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Transcript of Morphology Morphological analysis
MorphologyMorphologyMorphological analysisMorphological analysis
Linguistics 200Linguistics 200
Spring 2006Spring 2006
Announcements and remindersAnnouncements and reminders
Quiz about morphology now open, closes Quiz about morphology now open, closes Fri noonFri noon
Phonology homework due Thursday at Phonology homework due Thursday at beginning of section. Work from .pdf only beginning of section. Work from .pdf only from now on.from now on.
Overview of morphology unitOverview of morphology unit
General concepts, morphological analysis General concepts, morphological analysis (today)(today)
Part of speech (a.k.a. grammatical category, Part of speech (a.k.a. grammatical category, lexical category) (Fri)lexical category) (Fri)
Different types of morphology (Mon)Different types of morphology (Mon)
Morphological competenceMorphological competence
• What native speakers know about well-formed wordsWhat native speakers know about well-formed words• Understand meaning of words, including novel onesUnderstand meaning of words, including novel ones
• ““Prevent Los Angelization Now” (PLAN)Prevent Los Angelization Now” (PLAN)
San Diego Earth Times Apr 2000
The drive to Los Angelization The drive to Los Angelization by Carolyn Chaseby Carolyn Chase
OOver the years, we've heard a lot about "Los ver the years, we've heard a lot about "Los Angelization." The last round of managed growth Angelization." The last round of managed growth sentiment in San Diego was epitomized in the 80s sentiment in San Diego was epitomized in the 80s by PLAN (Prevent Los Angelization Now). While by PLAN (Prevent Los Angelization Now). While PLAN fizzled, the use of "Los Angelization" still PLAN fizzled, the use of "Los Angelization" still resonates with San Diegans as an epithet…resonates with San Diegans as an epithet…
Morphological competenceMorphological competence
• Includes:Includes:• Understanding properties of wordsUnderstanding properties of words
• appropriate context for use (part of speech)appropriate context for use (part of speech)• ‘‘we’ve heard about Los Angelization’we’ve heard about Los Angelization’• The PLAN group wants to stop Los The PLAN group wants to stop Los
Angelization of this area.Angelization of this area.• *Developers want to Los Angelization this area.*Developers want to Los Angelization this area.
(Developers want to Los Angelize this area.)(Developers want to Los Angelize this area.)
Another new wordAnother new word
• Sequim [skwSequim [skwm]m]• Sign as you drive out Sign as you drive out
of townof town• ““Thanks for Thanks for
Sequimming”Sequimming”
New usage of a wordNew usage of a word
• ““Kinko’s, the new way to office”Kinko’s, the new way to office”• advertising slogan used around 1996advertising slogan used around 1996
• "An integral part of Kinko's marketing strategy, The "An integral part of Kinko's marketing strategy, The new way to officenew way to officeTMTM, calls for more aggressive use , calls for more aggressive use of computer and digital technologies to link of computer and digital technologies to link customers whenever and wherever they are customers whenever and wherever they are conducting business," said Dan Frederickson, conducting business," said Dan Frederickson, Kinko's President…Kinko's President…
Reaction to “to office”Reaction to “to office”
Re: "The new way to 'office'"???Re: "The new way to 'office'"??? -------------------- ORIGINAL MESSAGE TEXT ---------------------------------------- ORIGINAL MESSAGE TEXT --------------------
Have any of you noticed the new Kinko's ad slogan -- "The new way to Have any of you noticed the new Kinko's ad slogan -- "The new way to office"?office"?
"Office" as a verb? I guess it's just an advertising thing, and it did"Office" as a verb? I guess it's just an advertising thing, and it didcatch my attention. I'm generally in favor of verbizing nouns where acatch my attention. I'm generally in favor of verbizing nouns where auseful purpose is served, and I am part of their "small office, homeuseful purpose is served, and I am part of their "small office, homeoffice" target market.office" target market.
But, this new verb they are proposing sounds so odd. I suppose you couldBut, this new verb they are proposing sounds so odd. I suppose you couldargue that it is specific to white-collar work, while the verb "work" isargue that it is specific to white-collar work, while the verb "work" isnon-specific.non-specific.
