Morphemes A little Persian - University of Waterlooraha/306a_web/08-downloadfiles/MorphologyF... ·...

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English 306A; Harris

Morphemes

kumiladEnglish 306A; Harris

A little Persian

Sirin

bozorg

daroSt

xub

dana

Sirini

bozorgi

daroSti

xubi

danai

Suffix

Morpheme

{-i}


A little Persian

EnglishPersian

sweetSirin

bigbozorg

thickdaroSt

goodxub

wisedana

EnglishPersian

sweetnessSirini

sizebozorgi

thicknessdaroSti

goodnessxubi

wisdomdanai

Suffix

Morpheme

{-i}

Noun Former


A little Persian

sweetSirin sweetnessSirini

Suffix

Morpheme

{-i}

Noun Former

AfAdjective

Noun

AdjAdjective AdjAf

Noun

Simplex Complex

adjective —> [adjective-affix]noun

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The unit

Phonetics: the phone.Phonology: the phoneme.Lexicology: the word.Morphology: the morpheme.Syntax: the sentence.Semantics: the proposition.


morph + ology

technologypsychologyastrology

scientologyappliantology

geologytheologybiologyzoölogy

genealogylogoslogic

morphologyisomorphic

polymorphicamorphous

metamorphicmetamorphosis

anthropomorphicMorpheusmorphinemorphemeallomorph(to) morph

shape + talk


morph + ology

technologypsychologyastrology

scientologyappliantology

geologytheologybiologyzoölogy

genealogylogoslogic

morphologyisomorphic

polymorphicamorphous

metamorphicmetamorphosis

anthropomorphicMorpheusmorphinemorphemeallomorph(to) morph

shape + talk


The smallest signifier/signifiedbundles

{un-}Antonym former

{re-}Iterative former

{draw}Verb, to make representative

marks{-s}

Third-singular-present agreementformer

{-ing}Present-participle former

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Homophony/PolysemyBut, … matching the signifiers and

signifieds is not a piece of cake{-ing}

Present-participle former“Oriana is drawing the cat”

{-ing}Gerund former“Oriana’s drawing of the cat

is beautiful.”{-ing}

Adjective former“Oriana’s drawing chalk is

the white one”


Morpheme form free (= word) bound (= affix)

prefixsuffixinfixcircumfix

Morpheme function derivational

change meaningdramatically, and/orword category

inflectionalnever change category,

and only changemeaning very subtly

SignifierSemasiology

SignifiedOnomasiology

xubi

Afadjective

Noun

Bound!Derivational!What type is

{-i}?


Affix rules

prefixoldcategory —> [affix-oldcategory]newcategory

suffixoldcategory —> [oldcategory-affix]newcategory

infixoldcategory —> [old-affix- category]newcategory

circumfixoldcategory —> [af-oldcategory-fix]newcategory

Old Af

New

oooa

Af Old

New

aooooo

Old

aooooa

Old AfAf

New

Af Old

ooaoo


Affix rules

Prefix e.g.{un-} adjective —> [un-adjective ]adjective{anti-} adjective —> [anti-adjective ]adjective{anti-} noun —> [anti-noun ]noun

suffix{-er} verb —> [verb-er]noun{-ness} adjective —> [adjective-ness]noun{-ly} adjective —> [adjective-ly]adverb

unattractiveanti-racistanti-racism

writerhappinessquickly

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CompoundsMorphological analysis

Adjective

blackboard

Noun

Noun


Free morphemeMorphological analysis

?

fly

Noun?Verb?Adjective?Adverb?Preposition?Determiner?Qualifier?Quantifier?Who cares?



Noun

flyEnglish 306A; Harris


Verb

fly

5



Adjective

flyEnglish 306A; Harris

Bound morpheme(necessarily, with a free one too)Morphological analysis

flies

Af?

?



flies

AfNoun

Noun

Plural



flies

AfVerb

Verb

3rd singularpresentagreement

6



flies

AfAdjective

Adjective



flier fliest

AfAdjective

Adjective

AfAdjective

Adjective


Optionality

optionalityEnglish 306A; Harris

Optionality

optionality

Noun

7


Optionality

optionality

Af

Adj

Noun


Optionality

optionality

Adj

Af

Noun

Noun

Af


Optionality

optionality

Adj

AfVerb Af

Noun

Noun

Af


Optionality

optionality

Adj

AfVerb Af

Noun

Noun

Af

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Roots and stems

optionalityroot

stems


Ainu (Japan)

= to loseewen= badwen= to gainepirka= goodpirka= to be able to endureeniSte= hardniSte

= to be unable to endureehaparu= softhaparu


verb former1. Stative

have adjectival quality2. Active

change towardsstate described byadjective

{e-}

adjective —> [e-adjective]verb


Ainu (Japan)

e pirka

AdjectiveAf

Verb

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Bontoc (Philippines)

kumilad = he is becoming redfumusul = he is becoming an enemyfikas = strongfumikas = he is becoming strongfusul = enemybato = stonebumato = he is becoming hardkilad = red

What’s hereading?



