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Analysis of theAnalysis of theEnglish Word andEnglish Word and
SentenceSentence
StructureStructure
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ObjectivesObjectives
1.1. Recognize different types ofRecognize different types ofmorphemes and their functionsmorphemes and their functions
2.2. State the form, meaning and rule ofState the form, meaning and rule ofcombination for the morphemescombination for the morphemes3.3. Analyze the internal structure of theAnalyze the internal structure of the
English words in order to now theirEnglish words in order to now theirformations and meanings.formations and meanings.
!.!. Specify each unit within wordsSpecify each unit within wordscorrectly.correctly.
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What are youWhat are youthinking?thinking?
Warm UpWarm Up
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Doubt is often thebeginningof isdom!
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"orphology"orphology
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"orphology"orphology
• Morph (form) + ology (science of)Morph (form) + ology (science of)
• -- > Morphology (the science of-- > Morphology (the science ofword forms)word forms)
• The study of the internal structureThe study of the internal structure
of words, andof words, and• The rules by which words areThe rules by which words are
formedformed
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"orphemes"orphemes
" #oo at the following words#oo at the following words" LikelyLikely unlikely developedunlikely developed
undevelopedundeveloped" un$ is a prefi% means &o.un$ is a prefi% means &o." $ly in 'liely( is a ad)erbial suffi%.$ly in 'liely( is a ad)erbial suffi%." $ed in 'de)eloped( is a suffi%$ed in 'de)eloped( is a suffi%
morpheme.morpheme.
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What isWhat is
morpheme?morpheme?
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What is morpheme?What is morpheme?
• Dictionary:Dictionar y:
• MorphemeMorpheme• (mr(mr''f!m")f!m")• n.n. • # meaningful linguistic unit consisting of # meaningful linguistic unit consisting of
a word, such asa word, such as man,man, or a word element,or a word element,such assuch as -ed-ed inin walked,walked, that cannot bethat cannot be
di$ided into smaller meaningful parts%di$ided into smaller meaningful parts%• morphemicmorphemic mor·phem'icmor·phem'ic adj.adj.• morphemicallymorphemically mor·phem'i·cal·ly mor·phem'i·cal·ly adv.adv.
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" Definitions:Definitions:
A morpheme is the minimal unit ofmeaning.
" Example:Example: un+system+atic+al+ly un+system+atic+al+ly" Note: morphemes words
What is morpheme?What is morpheme?
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Examples of MorphemesExamples of Morphemes• ne morphemene morpheme boy (one syllable)boy (one syllable)
desire, lady, water (two syllables)desire, lady, water (two syllables)
crocodile (three syllables)crocodile (three syllables)salamander (four syllables), orsalamander (four syllables), or
moremore
syllablessyllables
• Two morphemeTwo morpheme boy + ishboy + ishdesire + abledesire + able
• Three morphemeThree morpheme boy + ish + nessboy + ish + nessdesire + able + itydesire + able + ity
•
our morphemeour morpheme gentle + man + li + nessgentle + man + li + nessun + desire + able + ityun + desire + able + ity• More than fourMore than four un + gentle + man + li +un + gentle + man + li +
nessnessanti + dis + establish +anti + dis + establish +
ment + ari +ment + ari +
an + isman + ism
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-n all language, discrete linguistic-n all language, discrete linguistic
units combineunits combine rule$go)erned ways torule$go)erned ways toform larger unitsform larger units
" Sound units combine to formSound units combine to formmorphemes,morphemes," morphemes combine to form frommorphemes combine to form from
wordswords" word combine to formword combine to form phrasesphrases" phrases combine to form sentencesphrases combine to form sentences
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What is theWhat is therelationshiprelationship
beteenbeteen
morphemes andmorphemes and
ords?ords?
h i h l i hi
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" umans can understand words thatumans can understand words that
ha)e ne)er been heard beforeha)e ne)er been heard before" uman can also create new wordsuman can also create new words"
For exampleFor example,, a writa writableable /0/0aa re re writwritableable /0/0
anan ununre re writwritableable /0/0
What is the relationshipWhat is the relationship
beteen morphemes andbeteen morphemes and
ords?ords?