-------------------- END OF ORIGINAL MESSAGE –-------------------- END OF ORIGINAL MESSAGE – But what does "office" as a verb mean? Does it mean "to photocopy But what does "office" as a verb mean? Does it mean "to photocopy
stuff?"stuff?"Maybe "send memos and letters?" If using a noun as a verb is just anMaybe "send memos and letters?" If using a noun as a verb is just aninventive way to get a point across, I might not squirm too much. Butinventive way to get a point across, I might not squirm too much. Butthat! "The new way to office" doesn't mean a darn thing to methat! "The new way to office" doesn't mean a darn thing to me
To be honest, I really didn't have a problem understanding what this To be honest, I really didn't have a problem understanding what this means...ormeans...orat least what I think it means.at least what I think it means.
I take it that "to office" is to do the things that I'd do at my company office.I take it that "to office" is to do the things that I'd do at my company office.
To use Kinko's for the things that I know they do is to use them forTo use Kinko's for the things that I know they do is to use them forphotocopying, faxing, scanning, DTP, word processing, sending and receivingphotocopying, faxing, scanning, DTP, word processing, sending and receivingmail and packages, direct mail programs, mailing list maintenance, etc.mail and packages, direct mail programs, mailing list maintenance, etc.
It's kind of a takeoff on the verb to work. However, "to office" would meanIt's kind of a takeoff on the verb to work. However, "to office" would meanonly the type of work that you would perform in an office environment asonly the type of work that you would perform in an office environment asopposed to a factory or manufacturing setting.opposed to a factory or manufacturing setting.
I MAY have a little more understanding of the concept than some since exceptI MAY have a little more understanding of the concept than some since exceptfor my current situation, I worked in home offices for more than 10 years...andfor my current situation, I worked in home offices for more than 10 years...andthat's the target audience. If you've (and I'm not refering to you as "you",that's the target audience. If you've (and I'm not refering to you as "you",but to the collective you) never used a home office, then you aren't going tobut to the collective you) never used a home office, then you aren't going touse them as much as home office users would, so they don't care if you knowuse them as much as home office users would, so they don't care if you knowwhat they are talking about or agree with their terminology.what they are talking about or agree with their terminology.
Besides..it's advertising. The goal is not to use correct terminology. TheBesides..it's advertising. The goal is not to use correct terminology. Thegoal is to use terminology that gets the point across. The goal is to have yougoal is to use terminology that gets the point across. The goal is to have youremember the name and discuss it with others.remember the name and discuss it with others.
They've succeded...no?They've succeded...no?
Morphology is about words…Morphology is about words…• But what’s a word?But what’s a word?• Problems with white space definitionProblems with white space definition
• Inconsistency in languages with writing systemsInconsistency in languages with writing systems• Variable spelling of compounds in (e.g.) EnglishVariable spelling of compounds in (e.g.) English
• feedbackfeedback• road rageroad rage• time-depthtime-depth
• Not a possible test in languages without writing systemsNot a possible test in languages without writing systems
• Fortunately, there are other tests for what is a wordFortunately, there are other tests for what is a word• A syntactic test. (Some) words can be an answer to question: A syntactic test. (Some) words can be an answer to question:
• what did we just witness? what did we just witness? road rage road rage• what do I need most right now?what do I need most right now? feedback feedback• what is the term in historical linguistics for estimated time from what is the term in historical linguistics for estimated time from
modern languages to ancestor language?modern languages to ancestor language? time-depth time-depth
Words vs. morphemesWords vs. morphemes
• Morpheme: largest form (sound, gesture) Morpheme: largest form (sound, gesture) associated with a particular associated with a particular meaning [fl[flwrwr] ]
Examples of morphemes (English)Examples of morphemes (English)
pausepause 1 morpheme: 1 morpheme: pausepause
pawspaws 2 morphemes: 2 morphemes: paw, -spaw, -spaw – pawspaw – pawstroop – troopstroop – troopsjudge – judgesjudge – judges etc.etc.
