1.MEASUREMENTS OF MORTALITY

2. Easy to obtain. Obtained information is accurate Provides starting point for many epidemiological studies-major resource for epidemiologist. 3. 2 parts Part 1-immediate cause, underlying cause which started the whole trend of events leading to death. Part2-any significant associated disease that contributed to the death but did not directly lead to it. 4. Defined as Disease or injury that initiated the train ofmorbid events leading directly to death. Circumstancesof the accident or violence which produced the fatal injury. 5. CAUSE OF DEATHApproximateintervalbetweenonset &death1.Immediate AcauseUnderlyingBcause C2.Comorbidconditions 6. Setof questions are added to the basic structure Inorder to improve the quality of maternal mortality and infant mortality data. To provide method of collecting data on deaths during pregnancy and infancy. 7. Incomplete reporting of deaths Lack of accuracy-age , cause of death-lack of diagnostic evidence , inexperience of the certifying doctor , absence of postmortem. Lack of uniformity-hampers national and international comparability 8. Choosinga single cause of death-onlyunderlying cause of death is recorded insome countries. Certain risk factors anddiseases that contribute to death are notrecorded. Changing coding systems and diagnosticmethods affect the validity. Diseases with low fatality 9. Explainingtrends in overall mortality. Indicating priorities for health action andresource allocation. Designing intervention programs. Assessment of public health problems andprograms. Give important clues for epidemiologicalresearch. 10. MEASURES OFMORTALITYCrude death rateSpecific death rateCase fatality rateProportional mortality rateSurvival rateAdjusted or standardised rate 11. The no. of deaths (from all causes) per1000 estimated mid-year population ,ina given place.No. of deaths during the year*1000Mid year population 12. Summarises population composition &are specific death ratesLack comparabilty if populations differ inage composition 13. pop CDR ASDR per 1000 populationulat0-1 1-4 5-7 8-44 45- 65+ion 64A 15.2 13.5 0.6 0.4 1.5 10.7 59.7B 9.922.6 1 0.5 3.6 18.8 61.1 14. Permits comparison between 2 groupsin the populationNo. of deaths in group the during the year *1000Mid year population 15. Age specific death rateDisease specific death rate 16. Specific death rate in age group 15-20yrs = No. of deaths in age group 15- 20yrs the during the year*1000 Mid year population 17. Specific death rate due to tuberculosis = No. of deaths due to tuberculosisthe during the year *1000 Mid year population 18. Indicate killing power if a diseaseEg:-a/c infection like choleraVariable with diff epidemics of samedisease-related to virulence No. of deaths due to the particular disease*100 Total no. of cases of thesame disease 19. Number of deaths due to a particularcause or in a specific age group per100(or1000) deaths...Used for broad d/s groups or majorpublic health problemsDoes not indicate risk of dying fromthe disease 20. Proportional mortality rate due to TB = No. of deaths due to tuberculosisthe during the year *100Total no. of deaths during the year 21. Proportion of survivers in a groupstudied and followed over a period oftimeUsually 5year survival takenPrognosis of disease indicated eg:-cancerEfficiency of treatment modality 22. Total no. of patients alive after 5years*100Total no. of patients diagnosed or treated 23. Direct standardisationIndirect standardisation SMR OTHERS 24. Standard population-no in each age &sex known Find ASDR of the population to beevaluated Apply to standard population Calculate total expected deaths Divide with the total of standardpopulation 25. STANDARDIZED MORTALITY RATIOSimple & more usefulRisk of mortality in occupation Observed deaths *100 Expected deaths