallsignal analysis circuit for determining output resistance, Rout
10/2/2018
3
CS Gain Variation with L • An ideal current source has infinite smallsignal resistance.
The largest Av is achieved with a current source as the load.
• Since is inversely proportional to L, Av increases with L.
D
oxn
D
Doxn
CS Stage with CurrentSource Load
• Recall that a PMOSFET can be used as a current source from VDD.
Use a PMOSFET as a load of an NMOSFET CS amplifier.
21
211
PMOS CS Stage with NMOS Load
• An NMOSFET can be used as the load for a PMOSFET CS amplifier.
21
212
Amplifier circuit Smallsignal analysis circuit including MOSFET output resistances
:0
:0
Av is lower, but it is less dependent on process parameters n and Cox and drain current (ID).
2
1
:0
21
Amplifier circuit Smallsignal analysis circuit for determining voltage gain, Av
S m
D v
R g
R A
10/2/2018
6
Example
21
11
mm
• Degeneration boosts the output impedance:
Smallsignal analysis circuit for determining output resistance, Rout
SX Riv 1
SXmX
SXmXmX
Rigi
Rigivgi
• For low signal frequencies, the gate conducts no current.
Gate resistance does not affect the gain or I/O impedances.
10/2/2018
8
1 1
o m
Smallsignal analysis circuit Smallsignal analysis circuit
• Note that the smallsignal model of a PMOSFET is identical to that of an NMOSFET
10/2/2018
9
• Looking into the drain, the impedance is if th t
• Looking into the gate, the impedance is i fi it ( )
• Looking into the source, the impedance is 1/gm i ll l ith ifro if the gate
and source are (ac) grounded.
infinite (∞). in parallel with ro if the gate and drain are (ac) grounded.
CommonGate Amplifier Stage
• An increase in Vin decreases VGS and hence decreases ID.
The voltage drop across RD decreases Vout increases
The small signal voltage gain (A ) is positiveThe smallsignal voltage gain (Av) is positive.
Dmv RgA
Operation in Saturation Region
• For M1 to operate in saturation, Vout cannot fall below VbVTH.
Tradeoff between headroom and voltage gain.
I/O Impedances of CG Stage ( = 0) Smallsignal analysis circuit for
determining output resistance, Rout
Dout RR m
in g R
Smallsignal equivalent
For = 0:
For 0:
• The output impedance of a CG stage with source resistance is identical to that of CS stage with degeneration.
S ll i l l i i i f
CG Stage with Source Resistance
Smallsignal analysis circuit for determining output resistance, Rout
OSOmSSmOout rRrgRRgrR 11
• R1 and R2 establish the gate bias voltage.
• R3 provides a path for the bias current of M1 to flow.
Dm
• For low signal frequencies, the gate conducts no current.
Gate resistance does not affect the gain or I/O impedances.
10/2/2018
13
11 1 RR
|| 1 LO
21
1
21
|| 1
Rout of Source Follower
• The output impedance of a source follower is relatively low, whereas the input impedance is infinite (at low frequencies); thus, it is useful as a voltage buffer., g
LLOout R g
mm gg
Source Follower with Biasing
• RG sets the gate voltage to VDD; RS sets the drain current. (Solve the quadratic equation to obtain the value of ID.)
2 2 1
SupplyIndependent Biasing
• If Rs is replaced by a current source, the drain current ID becomes independent of the supply voltage VDD.
10/2/2018
16
Review: MOSFET Amplifier Design • A MOSFET amplifier circuit should be designed to
1. ensure that the MOSFET operates in the saturation region,
2 allow the desired level of DC current to flow and2. allow the desired level of DC current to flow, and
3. couple to a smallsignal input source and to an output “load”.
Proper “DC biasing” is required! (DC analysis using largesignal MOSFET model)
• Key amplifier parameters: (AC analysis using smallsignal MOSFET model)(AC analysis using smallsignal MOSFET model) – Voltage gain Av vout/vin – Input resistance Rin resistance seen between the input node
and ground (with output terminal floating) – Output resistance Rout resistance seen between the output
node and ground (with input terminal grounded)
MOSFET Models
• The largesignal model is used to determine the DC operating point (VGS, VDS, ID) of the MOSFET.
• The smallsignal model is used to determine how the output responds to an input signaloutput responds to an input signal.