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How many typesHow many types
of morphemes are there?of morphemes are there?" ound morphemesound morphemes" ree morphemesree morphemes
" Root morphemesRoot morphemes" Stem morphemesStem morphemes
" 0eri)ational morphemes0eri)ational morphemes
" -nflectional morphemes-nflectional morphemes" Affi%es prefi%es andAffi%es prefi%es and
suffi%essuffi%es
" 4rammatical morphemes4rammatical morphemes
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Classifcation o some(English) morphemes
(English) Morphemes(English) Morphemes
BoundBound FreeFree
AfxAfx Root Root Open ClassOpen Class Closed ClassClosed Class
DerivationalDerivational Ine!tionalIne!tional
"re#x "re#x $ufx$ufx $ufx$ufx gruntle gruntle %ouns (%ouns ( girl girl )) Determiners (Determiners ( the the , , a(n) a(n)))
prepre -- -ly-ly -ing -en-ing -en mit mit &er's (&er's ( kick kick)) Conun!tionsConun!tions
(( and and ))
un-un- -ist -ist -er -est -er -est fer fer Ade!tives (Ade!tives ( happy happy) "repositions () "repositions ( of of , , inin ))
con-con-
-ment -ment -ed -ed Adver's (Adver's (quicklyquickly)) "ronouns ( "ronouns ( I I , , he he , , you ) you )
Auxiliar &er's (Auxiliar &er's ( isis))
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#ound morphemes#ound morphemes
" ound morphemesound morphemes 5affi%es6 must be5affi%es6 must beattached to the word.attached to the word.
"
7hey are prefi%es, infi%es, suffi%es7hey are prefi%es, infi%es, suffi%esand circumfi%es.and circumfi%es." Such as 8clude9 as in include , e%clude ,
preclude 6 or they may be grammatical5such as 8:#;9 < plural as in boys , girls , and cats 6.
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$ree morphemes$ree morphemes
" Free morphemes are those that canstand alone as words.
" Example:Example: girl, system, desire,girl, system, desire,
hope, act, phone, happyhope, act, phone, happy
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%oot morphemes%oot morphemes
" AA rootroot is a morphemes that cannot beis a morphemes that cannot beanalyzed into smaller parts.analyzed into smaller parts.
"
Example:Example: cran 5as in cranberry6, act,cran 5as in cranberry6, act,beauty, system, etc..beauty, system, etc.." ree Root =orpheme run, bottle, phone,ree Root =orpheme run, bottle, phone,
etc.etc." ound Root =orpheme recei)e, remit,ound Root =orpheme recei)e, remit,
uncount, uncouth, nonchalant, etc.uncount, uncouth, nonchalant, etc.
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" AA stemstem is formed when a rootis formed when a rootmorpheme is combined with anmorpheme is combined with an
affi%.affi%." >ther affi%es can be added to a>ther affi%es can be added to a
stem to form a more comple%stem to form a more comple%
stem.stem.
Stem morphemesStem morphemes
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E&le of ordE&le of ord
formationformation
" Root belie)e 5)erb6Root belie)e 5)erb6
" Stem belie)e + able 5)erb + suffi%6Stem belie)e + able 5)erb + suffi%6" ?ord un + belie)e + able?ord un + belie)e + able
5prefi% +)erb + suffi%65prefi% +)erb + suffi%6
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E&le of ordE&le of ord
formationformation
" RootRoot systemsystem
" StemStem system + aticsystem + atic" StemStem un + system + aticun + system + atic" StemStem un + system + atic + alun + system + atic + al" ?ord?ord un + system + atic + al + lyun + system + atic + al + ly
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It’s time to relax
Are you tried?
Let’s listen to the song
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Derivational morphemesDerivational morphemes
" Root + 0eri)ational =orpheme $$@ a newRoot + 0eri)ational =orpheme $$@ a newword with a new meaning. 5usuallyword with a new meaning. 5usuallychanges grammatical class6changes grammatical class6
" &oun + 0eri)ational =orpheme $$@ Ad.&oun + 0eri)ational =orpheme $$@ Ad.E%. oy + ish, E%. oy + ish,
" Berb + 0eri)ational =orpheme $$@ &ounBerb + 0eri)ational =orpheme $$@ &oun
E%. AcCuitt + al, clear + ance E%. AcCuitt + al, clear + ance" Ad. + 0eri)ational =orpheme $$@Ad. + 0eri)ational =orpheme $$@
Ad)erb E%. E%act + ly, Cuiet + lyAd)erb E%. E%act + ly, Cuiet + ly
' ( i l' ( ti l
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'n(ectional'n(ectional
morphemesmorphemes" -nflectional morphemes ha)e-nflectional morphemes ha)e
grammatical meaning or function in thegrammatical meaning or function in thesentence.sentence.
