United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Water and Energy

1 2 C7

Kingdom of the Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Morogoro Wells Construction Project

Twelfth Progress Report January - September 1984

Ill·l\r DHV Consulting Engineers In cooperation with

O.N.v. Organisation of Netherlands Volunteers

 

United Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Water and Energy

Kingdom of the Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Morogoro Wells Construction Project

Twelfth Progress Report

IJ l-t\r DHV Consulting Engineers

P.O. Box 85 / Telex 79348 dhv ni / Cables dehave 3800 AB Amersfoort - The Netherlands

January - September 1984

 

CONTENTS

1.

2.

2.1. 2.2. 2.2.1. 2.2.2. 2.3. 2.3.1 . 2.3.2. 2.3 . 3. 2 . 3 . 4. 2.4 .

3.

3.1. 3.2.

4.

5.

6.

7.

7.1. 7 .2. 7.3. 7.4.

Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix Appendix

3

PAGE

INTRODUCTION

REHABILITATION PROGRAMME

Introduction Investigation and data collection Inspection trips Results of questionnaire Rehabilitation Introduction Methodology Results Costs Conclusions

SURVEY AND CONSTRUCTION

Survey Construction

WELLS FOR PRODUCTIVE USE

TRAINING

SOCIO-CULTURAL SURVEYS

STAFFING AND YARD ACTIVITIES

Personnel Garage and vehi'cles Manufacturing/Workshop Supply and deliveries to third parties

5

7

7 7 7 8

11 11 12 12 14 15

17

17 17

18

20

21

22

22 22 22 23

A B C

Wells drilled from October 1983 onwards 27 Alternative sites still to be re-drilled 29 Vehicles in use with MWCP and MPWSP 30

D E

Production of Morogoro l,Iorkshop/factory Supplies and deliveries to third parties

31 32

 

5

1. INTRODUCTION

During the reporting period (January - October 1984) a number of developments took place which may be important for the future water supply programme in the Morogoro Region.

The rehabilitation programme was finalized, having taken from July 1982 till around July 1984, as summarized in chapter 2 of this report and described in detail in the "Final Report Rehabilitation". The exercise was a very useful one, not only where it resulted in a new push for life of the wells constructed in Morogoro North by MWCP, but also where it established that the useful lifetime of pumps installed in the project without regular preventive mainte­nance is at least three years. Thereafter more expensive and major repairs are needed, at costs averaging 1/3 to 1/4 of those of a new well. At the same time centrally organized maintenance with one well check per year will cost as much as a three-yearly rehabilitation. The rehabilitation report can be read as a plea for user-based maintenance with government assistance, rather than a pure govern­ment service. The Study Team investigating and recommending on the future water supply programme for Morogoro came to the same conclusion and recom­mended village ownership with assistance from government agencies, whereby these agencies need strengthening to cope with the task of maintaining existing supplies and building new ones. If accepted, the study team's recommendations will result in a user­oriented maintenance programme with village ownership and responsi­bilities, assisted by District councils and central government agen­cies, instead of District ownership and responsibility in which the villages have little say, and consequently little interest in the upkeep of their water supplies. As a result of the activities of the study team and to prevent any anticipation on the study team's recommendations, all activities related to the construction of wells for productive use and agricul­tural plots, as well as handing over of wells to villages and the training of village caretakers, were suspended. The first project section to feel the pinch of this decision was the survey section, where it became difficult to keep up to seven senior surveyors usefully employed. lhis has finally been made possible by surveying the groundwater potential in some areas not previously covered by the project. As a result, planning for the new five-year programme could find a better base. Construction teams were not so much affected by this decision, as rehabilitation surveys had identified alternative and additional wells to be constructed. However, the change-over from very intense rehabilitation work Ivith consequently different work habits and reporting procedures, back to construction work, was not easy espe­cially as no real new purpose could be given to this work, pending the study team's recommendations and the approval thereof. Fear for the ending of the project, and possible termination of employment, has had its effects in the project, resulting in cases of indiscipline, attempts (sometimes successful) at theft, joy riding, and a general slow-down of pace.