Caveat: morphemes vs. syllablesCaveat: morphemes vs. syllables
Morphemes can be identified from comparison of Morphemes can be identified from comparison of sets of words, not from inherent phonological shape sets of words, not from inherent phonological shape or lengthor length
Ch. 7: “Words are composed of one or more Ch. 7: “Words are composed of one or more syllables.”syllables.”
What’s a syllable anyway?What’s a syllable anyway? An abstract phonological unit consisting of a vowel (or An abstract phonological unit consisting of a vowel (or
segment functioning as a vowel) and perhaps one or segment functioning as a vowel) and perhaps one or more consonantsmore consonants
Count number of syllables in a word by counting vowels Count number of syllables in a word by counting vowels (or segments functioning as vowels)(or segments functioning as vowels)
Morpheme Morpheme syllable syllable
transcribed # morphemes # syllables
pawpaw [p[p]] 11 11
parpar [p[pr]r] 11 11
pausepause [p[pz]z] 11 11
pawspaws [p[pz]z] 2 (paw, -s)2 (paw, -s) 11
pawerpawer [p[prr]] 2 (paw, -er)2 (paw, -er) 22
cf. write, writercf. write, writer
think, thinkerthink, thinker
pause, pauserpause, pauser
How many morphemes are there in How many morphemes are there in ‘to Sequim’?‘to Sequim’?
one
two
thre
e fo
ur
32%
0%
8%
59%1.1. oneone
2.2. twotwo
3.3. threethree
4.4. fourfour
Free vs. bound morphemesFree vs. bound morphemes
free:free: can stand alone as word can stand alone as word certain, able, carton, finch, pinch, sycamorecertain, able, carton, finch, pinch, sycamore
bound:bound: must be attached to some other must be attached to some other morpheme to form a wordmorpheme to form a word representation includes hyphenrepresentation includes hyphen some bound morphemes in Englishsome bound morphemes in English
-s, -es-s, -es (-/z/) plural (-/z/) plural -ize-ize (-/ (-/jz/) ‘to cause to become’jz/) ‘to cause to become’ un-un- (/ (/n/-) negativen/-) negative
In In Los AngelizationLos Angelization
-atio
n is a
free
morp
...
-atio
n is a
bound
mo...
Los
Angele
s is
a b
ou..
2% 0%
98%1.1. -ation is a free -ation is a free morpheme.morpheme.
2.2. -ation is a bound -ation is a bound morpheme.morpheme.
3.3. Los Angeles is a Los Angeles is a bound morpheme.bound morpheme.
Root vs. affix morphemesRoot vs. affix morphemes RootsRoots
meaning: contains major (referring, lexical) component meaning: contains major (referring, lexical) component of word meaningof word meaning
phonological shape: phonological shape: typicallytypically have longer, more have longer, more complex shapes than affixes (but not always)complex shapes than affixes (but not always)
can be bound or free morphemescan be bound or free morphemes one (or more) root morphemes per word (basically)one (or more) root morphemes per word (basically)
e.g. e.g. flower flower is a word which consists of one morpheme, which is a word which consists of one morpheme, which is a root morphemeis a root morpheme
AffixesAffixes
Affix types PrefixesPrefixes--added before another morpheme --added before another morpheme
//n/- negative n/- negative SuffixesSuffixes---added after another morpheme---added after another morpheme
-/-/jz/ ‘to cause to become’jz/ ‘to cause to become’ -/z/ plural -/z/ plural
InfixesInfixes---added within a root---added within a root an ex. from English pp. 79-80an ex. from English pp. 79-80
In the word In the word flowersflowers
Ther
e is
one
root m
o...
Ther
e ar
e tw
o ro
ot m...
Ther
e ar
e tw
o af
fix m
...