" 7hey ne)er change7hey ne)er change part of speech." or e%ample,or e%ample," ound =orpheme E.g. 'to( in connectionound =orpheme E.g. 'to( in connection
with a )erb 5' an infiniti)e with to(6with a )erb 5' an infiniti)e with to(6" ound =orphemes E%. Ds, $edound =orphemes E%. Ds, $ed" e sails the ocean blue.e sails the ocean blue."
e sailed the ocean blue.e sailed the ocean blue.
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Eight English 'n(ectionalEight English 'n(ectional
"orphemes"orphemes• -s-s third-personthird-person
singular presentsingular present• --ededpast tensepast tense
• -ing progressi$e-ing progressi$e• -en-enpastpast
participleparticiple• -s-s pluralplural• -*s-*s possessi$epossessi$e• --erer comparati$ecomparati$e• -est-est
superlati$esuperlati$e
• he waithe waitss at home%at home%
• he waithe waiteded at home%at home%• he is eathe is eatinging thethe
donuts%donuts%
• Mary has eatMary has eatenen thethe
donuts%donuts%• he ate the donuthe ate the donutss%%• isaisa’s’s hair is short%hair is short%
•
isaisa hashas shorter hairshorter hair
)h j di*
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)he major di*erences)he major di*erences
beteen derivational andbeteen derivational and
in(ectional morphologyin(ectional morphology Derivational Infectional
positioncloser to
stem
urtherrom
stemaddable
on to? yes
not inEnglish
changes
stem? yes no
productiv e?
oten! nousually!
yes
meaning?
oten!
unpredictable predictable
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A+&es, pre-&es andA+&es, pre-&es and
su+&essu+&es
" "ffix"ffix a morpheme that comes at the a morpheme that comes at thebeginning 5prefi%6 or the ending 5suffi%6beginning 5prefi%6 or the ending 5suffi%6of a base morpheme.of a base morpheme.
" NoteNote An affi% usually is a morpheme An affi% usually is a morphemethat cannot stand alone.that cannot stand alone.
" ExamplesExamples $ful $ful ,, $ly $ly ,, $it $it y, y, $nes $nes s. A fews. A fewe%ceptions aree%ceptions are able able ,, lie lie , and, and less less ..
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A+&es, pre-&es andA+&es, pre-&es and
su+&essu+&es
" #refix#refix an affi% that comes before a an affi% that comes before abase morpheme. 7hebase morpheme. 7he in in in the wordin the wordinspectinspect is a prefi%.is a prefi%.
" $uffix$uffix an affi% that comes after a an affi% that comes after abase morpheme. 7hebase morpheme. 7he s s inin cats cats is ais asuffi%.suffi%.
"#i$es pre%$ su#i$ in%$"#i$es pre%$ su#i$ in%$
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"#i$es pre%$& su#i$& in%$ "#i$es pre%$& su#i$& in%$and circum%$! are alland circum%$! are all
bound morphemesbound morphemes.re-&es Su+&es 'n-&es /ircum-&es
#oundmorphemeshich occuronly before
othermorphemes!
E&les,un0 1uncover,undo2dis0
1displeased,disconnect), pre01 predetermine, prejudge2
#oundmorphemeshich occurfolloing
othermorphemes!
E&les,0er 1singer,
performer) 0ist 1typist,
pianist) 0ly 1manly,friendly)
#oundmorphemeshich areinserted into
othermorphemes!
E&le,Fikas4strong4fumikas 4to
be strong4
1#ontoc
5anguage2
#oundmorphemesthat areattached to a
root or stemmorphemeboth initiallyand -nally!
E&le,chokma 4he
is good4ik + chokm +o 4he isn?t?good4
1/hickasa
5anguage2
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6rammatical morphemes6rammatical morphemes
" ?hat is the difference in meaning?hat is the difference in meaningbetweenbetween apple apple andand apples apples
" ?hat is the difference in form?hat is the difference in form" ?hat does this tell you about these?hat does this tell you about these
two wordstwo words
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6rammatical morphemes6rammatical morphemes
" ?ords can ha)e an internal structure much?ords can ha)e an internal structure muchlie the synta% of phrases.lie the synta% of phrases.
