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UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA
MORPHOLOGICAL, SEDIMENTARY AND CHEMICAL CHANGES IN BEACHES AT HARMUL, MAJEES AND ZAFARAN, OMAN
Wahid Mohammed Abdullah Al-Shuely
FPAS 2011 4
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MORPHOLOGICAL, SEDIMENTARY AND CHEMICAL CHANGES IN BEACHES
AT HARMUL, MAJEES AND ZAFARAN, OMAN
By
Wahid Mohammed Abdullah Al-Shuely
Thesis submitted to the School of Graduate Studies, Universiti Putra
Malaysia, in Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor
of Philosophy
March 2011
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DEDICATION
To the people whom I love most, my mother, my wife, my children;
Dua’a, Abdullah, Sajda, Balqees, Taqwa, Ammar, and my brothers and sisters.
To those who helped me achieve my goal, all what I can say is
thank you, and ALLAH bless you all.
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DECLARATION
I declare that the thesis is my original work except for quotations and citations which
have been duly acknowledged. I also declare that it has not been previously, and is
not concurrently, submitted for any other degree at Universiti Putra Malaysia or at
any other institution.
WAHID MOHAMMED AL-SHUELY
Date: 24 March 2011
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First, I would like to thank Almighty Allah for the strength and patience He
gave me to finish this work
Many thanks go to my wife and children whom they had to sacrifice many
things, especially in a beautiful country like Malaysia, and many days they
had to stay alone just for their father to finish his study. This is the fruit of
your sacrifice.
The supervisory committee deserves special thanks. Associate Professor Dr.
Zelina Zaiton Ibrahim for her constructive comments, patience, and
knowledge. I gained lots of knowledge from you Dr. Zelina. Co-supervisors
Associate Professor Dr. Wan Nor Azmin Sulaiman, Deputy Dean, and
Associate Professor Dr. Mohammed Ismail Yaziz, their understanding,
support through the hard trip for PhD and proof reading are highly
appreciated.
Special thanks go to co-supervisor Professor Anton McLachlan in Oman who
introduced me to the team working on the coastal erosion/accretion problem
along the Batinah coast and for his assistance during my fieldwork in Oman.
Thanks to Ministry of Environment and Climate Affairs and its laboratory
technicians in Oman for their assistance in chemical analysis.
Thanks also go to Sultan Qaboos University (SQU), Oman for letting me use
all the necessary facilities to finish my project. Special thanks to College of
Science and its dean Dr. Abdul Aziz Al-Kindy who allowed me to use all the
available facilities to finish my laboratory work.
Heartfelt thanks go to International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM) for
allowing me to use the library and for the facilities they provided to finish
writing my thesis.
There are many people who I would like express my deep appreciation and
gratitude for their support and help during the course of my study. To name
few:
1. Mohammed Al-Muharami, Director General of Environmental Affairs,
Ministry of Environment and Climate Affairs, Oman for his never
ending help and support throughout the course of my PhD study;
2. Dr. Vijay Kumar from Remote Sensing and GIS Center at SQU for
wonderful assistance during fieldwork, I learned a lot from him;
3. Fauzul Ameer Marikar from Civil Engineering Department at SQU for
assistance in laboratory work;
4. My sister Wafaa who is a lab technician from Chemistry Department
at SQU for providing all the assistance during the laboratory work;
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5. Dr. Tabasm Khan. Director of Central Analytical and Applied
Research Facility (CAARF) Chemistry Department at SQU, for his
instrumental assistance in heavy metals analysis
6. Khalifa Al-Busaidi, lab superintendent, Hilal Al-Zidi and Hamdan Al-
Zidi from Earth Science Department at SQU, their assistance are
highly appreciated;
7. Dr. Abdul-Rahman AL-Harthi, Assistant Professor, in Earth Science
Department at SQU, for all his constructive comments;
8. Salim Al-Saidi, lab superintendent from Chemistry Department at
SQU, for his assistance in heavy metals analysis;
9. Professor Angela Gurnell, Director: Centre for Environmental
Assessment, Department of Geography, Management and Policy,
King's College London (http://www.kcl.ac.uk/ceamp/), United Kingdom
for her help in grain size analysis.