90%
0%10%
1.1. There is one root There is one root morpheme and one morpheme and one affix morpheme.affix morpheme.
2.2. There are two root There are two root morphemes.morphemes.
3.3. There are two affix There are two affix morphemes.morphemes.
How to tell what is a morpheme?How to tell what is a morpheme? An example of morphological analysis: SahaptinAn example of morphological analysis: Sahaptin Examples of two word formation strategies in Examples of two word formation strategies in
SahaptinSahaptin AffixationAffixation CompoundingCompounding
(First, some background information on Sahaptin)(First, some background information on Sahaptin)
Sahaptin language areaSahaptin language area
Virginia BeavertVirginia Beavert
digging [pjaí] ‘bitterroot’ above [wiins] (Wenas), Apr 03
Vowel systemVowel system
frontfront centralcentral backback
highhigh i iii ii u uuu uu
lowlow
[] = high central unrounded vowel
[ii] = [i:] = long high front unrounded vowel etc.
Sahaptin short vowelsSahaptin short vowels
frontfront centralcentral backback
highhigh [t[tíít]- ‘fart’t]- ‘fart’ ttt] t] ‘tooth’‘tooth’
[[ttúút] t] ‘your dad’‘your dad’
lowlow [t[tkki]i] ‘turkey’‘turkey’
[], more narrowly transcribed, would be []
[ ] is transcriptional symbol for stress
Sahaptin short vs. long vowelsSahaptin short vs. long vowels
shortshort longlong
[pi[pišíš]šíš] ‘paternal aunt’ ‘paternal aunt’ [c[cííiiš]š] ‘water’ ‘water’
[pj[pjúšúš] ‘snake’] ‘snake’ [p[púúuušš]]‘juniper’‘juniper’
[sts’[sts’t] ‘night’t] ‘night’ [sts’[sts’t] ‘dark’ t] ‘dark’
Note quality difference between [], []
Sahaptin consonantsSahaptin consonantslabiallabial alveolaralveolar palatalpalatal velarvelar labio-velarlabio-velar uvularuvular labio-uvularlabio-uvular glottalglottal
stopsstops p p’p p’ t t’t t’ k k’k k’ kkww k kww’’ q q’q q’ qqww q qww’’
affricatesaffricates ts ts’ts ts’ čč čč’’
laterallateral tt t t’’
fricativesfricatives ss šš xx xxww ww hh
laterallateral
nasalsnasals mm nn
approximapproximantsants
jj ww
laterallateral ll
Sahaptin ejectivesSahaptin ejectives
[q’] = uvular ejective[q’] = uvular ejective [q’] in Sahaptin[q’] in Sahaptin
[q’[q’nu] ‘sharp-tailed grouse’nu] ‘sharp-tailed grouse’ [q’[q’ni] ‘torn’ni] ‘torn’
cf. Witsuwit’en [q’]cf. Witsuwit’en [q’] [q’[q’] ‘backwards’] ‘backwards’
Morphological analysisMorphological analysis
How?How? Compare two or more words which differ Compare two or more words which differ
minimally in form and meaningminimally in form and meaning Pairwise comparison bestPairwise comparison best
Identify largest form associated with a Identify largest form associated with a particular meaningparticular meaning
morphememorpheme
Some Sahaptin verbsSome Sahaptin verbs
ssnwinwišššš ‘‘I’m talking’I’m talking’
nnwiwišššš ‘‘I’m hungry’I’m hungry’
kkmšmššš ‘‘I miss’ (something)I miss’ (something)
Pairwise comparisonPairwise comparisonssnwinwišššš ‘‘I’m talking’I’m talking’
nnwiwišššš ‘‘I’m hungry’I’m hungry’
Difference must be ‘talk’ vs. ‘be hungry’
ssn ‘talk’ wišn ‘talk’ wišš ‘I (am)’ (present)š ‘I (am)’ (present)
nn ‘be hungry’ ‘be hungry’
kkmšmššš ‘‘I miss’I miss’
Revised analysis:
ssnwi ‘talk’ šnwi ‘talk’ šš ‘I (am)’ (present)š ‘I (am)’ (present)
nni ‘be hungry’i ‘be hungry’
kkm ‘miss’m ‘miss’
More Sahaptin verbsMore Sahaptin verbs
ssnwinwišššš ‘‘I’m talking’I’m talking’
ssnwinwiššmm ‘‘you’re talking’you’re talking’
iissnwinwišš ‘‘he/she is talking’he/she is talking’
ssnwinwišššš ‘‘we’re talking’we’re talking’
ssnwinwiššmm ‘‘you (pl.) are talking’you (pl.) are talking’
ppssnwinwišš ‘‘they’re talking’they’re talking’
A verb paradigm
Person/number affixesPerson/number affixes
--šš ‘‘I’I’
--mm ‘‘you’you’
i-i- ‘‘he/she’he/she’
--ttšš ‘‘we’we’
-p-pmm ‘‘you (pl.)’you (pl.)’