" =orphemes such as=orphemes such as the the ,, $s $s , and, and re$ re$ near thenear the
grammatical end of the continuum are calledgrammatical end of the continuum are called%rammati&al morphemes%rammati&al morphemes.." &ote that grammatical morphemes include&ote that grammatical morphemes include
forms that we can consider to be words lieforms that we can consider to be words lie
the the ,, a a ,, and and , and, and of of and others that mae upand others that mae upparts of words lieparts of words lie Ds and $ed Ds and $ed .." Examples'Examples'
pencil pencil s s
wal wal ed ed
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What are theWhat are thedi*erencesdi*erences
beteen eachbeteen eachtypetype
of morphemes?of morphemes?
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What is theWhat is thefunction of eachfunction of each
type oftype of
morphemes?morphemes?
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What is theWhat is therelationshiprelationship
among each typeamong each type
of morphemes?of morphemes?
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What is the di*erenceWhat is the di*erencebeteenbeteen
content7le&ical ordscontent7le&ical ords
andand
function7grammaticalfunction7grammatical
ords?ords?
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/ontent Words/ontent Words
" (ontent words(ontent words denote concepts suchdenote concepts suchas subects, actions, and ideasas subects, actions, and ideas 55noun,noun,)erb, adecti)e, ad)erb)erb, adecti)e, ad)erb66
" (ontent words(ontent words are open class wordsare open class words55new words can be addednew words can be added66
" E%ample of new words E%ample of new words SteganographySteganography 55the art of hidingthe art of hidinginformation in electronic te%tinformation in electronic te%t66
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$unction Words$unction Words
• $unction ords$unction ords express Grammaticalexpress GrammaticalFunctionsFunctions ((e.g., preposition, article,e.g., preposition, article,conjunctions, pronounsconjunctions, pronouns))
• $unction ords$unction ords connect the contentconnect the content
ords to the larger grammaticalords to the larger grammaticalcontext.context.
• $unctions ords$unctions ords are also calledare also called!closed class’ ords!closed class’ ords ((no ne ordsno ne ords
assed to this class.assed to this class.))
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E&erciseE&ercise
""I #no you can do it$I #no you can do it$
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4$irst say to yourself4$irst say to yourself
hat you ould be8hat you ould be8
and then do hatand then do hatyou have to do!4you have to do!4
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9o are English9o are English
ords formed?ords formed?
Di*erent types of ordsDi*erent types of ords
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Di*erent types of ordsDi*erent types of ordsfrom di*erentfrom di*erent
formations!formations!• .eri$ed words.eri$ed words• e/ical gapse/ical gaps• 0ompounds& also how to0ompounds& also how to
di1erentiate compounds from noundi1erentiate compounds from nounphrasesphrases
• #cronyms #cronyms
• 2ac3 formations2ac3 formations• #bbre$iations'Truncation'0lipping #bbre$iations'Truncation'0lipping• 4ponyms4ponyms
• 2lends2lends
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Derived (ordsDerived (ords
%% ne ordsne ords ithith ne meaningsne meanings &ormed &rom&ormed &rom
root ' deriational morphemeroot ' deriational morpheme
e.g. ir'regular % irrigulare.g. ir'regular % irrigular
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5e&ical 6aps5e&ical 6aps
" ?ell$formed but none%isting word?ell$formed but none%isting word" Reason a permissible seCuence has noReason a permissible seCuence has no
meaning attached to it Flie GblicH ormeaning attached to it Flie GblicH or
GslarmH or GrobeH@GslarmH or GrobeH@" :ossible comniations of morpheme:ossible comniations of morpheme ne)erne)er
come into usecome into use 55E%.E%.
Gdisob)iousH ,GlinguisticismHGdisob)iousH ,GlinguisticismH66" ?ord lie Ibnic is not a le%ical gaps in?ord lie Ibnic is not a le%ical gaps inEnglish because English does not allowEnglish because English does not allowthe seCuence of 'bn(the seCuence of 'bn(
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/ompounds/ompounds
" ?ord + word < compound word 5meaningmay or may not change6
" ?hen the two word are in the samegrammatical category, compound will bein this category.
" E%. ome5n.6 + ?or5n.6 < homewor5noun6 :ic 5).6 + pocet 5n.6 <picpocet 5noun6
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" /ompounds can be more than two words
" 7wo$word compounds are the mostcommon in English.