{-um-}third-personsingularmasculineinchoativeverb-former

kumilad = he is becoming red

he, not she or it

he, not I or youhe, not they

becomingis; state change



k um ilad

Adjective

Af

Verb


MorphophonologyZoque possessives

his clothespjama

my clothesmpama

clothespama

his cowwjakas

my cownwakas

cowwakas

his cornfieldkjama

my cornfieldNkama

cornfieldkama

his donkeybjuRu

my donkeymbuRu

donkeybuRu

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his clothespjama

my clothesmpama

clothespama

his cowwjakas

my cownwakas

cowwakas

his cornfieldkjama

my cornfieldNkama

cornfieldkama

his donkeybjuRu

my donkeymbuRu

donkeybuRu



his clothespjama

my clothesmpama

clothespama

his cowwjakas

my cownwakas

cowwakas

his cornfieldkjama

my cornfieldNkama

cornfieldkama

his donkeybjuRu

my donkeymbuRu

donkeybuRu


MorphologyZoque possessives

{-j- }third-personsingularmasculinepossessive


MorphologyZoque possessives

b j uRu

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Morphology noun —> [n-j-oun]noun

b j uRu

Noun

Af

Noun



{m-}, {n-}, {N-}

first-personsingularpossessive



m pama

NounAf

Noun

n wakas

NounAf

Noun

N kama

NounAf

Noun

Assimilation in place of articulation


Chickasaw

He isn’t good.ikchokmoHe is good.chokma

He doesn’t open it.iktiwwoHe opens it.tiwwi

It isn’t hot.ikpalloIt is hot.palli

It isn’t yellow.iklaknoIt is yellow.lakna

TranslationWordTranslationWord

NegativeAffirmative

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Chickasaw

{-a}, {-i}third-personsingularaffirmative

{ik- … -o}third-personsingularnegative

Verb formschokm-lakn-pall-tiww-


Chickasaw circumfix

iklakno

Verb

AfAf Verb

verb —> [ik-verb-o]verb


Circumfixes and suffixes/prefixes

postmodernism

Noun

Adj AfAf

iklakno

Verb

AfAf Verb

Adj


Circumfixes and suffixes/prefixes

postmodernismiklakno

Verb

AfAf Verb

Noun

Adj AfAf

Adj

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English “Circumfixes”

em-bold-enen-light-enir-regard-less

a-work-ina-turn-ina-change-in


English “Infixes”


English reduplication

dilly-dallyheebie-jeebieschit-chatfiddle-faddlemumbo-jumbohocus-pocus



boy toytoy boypooper scooperartsy-fartsywalkie-talkiewiggle-waggle

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Ping-pong vs.Table tennis


English reduplication: gang-bang

Onomasiologicallyextremely serious referents

Semasiologically trivializing reduplicative form


English {-er}

farmer, writer, hiker, reader, drawer,printer, …

Londoner, Winnipeger, …

villager, foreigner, …

printer, toaster, heater, freezer, …

page-turner, reader, drawer, …

chatter, mutter, flicker, …

triple-decker, porker, …

Agentive

Locative1 (geographic)

Locative2 (type)

Instrumental

Patient

Frequentive

OtherEnglish 306A; Harris

?

Radial networkEnglish -er

specialization

generalization

metaphormetaph

or

inver

sion

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Productivity

The relative ability to produce new words.-er

farmer, writer, shooter, runner, pleaser, sleeper,weeper, golfer, diddler, plumber, butcher, baker,candle-stick-maker, bliffnatter, ludniffer, …

a-asexual, amoral, achromatic, …?


Productivity

petro-petroleum,Petrocanda™,petrochemical,petrodollars,petropolitics, …

-castbroadcast,telecast,newscast,sportscast,podcast, …


Productivity

cran-cranberry, cran-apple, cran-

cherry, cran-grape, cran-raspberry, crangerine, cran-mango, …

huckle-huckleberry

rasp-raspberry


Morphology

Semasiological• free (word)• bound (affix)

Onomasiological• derivational (new word)• inflectional (new function)

RulesStructuresProductivity

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