pp-- ‘‘they’they’
number number
sg.sg. pl.pl.
person person 11 --ss --ttšš
22 --mm -p-pmm
33 i-i- pp--
Person/number affixesPerson/number affixes
More Sahaptin verbsMore Sahaptin verbs
nnwiwišššš ‘I’m hungry’‘I’m hungry’
nnwiwiššnnšš ‘I was hungry’‘I was hungry’nnwiwišš ‘I’m usually hungry’‘I’m usually hungry’
nnwiwišš ‘I used to be hungry’‘I used to be hungry’
ssnwinwišššš ‘I’m talking’‘I’m talking’
ssnwinwišš ‘I usually talk’‘I usually talk’
ssnwinwiššnnšš ‘I was talking’‘I was talking’
ssnwinwinnšš ‘I used to talk’‘I used to talk’
ssnwinwišššš ‘‘I’m talking’I’m talking’
isisnwinwišš ‘‘he’s talking’he’s talking’
ssnwinwišš ‘‘I usually talk’I usually talk’
• ssnwinwiššš vs. š vs. isisnwinwišš--šš ‘I’, ‘I’, i- ‘he’i- ‘he’
• ssnwinwiš vs. š vs. ssnwinwišššš
-- ‘usually’, -š ‘usually’, -š present present
ssnwinwiš vs. š vs. ssnwinwinnšš
----š ‘usually’-‘I’š ‘usually’-‘I’
----nn--š ‘usually’-past-‘I’š ‘usually’-past-‘I’
ssnwinwišš ‘‘I usually talk’I usually talk’
ssnwinwišš ‘‘I used to talk’I used to talk’
ssnwinwiššnnšš ‘‘I was talking’I was talking’
What is Sahaptin -What is Sahaptin -šš?? ‘‘present’ usage (without -npresent’ usage (without -n) actually incomplete, ) actually incomplete,
ongoing activity or stateongoing activity or state imperfective aspectimperfective aspect šš-n-n (imperfective-past) (incomplete activity/state in (imperfective-past) (incomplete activity/state in
the past)the past)
Tense: time of an event/state (relative to some Tense: time of an event/state (relative to some other time); typically present, past, futureother time); typically present, past, future
Aspect: other characteristic of event/stateAspect: other characteristic of event/state complete: complete: perfective perfective incomplete: incomplete: imperfectiveimperfective relevance to later time: relevance to later time: perfectperfect
Summary of morphological analysisSummary of morphological analysis
Roots (content morphemes)Roots (content morphemes) ssnwi ‘talk’nwi ‘talk’ nnwi ‘be hungry’wi ‘be hungry’ kkm ‘miss’m ‘miss’
Suffixes (functional (grammatical) morphemes)Suffixes (functional (grammatical) morphemes) --šš imperfective imperfective -- ‘usually’ (habitual) ‘usually’ (habitual) -n-n past past --šš ‘I’ (first person singular) ‘I’ (first person singular)
More Sahaptin verbs
nnwišwišmm ‘‘you’re hungry’you’re hungry’
iinnwišwiš ‘‘he/she is hungry’he/she is hungry’
nnwišwišttšš ‘‘we’re hungry’we’re hungry’
nnwišwišppmm ‘‘you (pl.) are hungry’you (pl.) are hungry’
ppnnwišwiš ‘‘they’re hungry’they’re hungry’
ppjúwišjúwišmm ‘‘you’re sick, hurt’you’re sick, hurt’
ppjúwišjúwiššš ‘‘I’m sick, hurt’I’m sick, hurt’