 

6

It was regrettable that some otherwise good emplyees got caught in the maelstrom and had to be dismissed for disciplinary reasons. On the other hand the management had a double task during part of the reporting period, where the project manager was engaged in the study team and the construction staff worked for the sub-committee for planning of a five-year water supply plan. In the villages, in the absence of a follow-up on the rehabilitation activities caused by the delay in the recommendations of the study team and their subsequent approval, wells rehabilitated at the beginning of the period were in need of maintenance again, and in some cases even ceased functioning. Although the Maji District Maintenance Officers did make some rounds and repaired wells, this exercise was insufficient, being severely hampered by lack of transport; fuel and tools. The effort made by the Kilosa DMO's, who regularly sent copies of their reports to the project, is laudable under these circumstances . No records are available of the Morogoro DMO's performance in this respect. Village governments repeatedly questioned our teams when in the village, and expressed their disappointment with the absence of a follow-up with training for maintenance and the provision of tools and spares. Bottlenecks have appeared in the supply of cement and fuel, although these did not influence the project's running over a prolongued period, apart from two weeks' interruption in the construction. As a result of requests to DHV for data collection before the start of the study team's work, a report by Mr. Kanshahu, a local consul­tant, was received. This report was the result of a socio-cultural investigation programme aimed at assessing the validity of the assumption that well water can be productively used as a source of income from which the maintenance of a well can be financed, in the circumstances as prevailing in Morogoro. The report confirms the assumption but recommends detailed studies for each case. A further study into the use of spill water and excess water from water supplies was made by Mr. P. Peletier. This study came up with some interesting observations which were of assistance to the study team. These included remarkable deviations in village population as compared to census figures, and apparent large fluctuations in design criteria for water supply, whereby some supplies have indeed possibilities for the use of excess water for productive purposes. Shallow wells als have been earmarked for productive use, although certain recommendations should be considered when siting wells, to enable this in general, i.e. no siting in between the houses . Such siting has proved also to increase the difficulties of the disposal of spill water as no gardens can be made. Bringing clean water to the people can also have its adverse effects!

 

7

2. REHABILITATION PROGRAMME

2.1. Introduction

During the bilateral consultations of 1982 on the future activities of the Morogoro Wells Construction Project , it was decided to carry out a rehabilitation programme for all the wells constructed upto then, pending a decision on the final set-up of a maintenance system.

Most of the rehabilitation activities took place between October 1982 and December 1983, with some checking and adjustments going on till mid-1984 .

. Rehabilitation was carried out, generally in the indicated order, in six batches that each covered a specific area: 1. Kilosa South 2. Kilosa Centre 3. Kilosa North 4. Morogoro North 5. Morogoro Centre 6. Kilosa West (Kidete area).

Before the actual rehabilitation and repair activities started, inspec­tion trips were carried out to the villages involved in the progranmle. On the basis of the results thus obtained, the rehabilitation itself start­ed, in several cases followed by survey and construction work.

2.2. Investigation and data collection

2.2.1. Inspection trips

A preliminary investigation was carried out in the course of seven in­spection trips (batch 5 was divided into two parts because of the large area it covers). Two weeks before the start of each trip the villages were informed about the meeting to be held, by a letter from the District Development Direc­tor. This included a schedule of the inspection trip, indicating the time each meeting was to start, and a questionnaire. When this letter was handed over, a verbal explanation of the questions was given. The village leaders were to discuss and fill in this questionnaire with the villagers before the official meeting with the inspection team.