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I certify that an Examination Committee has met on date of viva voce to conduct the
final examination of Wahid Mohammed Abdullah Al-Shuely on his PhD thesis
entitled MORPHOLOGICAL, SEDIMENTARY AND CHEMICAL CHANGES
IN BEACHES AT HARMUL, MAJEES, AND ZAFARAN, OMAN in
accordance with the Universities and University Colleges Act 1971 and the
Constitution of the Universiti Putra Malaysia [P.U.(A) 106] 15 March 1998. The
Committee recommends that the student be awarded the Degree of Doctor of
Philosophy.
Members of the Thesis Examination Committee were as Follows:
Latifah Abd. Manaf, PhD
Associate Professor
Environmental Studies
Universiti Putra Malaysia
(Chairman)
Mohammed Pauzi Zakaria, PhD
Associate Professor
Environmental Studies
Universiti Putra Malaysia
(Internal Examiner)
Mohammed Firuz Ramli, PhD
Associate Professor
Environmental Studies
Universiti Putra Malaysia
(Internal Examiner)
Chris Vincent, PhD
Professor
School of Environmental Sciences
University of East Anglia
United Kingdom
(External Examiner)
__________________________
BUJANG KIM HUAT, PhD Professor and Deputy Dean
School of Graduate Studies
Universiti Putra Malaysia
Date:
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This thesis was submitted to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia and has been
accepted as fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.
The members of the Supervisory Committee were as follows:
Zelina Zaiton Ibrahim, PhD
Associate Professor
Faculty of Environmental Studies
Universiti Putra Malaysia
(Chairman)
Wan Nor Azmin Sulaiman, PhD
Associate Professor
Faculty of Environmental Studies
Universiti Putra Malaysia
(Member)
Mohammed Ismail Yaziz, PhD
Associate Professor
Faculty of Environmental Studies
Universiti Putra Malaysia
(Member)
Anton McLachlan, PhD
Professor
Graduate Studies
Sultan Qaboos University
(Member)
_______________________________________
HASANAH MOHAMMED GHAZALI, PhD
Professor and Dean
School of Graduate Studies
Universiti Putra Malaysia
Date:
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Abstract of thesis presented to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia
in fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of
Doctor of Philosophy
MORPHOLOGICAL, SEDIMENTARY AND CHEMICAL CHANGES IN
BEACHES AT HARMUL, MAJEES AND ZAFARAN, OMAN
By
WAHID MOHAMMED AL-SHUELY
March 2011
Chair: Associate Professor Zelina Zaiton Ibrahim, PhD
Faculty: Environmental Studies
This thesis examines the morphological changes of three beaches close to Sohar
Industrial Are (SIA), a newly developed industrial area north of the Batinah Region
in Oman. The construction work on the port breakwaters started in 1999 and was
complete 2002. Three sites were selected for this project: Harmul, located north of
SIA, Majees south of SIA, and Zafaran, about nine kilometers south of Majees. The
main purpose of this thesis is study the changes likely to occur on beaches north and
south of SIA. Major focus will be on beach profiles and sediment characterization
with respect to mean, sorting, skewness, particle distribution, particle density, and
bulk density. Sediment samples were also analyzed for 11 heavy metals including:
vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), selenium
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(Se), mercury (Hg), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn) and arsenic (As) using
microwave digestion followed by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry
(ICP-MS). No previous study had been conducted on these beaches. Although a
comprehensive master plan was developed for Sohar industrial area, which included
a strategic environmental impact assessment, the master plan contained little
information on physical and chemical characteristics of beaches north and south of
the industrial area. A total of 252 surface sediment samples were collected in four
site visits over 12 months: November 2005, February 2006, June 2006, and
November 2006. Each site was divided into seven stations. Three sediment samples
were collected from each station from highwater, intertidal and surf zones. Beach
profiles showed little seasonal variations in 67% of profiles surveyed and about 24%
showed big seasonal variations. Almost 81% of all samples were fine sand and 19%
were medium sand. Moderately sorted sediments represented 56% of all samples,
whereas 22% of samples were moderately well sorted and 22% were poorly sorted.