10/2/2018
17
• Large Rin
• Rout RD
• Large Rin – determined by
• Small Rout decreased by RS
• r decreases A &• ro decreases Av & Rout but impedance seen looking into the drain can be “boosted” by source degeneration
but impedance seen looking into the drain can be “boosted” by source degeneration
ro decreases Av & Rout
CS Stage Example 1
• M1 is the amplifying device; M2 and M3 serve as the load.
Equivalent circuit for smallsignal analysis, showing resistances connected to the drain
123 3
123 3
CS Stage Example 2
• M1 is the amplifying device; M3 serves as a source (degeneration) resistance; M2 serves as the load.
E i l t i it f ll i l l iEquivalent circuit for smallsignal analysis
01
3
31
2
|| 11
O
mm
10/2/2018
20
CS Stage vs. CG Stage • With the input signal applied at different locations, these circuits
behave differently, although they are identical in other aspects.
Common source amplifier Common gate amplifierCommon source amplifier Common gate amplifier
02
01
Composite Stage Example 1
• By replacing M1 and the current source with a Thevenin equivalent circuit, and recognizing the right side as a CG stage, the voltage gain can be easily obtained. g g y
12
11
mm
10/2/2018
21
Composite Stage Example 2 • This example shows that by probing different nodes in a circuit,
different output signals can be obtained.
• Vout1 is a result of M1 acting as a source follower, whereas Vout2out1 1 g , out2
is a result of M1 acting as a CS stage with degeneration.
2 21
2 21
ShortCircuit Transconductance
• The shortcircuit transconductance is a measure of the strength of a circuit in converting an input voltage signal into an output current signal:p g
0
outvin
i G
• The voltage gain of a linear circuit is (Rout is the output resistance of the circuit)
outmv RGA
Course Instructor: Shree Prakash Tiwari
Email: [email protected]
Course related documents will be uploaded on http://home.iitj.ac.in/~sptiwari/EE314/
1
Note: The information provided in the slides are taken form text books for microelectronics (including Sedra & Smith, B. Razavi), and various other resources from internet, for teaching/academic use only
MOSFETs as Current Sources
• A MOSFET behaves as a current source when it is operating in the saturation region.
• An NMOSFET draws current from a point to ground (“sinksAn NMOSFET draws current from a point to ground ( sinks current”), whereas a PMOSFET draws current from VDD to a point (“sources current”).
10/2/2018
2
Amplifier circuit Smallsignal analysis circuit for determining voltage gain, Av
Smallsignal analysis circuit for determining output resistance R
Dout
in
DDoxnDmv
RR
R
CommonSource Stage: 0
• Channellength modulation results in reduced smallsignal voltage gain and amplifier output resistance.
Small signal analysis circuit Small signal analysis circuit forSmallsignal analysis circuit for determining voltage gain, Av
Smallsignal analysis circuit for determining output resistance, Rout
10/2/2018
3
CS Gain Variation with L • An ideal current source has infinite smallsignal resistance.
The largest Av is achieved with a current source as the load.
• Since is inversely proportional to L, Av increases with L.
D
oxn
D
Doxn
CS Stage with CurrentSource Load
• Recall that a PMOSFET can be used as a current source from VDD.
Use a PMOSFET as a load of an NMOSFET CS amplifier.
21
211
PMOS CS Stage with NMOS Load
• An NMOSFET can be used as the load for a PMOSFET CS amplifier.
21
212
Amplifier circuit Smallsignal analysis circuit including MOSFET output resistances
:0
:0
Av is lower, but it is less dependent on process parameters n and Cox and drain current (ID).
2
1
:0
21
Amplifier circuit Smallsignal analysis circuit for determining voltage gain, Av
S m
D v
R g
R A
10/2/2018
6
Example
21
11
mm
• Degeneration boosts the output impedance:
Smallsignal analysis circuit for determining output resistance, Rout
SX Riv 1
SXmX
SXmXmX
Rigi
Rigivgi
• For low signal frequencies, the gate conducts no current.
Gate resistance does not affect the gain or I/O impedances.
10/2/2018
8
1 1
o m
Smallsignal analysis circuit Smallsignal analysis circuit
• Note that the smallsignal model of a PMOSFET is identical to that of an NMOSFET
10/2/2018
9
• Looking into the drain, the impedance is if th t
• Looking into the gate, the impedance is i fi it ( )
• Looking into the source, the impedance is 1/gm i ll l ith ifro if the gate
and source are (ac) grounded.
infinite (∞). in parallel with ro if the gate and drain are (ac) grounded.