During the meeting with the team all the questions were discussed again (several had not been understood properly in the first instance) and explanations given about responsibilities, future developments, the pre­sent situation in the village, maintenance, health aspects, etc. The villagers were informed that pump attendants, to be appointed by the villages themselves, would be charged with the care of the well in fu­ture. These people (two per village) would receive training later., while during the rehabilitation in their village they would work with a well­check group to get initial instruction. Other subjects, such as wells for productive use, cattle troughs and plans for piped supplies, were also discussed. In most villages some wells were inspected by the inspection teams and the problems and com­plaints noted.

 

8

Sometimes explanations were given on the spot about cleaning a particular well and its surroundings and the possibilities of using spill water to irrigate small vegetable gardens to be planted near the wells. The questions, answers and other remarks were noted on a batch inspection form, to serve as a basis for the actual rehabilitation.

2.2.2. Results of questionnaire

The number of villagers present at the introductory meeting varied. In some villages there were only the village authorities and some elderly men, whereas in other villages the group amounted to over 50 or 100 people. This enabled the members of the team to communicate directly with the users of the wells, which on several occasions led to very lively discussions. A special attempt was made to draw the women, as the main users of the wells, into the discussions. It was clear that they were much more acquainted with water-related problems in the village than the men.

The answers to the questionnaire and those given at the meetings, are summarized in Table 1.

It must be stressed that the answers related to the walking distance to the well (in time) wer~ not always consistent, and that people estimate time in different ways. Also the answers were often given by men, whereas the water is normally fetched by the women. Whenever women were present during the meetings, the question was put directly to them. Very often complaints about the walking distance, as well as about the number of wells, turned out to be exaggerated.

The answers regarding water quality are very subjective, and do not in general tally with the official water quality standards. In the Gairo area, for instance, where water is generally very saline and scarce, the people are not complaining. In other areas, however, people are still using water from rivers and streams, while complaining that the shallow well water is too saline, although the salinity is far below the acceptable level set by the stan­dards. The river water is thus used, only because it tastes better, and spite of the fact that it may cause diseases.

It became very clear that in areas where drinking of river water previ­ously resulted in cholera outbreaks, the shallow wells were highly appre­ciated, and no complaints were heared about distance, quality or anything else.

The appreciation of the villagers for the Kangaroo pump is remarkable, since in the past this type of pump has been subject to much criticism from the part of research and evaluation commissions. Complaints about the Kangaroo pump generally concerned its being heavy to handle, in particular for children and elderly people. This is, in fact, easily remedied if the spring is greased every three to four months. The villagers ment,ioned the durability of the Kangaroo pump, and the fact that children cannot play with it, as the main advantages of this type of pump.

 

9

Table 1 Results of the inspection trips - Answers to questionnaire

Question Batch No.: 1 2 3 4 5 6 Total % -------------------------------------------------------------------------Complaints about distance from the well to the users

Yes No No answer

16 16 26 24 34 6 1 236 4 0 0 2 3

6 2 1

122 20 10

80 13

7 -------------------------------------------------------------------------Complaints about Yes 25 17 28 27 38 8 143 94 the number of wells No 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 in the village No answer 1 0 0 2 4 8 5 ----- ----- -------------------------- --- ----------------------------------Complaints about water quality

Complaints about water quantity

Complaints about the pump

Favourite type of pump

Other sources of drinking water used

Is care being taken?

Is the village willing to ap­point pump a t­tendants?

Where should training take place?

Is the village willing to pay pump attendants?