ppppjúwišjúwiš ‘‘they’re sick, hurt’they’re sick, hurt’
pppnpnúšúšaa ‘‘they’re sleeping’they’re sleeping’
More morphemesMore morphemes
ppjúwi-júwi- ‘‘be sick, hurt’be sick, hurt’
ú-ú- ‘‘sleep’sleep’
More Sahaptin wordsMore Sahaptin words
ipnúšipnúš ‘‘he/she/it is sleeping’he/she/it is sleeping’
ipnútipnút ‘‘he/she/it will sleep’he/she/it will sleep’
ipnúnipnún ‘‘he/she/it slept’he/she/it slept’
pnúnpnúnmm ‘‘you slept’you slept’
pnut’pnut’wwss ‘‘bed’bed’
pnupnu ‘‘sleeper, one who sleeps’sleeper, one who sleeps’
pnunpnun ‘‘insomniac’insomniac’
wwššnn ‘‘wild horse’wild horse’
ppwwšššš ‘‘they’re riding’they’re riding’
wwššt’t’wwss ‘‘saddle’saddle’
[t’t’] = alveolar ejective, [] = voiceless lateral fricative
New morphemesNew morphemes
wwšš ‘ride’ ‘ride’ -ta ‘will’ (future)-ta ‘will’ (future) -t’-t’wws (instrument by which)s (instrument by which) -- ‘one who’ (agent) ‘one who’ (agent) -n-n ‘that which does not (verb), that which ‘that which does not (verb), that which
is not (verbed)’: ‘that which (one) does not’ is not (verbed)’: ‘that which (one) does not’ (negative agent)(negative agent)
More words with -t’More words with -t’wwssssp’inp’inwiwi ‘‘measure’measure’ ssp’inp’inwit’wit’wwss ‘‘ruler, measuring ruler, measuring
tape, etc.’tape, etc.’
twtwluuluu ‘‘fish w/ fish w/ dipnet’dipnet’
twtwluut’luut’wwss ‘‘dipnet pole’dipnet pole’
q’q’ííwi wi ‘‘play’play’ q’iwit’q’iwit’wwss ‘‘toy’toy’
ppnntiti ‘‘ascend, go ascend, go up’up’
ppnntit’tit’wwss ‘‘ladder’ladder’
llqqjjii ‘‘shine’shine’ llqqjjit’it’wwss ‘‘light, lamp, etc.’light, lamp, etc.’
ssllíí ‘‘cut with cut with scissors’scissors’
sslit’lit’wwss ‘‘scissors’scissors’
CompoundingCompounding
• [root][root] [root][root]• English exx.:English exx.:
nounnoun verbverb adjectiveadjective
nounnoun tray tabletray table gift wrapgift wrap skin-deepskin-deep
verbverb thinktankthinktank ?? ??
adjectiveadjective high schoolhigh school dry-cleandry-clean red-hotred-hot
Some compounds in SahaptinSome compounds in Sahaptin
compoundcompound meaningmeaning rootroot11 rootroot22
k’tk’tt pt pššww ‘‘shale’shale’ k’tk’tt ‘solid, hard’t ‘solid, hard’ ppššww ‘rock’ ‘rock’
ppp tp tmnmn ‘‘palm of palm of hand’hand’
ppp ‘hand, arm’p ‘hand, arm’ ttmnmn ‘heart’ ‘heart’
čilwitčilwitúú ‘‘devil’devil’ ččilwilwíít ‘bad’t ‘bad’ wwpspsúú ‘scholarly’‘scholarly’
nč’i nč’i stístí ‘‘awl, ice awl, ice pick’pick’
nnč’íč’í ‘big’ ‘big’ ststíí ‘metal’ ‘metal’
Allomorphs of a morpheme Allomorphs of a morpheme A morpheme may have more than one phonological shape.A morpheme may have more than one phonological shape.The different shapes are often predictable from context.The different shapes are often predictable from context.