CommonGate Amplifier Stage
• An increase in Vin decreases VGS and hence decreases ID.
The voltage drop across RD decreases Vout increases
The small signal voltage gain (A ) is positiveThe smallsignal voltage gain (Av) is positive.
Dmv RgA
Operation in Saturation Region
• For M1 to operate in saturation, Vout cannot fall below VbVTH.
Tradeoff between headroom and voltage gain.
I/O Impedances of CG Stage ( = 0) Smallsignal analysis circuit for
determining output resistance, Rout
Dout RR m
in g R
Smallsignal equivalent
For = 0:
For 0:
• The output impedance of a CG stage with source resistance is identical to that of CS stage with degeneration.
S ll i l l i i i f
CG Stage with Source Resistance
Smallsignal analysis circuit for determining output resistance, Rout
OSOmSSmOout rRrgRRgrR 11
• R1 and R2 establish the gate bias voltage.
• R3 provides a path for the bias current of M1 to flow.
Dm
• For low signal frequencies, the gate conducts no current.
Gate resistance does not affect the gain or I/O impedances.
10/2/2018
13
11 1 RR
|| 1 LO
21
1
21
|| 1
Rout of Source Follower
• The output impedance of a source follower is relatively low, whereas the input impedance is infinite (at low frequencies); thus, it is useful as a voltage buffer., g
LLOout R g
mm gg
Source Follower with Biasing
• RG sets the gate voltage to VDD; RS sets the drain current. (Solve the quadratic equation to obtain the value of ID.)
2 2 1
SupplyIndependent Biasing
• If Rs is replaced by a current source, the drain current ID becomes independent of the supply voltage VDD.
10/2/2018
16
Review: MOSFET Amplifier Design • A MOSFET amplifier circuit should be designed to
1. ensure that the MOSFET operates in the saturation region,
2 allow the desired level of DC current to flow and2. allow the desired level of DC current to flow, and
3. couple to a smallsignal input source and to an output “load”.
Proper “DC biasing” is required! (DC analysis using largesignal MOSFET model)
• Key amplifier parameters: (AC analysis using smallsignal MOSFET model)(AC analysis using smallsignal MOSFET model) – Voltage gain Av vout/vin – Input resistance Rin resistance seen between the input node
and ground (with output terminal floating) – Output resistance Rout resistance seen between the output
node and ground (with input terminal grounded)
MOSFET Models
• The largesignal model is used to determine the DC operating point (VGS, VDS, ID) of the MOSFET.
• The smallsignal model is used to determine how the output responds to an input signaloutput responds to an input signal.
10/2/2018
17
• Large Rin
• Rout RD
• Large Rin – determined by
• Small Rout decreased by RS
• r decreases A &• ro decreases Av & Rout but impedance seen looking into the drain can be “boosted” by source degeneration
but impedance seen looking into the drain can be “boosted” by source degeneration
ro decreases Av & Rout
CS Stage Example 1
• M1 is the amplifying device; M2 and M3 serve as the load.
Equivalent circuit for smallsignal analysis, showing resistances connected to the drain
123 3
123 3
CS Stage Example 2
• M1 is the amplifying device; M3 serves as a source (degeneration) resistance; M2 serves as the load.
E i l t i it f ll i l l iEquivalent circuit for smallsignal analysis
01
3
31
2
|| 11
O
mm
10/2/2018
20
CS Stage vs. CG Stage • With the input signal applied at different locations, these circuits
behave differently, although they are identical in other aspects.
Common source amplifier Common gate amplifierCommon source amplifier Common gate amplifier
02
01
Composite Stage Example 1
• By replacing M1 and the current source with a Thevenin equivalent circuit, and recognizing the right side as a CG stage, the voltage gain can be easily obtained. g g y
12
11
mm
10/2/2018
21
Composite Stage Example 2 • This example shows that by probing different nodes in a circuit,
different output signals can be obtained.
• Vout1 is a result of M1 acting as a source follower, whereas Vout2out1 1 g , out2
is a result of M1 acting as a CS stage with degeneration.
2 21
2 21
ShortCircuit Transconductance
• The shortcircuit transconductance is a measure of the strength of a circuit in converting an input voltage signal into an output current signal:p g
0
outvin
i G
• The voltage gain of a linear circuit is (Rout is the output resistance of the circuit)
outmv RGA