Yes No No

Yes No

answer

No answer

Yes No No answer

Kangaroo Handle pump No answer

Local well River water Piped supply

Yes No No answer

Yes No No answer

Group of villages Central point No answer

Yes No No answer

14 11 25 22 30 8 6 3 5 8 4 0 0 2 5

7 5 25 15 14 19 12 3 12 24 o 0 0 , 2 5

2 20

4

12 18 5 10 o 0

17 16 10 22 2 5

16 4 24 27 15 6 11 2 0 23 42225

9 13 25 16 8 5 2 4

3 16 15 21 1 13 200

11 21 10 19 6 5

16 16 8 23 5 4

21 14 27 25 38 4 3 121 1 0 0 2 4

24 15 26 22 35

o 2 2 7 6 2 0 002

16 3 7

15 28 o 0 2 0

25 35 4 7 o 10

6 3 0

1 7 1

4 4

3 4 2

3 6 o

2 6 1

7 1 1

5

1 3

6 1 2

108 33 I 1

67 77

8

69 71

8

89 46 17

82 64 18

68 72 12

132 12

8

127

18 7

125 15 12

71 22

7

44 51

5

45 47

5

59 30 11

45 47 24

87 8 5

84

12 4

82 10

8

 

10

Table 1 Results of the inspection trips (continued)

Question Batch No.:

Which system of Monthly payment should Other vil-be followed? lage jobs

Self-help Contract

Average amount the village is prepared to pay per well, per month

Village where one or more wells are used for small-scale irrigation

Numbers of break­downs since con­struction of the wells

Organisation that carried out the repairs

Kangaroo

Handle pump

MWCP DWE Others

1 2 3 4 5 6

40% 24% 4% 4% 8% 14% 14% 41% 89% 61% 85% 58%

23% 12% 0% 7% 12% 23% 23% 7% 28% 7% 18%

6 7 5 4 11

14 43 32 25 17 2

2

5

1 18

8 13 12 14 2 4 1

5

1 1

Total %

TShs 50-100

34

133

26

52 8 1

16% 58%

9% 18%

22

 

11

Also in areas where the handle pump is the most widespread, people seem to prefer the Kangaroo pump. The complaints about the handle pump mainly relate to the fact that it is damaged easily and that children play with the handle. However, the fact that this type of pump is easier to operate, is its big advantage according to the users.

Although the question on caretaking was answered in a pos1t1ve way by most villages, the inspection team found many wells with badly kept surroundings. Most often the ten-cell leaders had been charged with the responsibility of caretaking, according the the statements by the village authorities. In practice, however, cleaning was often neglected, and the inspection team met with situations where it w·as clear that the surround­ings had been cleaned only just before their arrival, for the first time since a very long period.

The answers to the questionnaire express a great willingness from the part of the villages to appoint and to pay pump attendants, but the majority of the villages only did so after long discussions and explana ­tions. The same applies to the willingness to pay for spare parts. These discussions often centered on the question of ownership of the well. There were villages where the people had objections against col­lecting money as proposed for purchasing spare parts, because of bad experience with this kind of system in the past (e.g. for milling machines).

During discussions about shallow well water for cattle watering and small-scale irrigation, many villages expressed the wish to have special wells for ca ttle watering and irrigation, together with some assistance in the implementation of small - scale projects.

2.3. Rehabilitation

2.3.1. Introduction

On the basis of the reports from the inspection teams, the pumping mate­rials and slabs, as well as water quality and quantity of all wells (753) in the MWCP area were checked and repairs and replacements effected. However, since rehabilitation also involves determining and where possi­ble eliminating the cauies of damage, this was not in itself suffi­cient. Generally speaking, rehabilitation is much more comprehensive than maintenance, as illustrated by the following:

Low-yield wells required extensive investigations to determine whether the well screen and/or gravel pack had becDme clogged or incrustated, or whether the aquifer itself was poor. The wells were redeveloped by means of surge plunging, and a pump test carried out to see whether this had resulted in any improvement of the yield. If not, it was judged that the aquifer itself was poor, and new surveys were carried out to try and find an alternative well site.

 

12

A poor water quality, when established, could mean that either the quali­ty of the water in the aquifer was poor, or that corrosion of the well and/or pump materials had led to a deterioration of water quality. The true reason had to be established before decisions could be taken on corrective measures (relocating the well, installing corrosion-free mate­rials, etc.).