"
7hree D word compounds three$timeloser
" ourD word compounds four$dimensional
space$time
/ d h i l/ d h i t l
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/ompounds have internal/ompounds have internal
structurestructure
5%5%
5%5% 5%5%
#d6% #d6% 5%5% rac3 rac3
toptop hathat
5%5%
#d6% #d6% 5%5%
toptop 5%5%
5%5%
hathat
rac3 rac3
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• 7ac3 7ac3
• top hattop hat
• 8at rac3 8at rac3
• toptop
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"eaning of compounds"eaning of compounds
" Same meaning as the parts aboathouse < 5a house for boats6
"
&ew meaning but relate to themeaning of the indi)idual parts
" a blacboard 5can be in other colors,
not ust blac6" a Redcoat 5slang for ritish soldier
during American Re)olutionary ?ar6
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$or$or exampleexample
'la!* 'ird 'la!* 'ird
( turdus merula)
'la!*'ird 'la!*'ird
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)or )or exampleexample
hot dog hotdog
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)or )or exampleexample
red +ood
(Giant Sequoia)
red+ood
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AcronymsAcronyms
" "&ronyms are word deri)ed from heinitials of se)eral word
" &ASA F&ational Aeronautics andSpace Agency@" ;&ES/> F;nited &ations
Educational, Scientific, and /ultural>rganization@
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#ack formations#ack formations
" A new word may entry theA new word may entry the languagelanguage because of an incorrect morphologicalbecause of an incorrect morphologicalanalysis.analysis.
" Example)Example) peddle peddle was deri)ed fromwas deri)ed frompeddler peddler on the mistaen assumptionon the mistaen assumptionthatthat the D er was suffi%.the D er was suffi%.
" stoe $$@ stoerstoe $$@ stoer" edit $$@ editoredit $$@ editor
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AbbreviationsAbbreviations
" "bbreviations of longer words orphrases can become le%icalized
" a% Ffacsimile@" 7elly 57he ritish word for
'tele)ision(6
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" Eponyms are word form proper names.
" Example: sandwich, robot, umbo
EponymsEponyms
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#lends#lends
" Similar to compounds but parts ofthe words that are combined are
deleted.
" Example: smog Ffrom 'smo + fog(@,
motel Ffrom 'motor + hotel(@
)he hierarchical structure of)he hierarchical structure of
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)he hierarchical structure of)he hierarchical structure of
ords represented by theords represented by the
tree diagramtree diagram
"
A word is not a simple seCuence ofA word is not a simple seCuence ofmorphemes.morphemes." -t has an internal structure as-t has an internal structure as
shown in the following treeshown in the following treediagramdiagram
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TTree diagramsree diagrams
5%5%
#d6% #d6% nessness
unun #d6% #d6%
happyhappy
MorphologicalMorphological7ules7ules
9% un + happy -->9% un + happy --> #d6% #d6%
:% ad6% + ness -->:% ad6% + ness -->
5%5%
Oth t di tOther terms according to
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Other terms according toOther terms according to
ord formation,ord formation," Rule producti)ityRule producti)ity
" ;ni)ersality of compounding;ni)ersality of compounding
" Suppleti)e E%ceptionSuppleti)e E%ception" E%pleti)eE%pleti)e
" AllomorphsAllomorphs" 0efaultJelsewhere0efaultJelsewhere
" omophonous morphemesomophonous morphemes"
ReduplicationReduplication
% l d ti it% l d ti it
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%ule productivity%ule productivity
" =orphological Rules are :roducti)e=orphological Rules are :roducti)ebecausebecause
" 7hey can be used freely to form new7hey can be used freely to form newwords from the list of free and boundwords from the list of free and boundmorpheme.morpheme.
" Some morphemes are more producti)eSome morphemes are more producti)ethan others.than others.
"
:roducti)e morphemes E%. $able or $er:roducti)e morphemes E%. $able or $er" &ot :roducti)e morphemes&ot :roducti)e morphemes E%. DletE%. Dlet5piglet65piglet6
Universality ofUniversality of
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Universality ofUniversality of
compoundingcompounding" *niversality &ompoundin%*niversality &ompoundin% is a commonis a common
and freCuent process for enlargingand freCuent process for enlargingthe )ocabulary of all language.the )ocabulary of all language.
" ExEx'' -n 7hai, the word 'cat( is m-n 7hai, the word 'cat( is mKKKKw,w,'watch( is fLn, and 'house( is bLan. 7he'watch( is fLn, and 'house( is bLan. 7heword for 'watch cat( is the compoundword for 'watch cat( is the compoundmmKKKKwfLnbLan D literally,wfLnbLan D literally,'catwatchhouse('catwatchhouse(
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Suppletive E&ceptionSuppletive E&ception
" $uppletive$uppletive are treated separately inare treated separately inthe grammar, that cannot use thethe grammar, that cannot use the
regular rules of inflectionalregular rules of inflectionalmorphology to add affi%es to wordmorphology to add affi%es to wordthe e%ception.the e%ception.