Half of the samples were near symmetrical, whereas 39% of the samples were
coarsely skewed and 11% were fine skewed. Sediment trend analysis showed that
wadis were the main source of sediments in the study area. June 2006 samples had a
higher particle density than November 2006 samples. There was no significant
difference in sediment bulk density between the three sites for June 2006 samples (p
= 0.203) but significant difference was found in November 2006 samples (p=0.015).
The concentrations of chromium, manganese, and vanadium were higher in Harmul
than Majees and Zafaran. Arsenic concentration was generally low except in few
stations. It is concluded that the impacts of Sohar industrial area on these beaches are
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still not apparent but more research is needed to identify any impacts in its early
stage and set prevention and mitigation measure programs to reduce the anticipated
impacts of Sohar industrial area on the beach environment.
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Abstrak tesis yang dikemukan kepada Senat Universiti Putra Malaysia Sebagai
memenuhi keperluan untuk ijazah Doctor Falsafah
MORFOLOGI, MENDAPAN DAN PERUBAHAN KIMIA DI PANTAI
HARMUL, MAJEES DAN ZAFARAN, OMAN
Oleh
WAHID MOHAMMED AL-SHUELY
Mac 2011
Pengerusi : Profesor Madya Zelina Zaiton Ibrahim, PhD
Fakulti : Pengajian Alam Sekitar
Tesis ini mengkaji perubahan morfologi di tiga pantai berhampiran dengan kawasan
perinduttrian Sohar (SIA). kawasan utara daerah Batinah negara Oman. Kerja
peminaan di pelabuhan pemecah ombak bermula pada 1999 dan siap pada 2002.
Tiga tapak telah dipilih untuk projek ini: Harmul terletak di utara kawasan
perindustrian besar yang sedang dalam pembinaan, manakala Majees di selatan
kawasan perindustrian tersebut dan Zafaran, sembilan kilometer daripada Majees di
sebelah selatan. Tujuan utama thesis ini ialah menykaji perubahan yang berlaku di
utaran dan selatan SIA. Fokus tesis ini adalah pada pencirian enapan dari segi min,
pengisihan, kepencongan, taburan zarah, ketumpatan zarah dan ketumpatan pukal.
Sampel enapan di analisa bagi 11 logam berat: vanadium (V), kromium (Cr), mangan
(Mn), nikel (Ni), kuprum (Cu), selenium (Se), raksa (Hg), kadmium (Cd), plumbum
(Pb), zink (Zn) dan arsenik (As) dengan menggunakan pencernaan mikrogelombang
di ikuti dengan Spektrometri Jisim-Plasma Terganding Beraruhan (Inductively
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Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry atau ICP-MS). Sebelum ini, tiada kajian yang
dijalankan pada pantai-pantai tersebut. Walaupun satu pelan induk komprehensif
telah dibangunkan untuk kawasan perindustrian Sohar, termasuk satu penilaian
strategik kesan terhadap alam, pelan induk tersebut mengandungi sedikit maklumat
mengenai ciri-ciri fizikal dan kimia pantai-pantai di sebelah utara dan selatan
kawasan perindustrian tersebut. Sebanyak 252 sampel enapan permukaan diambil
daripada empat lawatan tapak sepanjang 12 bulan: November 2005, Februari 2006,
Jun 2006 dan November 2006. Setiap tapak dibahagikan kepada tujuh stesen. Tiga
sampel enapan telah diambil daripada setiap stesen ketika air pasang, antara pasang
surut dan zon buih. 67% profil pantai yang dikaji tidak menunjukkan variasi
bermusim yang ketara dan kira-kira 24% menunjukkan variasi bermusim yang
ketara. Hampir 81% dari seluruh sampel pasir halus dan 19% adalah pasir sedang.