In all pumps fitted with handles and installed after mid-1983, the ball bearings are filled with special grease, resistant to high temperatures. This was not the case with the bearings of older pumps, so these were filled with this grease during rehabilitation.

2.3.2. Methodology

The rehabilitation system was set up as follows. A well-check group started in a certain area with visiting all villages and all wells. The village authorities were informed about the purpose of the group's visit and that they had to select, at short notice, two villagers to be appointed pump attendants. These were to work with the well-check group in order to get instruction on how to remove and re-install a pump, as a preparation for a more formal training in future. In addition, the vil­lage had to provide three or four people to work as unpaid labourers with the slab-repair group . . With the report of the inspection team as a guideline, the extent of the required works was assessed, also for the slab-repair group and - as far as possible at this. stage - for the laboratory and survey groups. The leader of the well-check group then informed the slab-repair group about the extent of their activities. Thereafter the actual well check could start in the first village, with the assistance of the pump attendants appointed by that particular vil­lage.

2.3.3. Results

The rehabilitation consis ted of repairs and replacement of parts, not only where defects had been established, but also to avoid possible future problems.

Wells

In case no appropriate solution for upgrading a well could be found, but an alternative site was available, new wells were drilled. To achieve this, 104 sites were re-surveyed, reSUlting in 42 approved new well sites.

Thirty-six of the 62 wells for which no other site could be found were abandoned, while others were retained, mostly at the request of the users (e.g. wells with a low yield, in situations where no other reliable water source is present).

 

13

In addition, attention was given to the general water supply situation in each village. The findings led to an extensive survey for additional well sites, resulting in 93 approved additional sites.

During the inspection visits, 38 wells were found to be completely out of order. The rehabilitation teams found one more such well in the fourth batch, so that the total number of wells with breakdowns so severe that no more water could be produced, amounted to 39, or: 5% of the total number of wells.

As could be expected, there was a clear relation between the age of the wells and the problems with pumping equipment. The oldest batches (Nos. 3 and 4) showed the highest number of problems. In batch 2, although its wells are also old, less problems were encoun­tered because more maintenance had been done here than in the other areas.

The suitability of shallow wells in the various areas is confirmed by the success rates of the survey and re-drilling activities. Also the conclu­sion mentioned in the Water Master Plan for Northern Morogoro Region, that the Gairo and Ngerengere areas are less suitable for shallow wells, is confirmed by the low success rates of batches 3 and 5.

In spite of the rehabilitation efforts it may be expected that mainte­nance will have to remain concentrated on the older batches (3,4 and part of 5, the Doma area). Most of the pump exchanges took place there, and the repaired pumps that have been re-installed (with the process of wear between the tubes of the pump stand and the pump head in the Kangaroo pumps going on) will warrant regular checks at the least.

Pumping equipment

The results of the rehabilitation campaign clearly show that there is a large difference in number between problems with pumping equipment and other major problems. This again emphasizes the necessity of a proper maintenance system, since many of these problems can be prevented or at least delayed by regular maintenance, and rehabilitation programmes could t<!'ius be omitted.

Only 5 % of the wells had break-downs that were so severe that no water could be produced anymore. Although this is a remarkably low percentage, it must be kept in mind that water could not be produced only in those cases where risers or rods had become disconnected and the moving parts of the pumps jammed, as the result of severe corrosion. In other cases of severe problems (e.g. broken springs) a well could still give water.

In order to prevent future corrosion problems of pump rods and risers (which also appeared to have been the real reason behind a considerable part of the taste and smell complaints) virtually all galvanized pump rods and risers have been replaced by the current standard, i.e. stain­less steel pump rods and pvc riser pipe.

 

14

A stricter standardization of pumping equipment is necessary, because the continuing modification of pumping equipment during the years has result­ed in a large variety of lengths and diameters of pump rods and risers.

