Morphology - UZH · Syntagmatic versus paradigmatic relations in morphology Paradigmatic relations:...

Morphology

Final summary

FS 2014

Rik van Gijn

Part I

Words

Lexeme Phonological word

Grammatical word

Words

Types of words

Words

Grammatical words (units of syntax)

1. A word can stand alone, part of a word cannot

4. A word can be referred to by an anaphor, part of a word cannot

3. Other elements can come in between two words, not between parts

of words

2. Syntactic ordering principles can apply to words, but not to parts of

words

Words form relatively tight-knit bundles of information, to which

syntactic rules have no access.

Words

Phonological word (unit of phonology)

Languages often have a number of phonological rules and principles that tend

to converge on a certain domain which we might call a phonological word. This

phonological word often but not necessarily coincides with the grammatical

word, but there needs to be a systematic mapping between the two.

Some common phonological operations that can apply to p-words. The p-word

may be the domain for

- Stress

- Tone

- Minimal word requirements

- Phonological rules

- Assimilation

- Dissimilation

- Lenition

- Fortition

- Vowel harmony

Part II

Morphemes

Morphemes: form and meaning

Morpheme

Morpheme

Smallest unit of language with its own meaning

Morpheme

Form

Meaning

Morpheme

Highly idealized picture!

Morphemes: form and meaning

Morpheme

Morpheme


Form

Meaning

Morpheme

concrete abstract

concrete abstract

consistent variable

consistent variable

Morphemes: form

Morpheme

Morpheme


Form

Meaning

Morpheme

concrete abstract

Prefix Suffix Circumfix Infix Root

Ablaut Cons mutation Subtraction Conversion Reduplication

morphemes Morphological operations/ processes

Morphemes: form

Parameter 1: position

Position

Describes the relative position of a marker with respect to the root.

Morpheme

Values

PRAE the marker appears before the root

POST the marker appears after the root

IN the marker and the root are pronounced simultaneously

SIMUL a combination of the above

Morphemes: form

Morpheme

Morpheme


Form

Meaning

Morpheme

consistent variable

concrete abstract

Morphemes: form

Exceptions to the pattern one form one meaning

Form

Form

Meaning

Morpheme Allomorphy

Morphemes: form/meaning

How do we decide between single and different morpheme?

Regularity is an important criterion for recognizing a morpheme

MEANING

ACROSS CONTEXTS

FORM

ACROSS CONTEXTS

Regular Irregular

Regular Single morpheme Vague or variable

semantics

Irregular Allomorphy Different morphemes

Morphemes: form

Allomorphy

Allomorphs

Lexically/categorically conditioned

Phonologically conditioned

Transparently related

Non-transparently related

Morphemes: form

Allomorphy

Allomorphs





Different allomorphs are associated with different

lexical items and/or grammatical categories Different allomorphs are associated with

phonological contexts

The allomorphs cannot be related to each other on the basis of synchronic phonological rules

The allomorphs can be related to each other on the basis of synchronic

phonological rules

Morphemes: form

Allomorphy

Allomorphs





The allomorphs cannot be related to each other on the basis of synchronic phonological rules

The allomorphs can be related to each other on the basis of synchronic

phonological rules

Parameter 2: fusion

Allomorphs





Morphemes: form

Morphemes: form

Parameter 2: fusion

Some common phonological operations that can apply to p-words. The p-word

may be the domain for

- Stress

- Tone

- Minimal word requirements

- Phonological rules

- Assimilation

- Dissimilation

- Lenition

- Fortition

- Vowel harmony

Allomorphy

Parameter 2: fusion

Fusion: the degree of tightness with which a morpheme/formative is

integrated with its host.

Three basic values:

ISOLATING No p-word level processes between morpheme and

base (p-word < g-word)

CONCATENATIVE P-word level processes between base and morpheme,

but morpheme can be separated from base.

NONLINEAR Simultaneous expression of morphological process

and base, not analyzable in any linear string (direct

modification of the base)

Morphemes: form

Morphemes: form

Parameter 3: flexivity

Allomorphs





Morphemes: form


Flexivity

Describes whether a formative/morphome has lexically determined

(item-based) allomorphs (i.e. allomorphs that cannot be explained by

general phonological principles).

Morpheme

Values

FLEXIVE There is variation in marking one and the same

category depending on the lexical context

NONFLEXIVE Marking is invariant across lexical contexts (or

phonologically fully predictable)

Morphemes: form


1. Presence of flexivity

Can you rule out general phonological explanations for the conditioning

and the phonetic form of the allomorphs?

2. Locus of flexivity

Is flexivity located in the stem or in the affix (or perhaps both?)

3. Conditioning of flexivity

Is flexivity arbitrarily or predictably conditioned?

If predictable, is it lexically or categorically conditioned?

If lexically conditioned, what is the conditioning factor?

Morphemes: form


1. Presence of flexivity

Can you rule out general phonological explanations for the conditioning

and the phonetic form of the allomorphs?

2. Locus of flexivity

Is flexivity located in the stem or in the affix (or perhaps both?)

3. Conditioning of flexivity

Is flexivity arbitrarily or predictably conditioned?

If predictable, is it lexically or categorically conditioned?

If lexically conditioned, what is the conditioning factor?