Cukup sedimen diurutkan mewakili 56% dari seluruh sampel, sedangkan 22% dari
sampel yang cukup baik ditapis dan 22% adalah buruk ditapis. Separuh dari sampel
berhampiran simetris, sedangkan 39% dari sampel kasar miring dan 11% baik-baik
saja miring. analisis kecenderungan sedimen menunjukkan bahawa wadi adalah
sumber utama dari sedimen di kawasan kajian. Penumpuan kromium, mangan dan
vanadium adalah lebih tinggi di Harmul berbanding dengan Majees dan Zafaran.
Secara umum, penumpuan arsenik adalah rendah kecuali di beberapa stesen. Untuk
kesimpulan, kesan kawasan perindustrian Sohar terhadap pantai-pantai ini masih
belum ketara tetapi kajian yang lebih banyak perlu dijalankan bagi mengenalpasti
sebarang kesan dalam peringkat awal ini dan menetapkan langkah-langkah program
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pencegahan dan program tebatan untuk mengurangkan kesan-kesan yang dijangka
daripada kawasan perindustrian Sohar kepada persekitaran pantai.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
DEDICATION ii ABSTRACT iii ABSTRAK vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ix
APPROVALS xi
DECLARATION xiii
APENDICES xvii
LIST OF TABLES xviii
LIST OF FIGURES xix
LIST OF PLATES xx
CHAPTER
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background 2
1.2 The Batinah Coast 2
1.3 Significance of the Study 4
1.4 Purpose of the Study 4
1.5 The Study Framework 5
2 LITERATURE REVIEW 8
2.1 Introduction 8
2.2 Importance and Impacts of Industrial Areas 9
2.3 Human Activities Affecting the Coast in Oman 16
2.3.1 Urban and Residential Development 16
2.3.2 Fishing 17
2.3.3 Changes in Sediment Budget 18
2.4 Grain Size 24
2.5 Heavy Metals 41
2.6 Summary 59
3 MATERIALS AND METHODS 60
3.1 Physical Setting of Study Area 60
3.1.1 Climate 60
3.1.2 Geomorphological Setting 60
3.2 Oceanographic Factors 64
3.2.1 Bathymetry 64
3.2.2 Winds 64
3.2.3 Waves 66
3.2.4 Tides 67
3.2.5 Currents 67
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3.3 Site Descriptions 68
3.4 Site Measurements 71
3.5 Beach Profiles 74
3.6 Sediment Budget 78
3.7 Sediment Sampling 79
3.8 Grain Size Distribution 80
3.9 Particle Density 83
3.9.1 Materials Used 83
3.9.2 Reagents 83
3.9.3 Procedure 83
3.10 Bulk Density 85
3.11 Heavy Metal Analysis 87
3.11.1 Materials 87
3.11.2 Samples and Reagents 87
3.11.3 Pre-Treatment and Extraction Method 87
3.11.4 Calculation 90
3.12 Statistical Analysis 92
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 96
4.1 Introduction 96
4.2 Beach Profiles 96
4.2.1 Harmul Beach Profiles 97
4.2.2 Majees Beach Profiles 100
4.2.3 Zafaran Beach Profiles 104
4.2.4 Characteristics of Individual Beach Profiles 106
4.3 Sediment Budget 108
4.4 Grain Size Analysis 114
4.4.1 Particle Distribution 115
4.4.2 Statistical Analysis of Grain Size Parameters 116
4.4.3 Bi-Variant Scatter Plots of Grain Size Parameters 123
4.4.4 Sediment Trend Analysis 127
4.4.5 Sand Transport Patterns and Distribution 133
4.4.6 Statistical Analysis of the Sediment Analysis Results 134
4.5 Particle Density 137
4.6 Bulk Properties 138
4.7 Heavy Metals 145
4.7.1 November 2005 Samples 145
4.7.2 June 2006 Samples 152
4.7.3 November 2005 vs. June 2006 Samples 157
4.7.4 Heavy Metal Concentration in the Study Area Compared with Other
Studies 158
4.8 Discussion 168
4.8.1 Shoreline Erosion in Al-Batinah Region 168
4.8.2 Sediment Supply and Erosional and Depositional Pattern 169
4.8.3 Heavy Metals and Particle Density 170
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5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 172
REFERENCES 177