" Ex'Ex' child $$@ childrenwoman $$@ women
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AllomorphAllomorph
)i*erent &orm o& morphemes that hae)i*erent &orm o& morphemes that hae
the same meaningthe same meaning
e.g. ir+, il+, im+, in+ % note.g. ir+, il+, im+, in+ % not
+en, + % to ma#e to -ecome +en, + % to ma#e to -ecome
to -rightto -rightenen our mindour mind
to -ronto -ron:: the garlicthe garlic
;ero morpheme7;ero morpheme7
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;ero morpheme7;ero morpheme7
default7elseheredefault7elsehere
A <ero morpheme is a morpheme8A <ero morpheme is a morpheme8consisting of no form8 that isconsisting of no form8 that isproposed in some analyses as anproposed in some analyses as anallomorphallomorph of aof a morphememorpheme that isthat isordinarily reali<ed by a morphordinarily reali<ed by a morphhaving some phonetic form!having some phonetic form!
bronbron (adj/ ' 0 1(adj/ ' 0 1 bronbron (er-/(er-/
% 2to ma#e to -ecome% 2to ma#e to -ecome bronbron (er/ 2(er/ 2dark dark (adj/ ' +en 1(adj/ ' +en 1 darkendarken (er-/(er-/
% "to ma#e to -ecome% "to ma#e to -ecome darkdark (er/ $(er/ $
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9omophonous9omophonous
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9omophonous9omophonous
morphemesmorphemes
" HomophonesHomophones morphemes that morphemes that
sound alie but ha)e differentsound alie but ha)e differentmeanings and spellings.meanings and spellings." ExamplesExamples bear bear ,, bare bare MM plain plain ,, plane plane MM
cite cite ,, sight sight ,, site site ..
% d li ti%ed plication
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%eduplication%eduplication
, Redupli!ation is
the
morphological pr
ocess by whichall or part of a
word is copied o
r duplicated
, Some examples
from Lakhota:
basebase *eduplica*eduplica
tedtedormorm
glossgloss
g+g+ gig+gig+ ,,to beto be
rustyrustybro(n-bro(n-
s./s./ s.as./s.as./ ,,to beto be (hite- (hite-
sh/sh/ shash/shash/ ,,to beto bered-red-
th0th0 thoth0thoth0 ,,to beto be
blue orblue or
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2ast E$ercise2ast E$ercise
Good luc#Good luc#
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A great person is anA great person is an
ordinaryordinary ho decidesho decides
to doto do
the great thing!the great thing!
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*eerences*eerences
http&''en%wi3ipedia%org'wi3i'Morphemehttp&''www%uncp%edu'home'canada'wor3'caneng'
morpheme%htmhttp&''www%ling%udel%edu'arena'morphology%html
http&''e$erything:%com'inde/%pl;node<id=99?@AB
http&''www%uncp%edu'home'canada'wor3'caneng'morpheme%htm
http&''introling%ynada%com'session-C-types-of-morphemes
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*eerences*eerences
http&''campus%sou%edu'Dnash'morphology%hhttp&''campus%sou%edu'Dnash'morphology%htmltml
http&''www%ling%upenn%edu'courses'all<9EEhttp&''www%ling%upenn%edu'courses'all<9EE
F' lingAA9'morphology:%htmlF' lingAA9'morphology:%htmlhttp&''www%indiana%edu'Dhlw'GnHection'morhttp&''www%indiana%edu'Dhlw'GnHection'mor
phemes%htmlphemes%html
http&''en%wi3ipedia%org'wi3i'2ac3-formationhttp&''en%wi3ipedia%org'wi3i'2ac3-formation
http&''bogglesworldesl%com'glossary'grammhttp&''bogglesworldesl%com'glossary'grammaticalmorphemes%htmaticalmorphemes%htm
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*eerences*eerences
http&''en%wi3ipedia%org'wi3i'4/pleti$e<http&''en%wi3ipedia%org'wi3i'4/pleti$e<inI/ationinI/ation
http&''www%facsta1%buc3nell%edu'rbearhttp&''www%facsta1%buc3nell%edu'rbear
d'homepage%htmld'homepage%html