Examples from English: plural suffix and past tense suffix, discussed in Ch. 7.Examples from English: plural suffix and past tense suffix, discussed in Ch. 7.
-[-[z]z] -[s]-[s] -[z]-[z]
[f[fncnczz]] [k[kæættss]] [d[dggzz]]
[pr[prsszz]] [s[skkss]] [[ššuuzz]]
[[zz]] [d[dffndndntntss]] [lojr[lojrzz]]
AllomorphsAllomorphs
sibilant___sibilant___ voiceless___voiceless___ voiced___voiced___
-[-[z]z] -[s]-[s] -[z]-[z]
English sibilants = [s z š ž c ]
Distribution of allomorphs of English plural suffix:
Underlying representationUnderlying representation
The forms of the English plural suffix are The forms of the English plural suffix are predictable from context.predictable from context.
The plural suffix has a basic representation: The plural suffix has a basic representation: -/z/-/z/
Phonology
• /z/ [s] / voiceless___
• Ø [] / sibilant ___ sibilant
AllomorphsAllomorphs
• Phonological rules can convert one phoneme into another
• e.g. /z/ [s] / voiceless___
• with such rules, different morphemes almost always involved: morphophonemic rules
• Morphology (plural suffix) /kææt-z/
Phonology (voicing assimilation) s
Phonetic representation [kææts]
Sahaptin allomorphsSahaptin allomorphs Allomorphs of the dual suffixAllomorphs of the dual suffix
šš ‘‘child’child’ šš ‘‘two children’two children’
p’úusp’úus ‘‘cat’cat’ p’úusinp’úusin ‘‘two cats’two cats’
‘‘roommate’roommate’ ‘‘two roommates’two roommates’
’’wiwi ‘‘rival’rival’ ’’wijinwijin ‘‘two rivals’two rivals’
íí ‘‘rat’rat’ íí ‘‘two rats’two rats’
íí ‘‘paternal paternal grandfather’grandfather’
íí ‘‘two paternal two paternal grandfathers’grandfathers’
‘‘beaver’beaver’ ‘‘two beavers’two beavers’
What about other vowels? ([What about other vowels? ([], [u])], [u]) No morpheme ends in [No morpheme ends in []] only [u] examples slightly irregularonly [u] examples slightly irregular
mmmm ‘‘old woman’old woman’ mmmmttúúwinwin ‘‘two old two old women’women’
mmmmttúúmm ‘‘old women’old women’
wwsstt ‘‘old man’old man’ ww(()s)sttúúwinwin ‘‘two old men’two old men’ ww(()s)sttúúmm ‘‘old men’old men’
mmmm ‘old woman’
mmmmtú-ú- ‘old women’ (du./pl.)
Distribution of dual suffix allomorphsDistribution of dual suffix allomorphs
inin / C ___/ C ___
jinjin / / , i ___, i ___
winwin / u ___/ u ___
Two plausible analyses
1. -/in/ is basic form of suffix
Glide Epenthesis rules
0 w / u __
0 j / other vowels ___
2. -/jin/ is basic form of suffix
j w / u ___
j 0 / C ___
Deciding between the analysesDeciding between the analyses
-[ji] adjectival-[ji] adjectival [t[ttptpsji] ‘wearing a shirt, dress’sji] ‘wearing a shirt, dress’
[t[ttptps] ‘shirt, dress’s] ‘shirt, dress’ [q[qjj ččššji] ‘sharp-sighted’ji] ‘sharp-sighted’
[[ččšš] ‘eyes’] ‘eyes’
-[ji] is invariant, maintains [j] after -[ji] is invariant, maintains [j] after consonantconsonant
suggests that dual suffix is -/in/ (analysis 1)suggests that dual suffix is -/in/ (analysis 1)(otherwise (otherwise j 0 / C ___ should apply to –ji
adjectival)
SummarySummary
MorphemesMorphemes Some morphological processes: affixation, Some morphological processes: affixation,
compoundingcompounding Morphological analysisMorphological analysis Allomorphs of morphemesAllomorphs of morphemes