Morphology Cont. Functions pg 136-7 Clark Derivational –Morphemes that alter the meaning –In...
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Transcript of Morphology Cont. Functions pg 136-7 Clark Derivational –Morphemes that alter the meaning –In...
Morphology Cont
Functions pg 136-7 Clark
• Derivational– Morphemes that alter the meaning – In English prefixes or suffixes
• Inflectional– Grammatical relationship/information– In English all suffixes
Inflectional or Derivational?• The {-er} in “bigger”• The {-ment} in “judgment”• The {un-} in “unkind”• The {-ing} in “walking”• The {-er} in “golfer”• The {-en} in “darken”
Hierarchy
• Words are formed in steps
• When more than one affix = more than one step
• Represent hierarchical structure with “trees”– Shows steps
Trees
• Un.think.able– Think thinkable unthinkable
A
A
un think able
Ambiguity• What does unlockable mean?
– Meaning 1: capable of being unlocked– Meaning 2: can’t be locked
• {un-1} A A (‘not’)– Unhappy, unthinkable
• {un-2} V V (reverse the action of V)– Untie, undo, unscrew
A closer look at ambiguity
un- lock -able un- lock -able
V A
A A
can be unlocked cannot be locked
Allomorphy• English Plural• Written two ways
– “cats”, “dogs”, “bicycles”, “wars”– “bushes”, “walruses”, “watches”
• Pronounced three ways– [s]– [z]– [´z]
Allomorphy• “cows”• “flamingos”• “toads”• “partridges”• “snakes”• “ostriches”• “giraffes”• “apes”
Allomorphy
• [s]
• [z]
• [´z]
Allomorphy/z/
{-z} {-s} {´z}
• z s / voiceless consonant __• z ´z / frication __• z z / elsewhere
How to do a morphology problem
– Examine your data• Don’t be confused by unfamiliar symbols. You are looking for
patterns in form and meaning.
– Choose two similar items• Maybe they differ by only one or two symbols
– Check the glosses for those items• The glosses for those similar items will differ slightly (perhaps in
tense or subject).
– Make a hypothesis• Hypothesize as to the difference in form and its relationship to
the difference in meaning.
– Test your hypothesis• Use other data to confirm or reject your hypothesis
Kanuri (a language spoken in Western Africa)
gana “small”
kura “big”
kurugu “long”
numkura “bigness”
numgana “smallness”
numkurugu “length”
First, examine your data…
Choose two similar items
ganakurakurugunumkuranumgananumkurugu
Check the glosses for those items
gana
kura “big”
kurugu
numkura “bigness”
numgana
numkuruguCan you make a hypothesis based on this pair of words?
Test your hypothesis
gana “small”
kura “big”
kurugu “long”
numkura “bigness”
numgana “smallness”
numkurugu “length”
Conclusion
Hanunoo (a language spoken in the Philippines)
usa “one”usahi “make it one!”duwa “two”duwahi “make it two!”upat “four”upati “make it four!”unum “six”unumi “make it six!”
Choose two similar items‘usa‘usahiduwaduwahi‘upat‘upati‘unum‘unumi
Check the glosses for those items
‘usa‘usahiduwa “two”duwahi “make it two!”‘upat‘upati‘unum‘unumi Can you make a
hypothesis??
Test your hypothesis‘usa “one”‘usahi “make it one!”duwa “two”duwahi “make it two!”‘upat “four”‘upati “make it four!”‘unum “six”‘unumi “make it six!”
Make a new hypothesis and test it
‘usa “one”‘usahi “make it one!”duwa “two”duwahi “make it two!”‘upat “four”‘upati “make it four!”‘unum “six”‘unumi “make it six!”
Conclusion
Arabic
fasara “she/he discovered”fassara “she/he explained”thakara “she/he remembered”thakkara “she/he reminded”bala’a “she/he reached”balla’a “she/he brought”
Conclusion
• Infix– reduplicate C2– “causative” action is shifted from doer to
receiver
Homework
• Due Monday 9/27