Predictable lexical flexivity: semantics (e.g. agentivity, etymology)

or phonology (e.g. nr. of syllables)

Morphemes: meaning

Morpheme

Morpheme


Form

Meaning

Morpheme

concrete abstract

consistent variable

Morphemes: meaning


Regularity is an important criterion for recognizing a morpheme

MEANING

ACROSS CONTEXTS

FORM

ACROSS CONTEXTS

Regular Irregular

Regular Single morpheme Vague or variable

semantics

Irregular Allomorphy Different morphemes

Morphemes: meaning


Some ingredients of regularity of morphemes

(apart from phonetic form)

1. Consistency of meaning across contexts

2. Consistency of resulting category

3. Consistency of base category

4. Consistency of the range of allomorphs

5. Consistency of effects on the base

6. Potentiation

Morphemes: meaning

Parameter 4: exponence

Exponence

The degree to which different categories are grouped together in

single, indivisable morphemes

Values

SEPARATIVE One meaning per morpheme

CUMULATIVE More than one meaning per morpheme

Morphemes: meaning

Cumulative exponence

Exceptions to the pattern one form one meaning

Form

Meaning

Meaning

Morph

Spanish (Romance, IE)

habl-ó

speak-3SG.PAST.PERF.IND

‘He spoke.’

Form Meaning

1 >1

Morphemes: affixes and clitics

Affixes versus clitics

Form

Meaning

Affix HOST: (subset of)

lexical class -

Phonological integration


Affixes versus clitics

Form

Meaning

Clitic HOST:

variable/syntactic =

Phonological integration

Clitics have less selection restriction because of their syntactic behavior.


Typological parameters in the study of clitics

Domain

The linguistic

domain wrt which

a clitic is placed

Placement Host

Examples:

clausal domain

nominal domain

verbal domain

The particular

host that a clitic

attaches to

a lexical item

(e.g. first word,

focused word)

a syntactic

constituent

(e.g. NP VP, first

constituent)

Principles of

placement

Flexible (floating)

Fixed (second

position, final

position)

Position

The position wrt

the host

Prae

Post

(In)

(Simul)

Part III

Constructions

Structures: Templates

What is a template?

An abstract specification of the linear arrangement of subconstituents

of some larger constituent (what goes where?), [independent of specific

semantic, syntactic, or phonlogical considerations.]

Templates

A template has slots or positions,

where (groups of) subconstituents can

be positioned.

The basic principle of a slot is that the subconstituents that can go in

that slot cannot occur at the same time, they are in paradigmatic

opposition to each other.

Structures I: Templates

Hierarchy in morphology

Morphologists usually do not consider complex words to be just a linear

string of morphemes. A comparison to the structure of an onion is often

made.

un happy ness + +

Selection restriction un- attaches to adjectives (and some verbs)

Selection restriction ness- attaches to adjectives

A linear analysis potentially ignores certain generalizations, such as

selection restrictions of affixes.

Structures I: Templates

Hierarchy in morphology

These kinds of non-linear relations are hierarchical in nature, and can

be represented by tree structures

un happy ness

A

A

N

Lieber, Rochelle (2009) Introducing morphology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 37

Morphological head

Structures: Templates

Proposed factors in shaping affix ordering principles

Semantic scope

If affix p has scope over affix q, it is external with respect to affix q.

(external meaning further away from the root)

Structures: Compounds

Types of compounds

Lieber 2009


Interfixes

Interfixes

Compounds may have an additional type of affix, called an interfix.

Interfixes come in between two lexemes of a compound, and is also

called a linking element.

Interfixes are often frozen inflections.


Criteria

Unique collocations (not for every language or CMP type)

Interfix (not for every language or CMP type)

Idiomaticity (but neither sufficient nor necessary)

Dependent noun is generic rather than referential (not sufficient)

Compounds versus phrases

Additional criteria In general terms, compounds exhibit greater phonological, morphological and

syntactic cohesion than phrases. Phonological cohesion

Morphological cohesion

Syntactic cohesion (anaphoric reference)

Structures: Derivation/Inflection

Derivation Inflection

Provides new

lexemes

Provides forms

of lexemes

Lexicon Syntax


Criteria for the distinction between derivation and inflection

1. Meaning

2. Change of category

3. Regularity of meaning

4. Productivity

5. Position in the template

6. Obligatoriness

7. Relevance to syntax


Inflection versus derivation

Inherent versus contextual inflection

Inherent inflection: inflection that is relevant to the syntax, but which conveys

some independent information as well (e.g. tense, aspect, number on nouns,

some peripheral case markers)

Contextual inflection: required by the syntactic context (government and

agreement)


Parameter 5: locus of marking

Where does contextual inflectional information appear?

head-marking: on the

head

dependent-marking:

on the dependent

double marking: on

both

no marking: there is

no contextual

inflection for the

relation

Structures: Paradigms

Syntagmatic relations: relations between units that (potentially) follow

each other in speech

Syntagmatic versus paradigmatic relations in morphology

Paradigmatic relations: relations between units that could (potentially)

occur in the same slot and are mutually exclusive

house s work s

ø ø

ed

ing

syntagmatic dimension

paradigmatic dimension

Structures: Paradigms

Notions related to paradigms

An inflection class is a set of lexemes that exhibit the same inflectional pattern.

Different inflectional classes -> allomorphy

Syncretism is systematic homonymy within an inflectional paradigm

A lexeme is defective when it lacks the inflectional forms that other lexemes do have so

that that particular feature value cannot be expressed for the defective lexeme.

Periphrasis: a well-established alternative non-morphological pattern that ‘fills’ the empty

cells of an inflectional paradigm.

A deponent lexeme takes the “wrong” inflectional forms.

Eidemic resonance is the meaningless sound resonation that characterizes the

inflectional forms in some paradigms

Morphology - UZH · Syntagmatic versus paradigmatic relations in morphology Paradigmatic relations:...

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