It may be expected that this type of problem will gradually disappear when the older pumps are replaced, although future modifications of pump­ing equipment might re-introduce it to a certain extent. Before any further modifications of pumping equipment are realized, careful consid­eration is thus required, to establish whether the planned improvements warrant a disruption of the standardization.

An important question is whether there is a relation between the age of the pump and the percentage of defective pumps in that age group. For the Kangaroo pumps, a statistical processing of the data obtained resulted in an expected lifetime (without major problems) of 67 months.

Using the information from the rehabilitation to predict the probability that a Kangaroo pump will reach a certain age without major problems should be done with much care, however. First it should be taken into account that the Kangaroo pumps included in the rehabilitation process were of various types. In addition, new Kangaroo pumps have undergone modifications that are expected to extend their useful life. Also the repaired Kangaroo pumps have been modified with the intention to prevent especially those problems that were encountered in the field, so that they might be expected to last longer.

For the SWN 80 pumps a similar statistical processing results in a life­time of 77 months, or approx. 6.5 years. Actual experience with SWN 80 pumps is shorter, however, so practice will have to show to what extent ~his prediction is realistic. It is a fact, however, that SWN 80 pumps, if installed well, are com­pletely maintenance-free for a period of at least 9 months.

Using the abovementioned data, the conclusion would be that SWN 80 pumps behave better than the Kangaroo pumps. The fact that the Kangaroo pumps have now been modified should be taken into consideration, however. In addition, the conclusion that the SWN 80 pumps show less problems than the Kangaroo pumps may seem contradictory to the opinion of the villa­gers, who say that the SWN 80 pumps break down easily. An important point is that the Kangaroo pump, also if major problems have developed such as a cracked footplate or even a broken spring, can still produce water, although requiring a greater effort. A broken SWN 80 handle makes pumping very difficult, however.

2.3.4. Costs

The total costs of the rehabilitation programme were TShs 4,266,016, as follows:

Well check and slab repair Surveys and laboratory Re-drilling

2,533,997/= 1,240,845/=

491,174/=

TShs 4,266,016/=

 

15

For well check and slab repair the amount given refers t o a total of 753 wells, so that the average cost of well check and slab repair, per well, amount to TShs 3,365.

Survey and laboratory costs, for alternative well sites as well as addi­tional sites, amount to TShs 1,240,845. The total number of surveyed sites is 339, both approved and disapproved, which results in an average of TShs 3,660. The total number of successful sites is only 135 s ites, however. Survey costs per approved site are, therefore, TShs 9, 191.

The cost of re-drilling a total of 32 wells amounted to TShs 491,174, or TShs 15,349 per well. This includes the cost of the re-drillings that failed. Discounting these, the total re-drilling costs are TShs 469,569 , or, for 28 wells, an average of TShs 16,770 per well.

This cost is considerably higher than that of normal construction activi­ties (TShs 10,000 to 15,000), because the re-drillings required extra efforts (trying to go deeper than normal, several attempts for one well, etc.). Also the sites were farther apart than in a normal programme, thus raising transport costs .

On the basis of cost data collected during the rehabili tation, it is estimated that annual maintenance costs would be in the order of TShs. 1,500 - 2,000 per well, if no preventive maintenance takes place. If such preventive maintenance is carried out, however, e.g. at village level, the annual costs could be considerably lower, as the cost of the necessa­ry materials is only about TShs. 400 per well and per year.

2 . 4. Conclusions

Although the technical goals of the rehabilitation programme were achieved, a lasting effect will be obtained only when a maintenance system and a comprehensive training of the people concerned at all levels (Region, District, village) is put into effect. If a rehabilitation programme remains an isolated effort and no regular caretaking and main­tenance is going to take place afterwards, such a rehabilitation pro­gramme will have to be repeated (as a rough estimate) once every three years.

The matter of formal ownership of the wells, and of the responsibility for maintenance, already under discussion for a long time without a decision having been reached, are the main reason why wells had not been formally handed over to the Tanzanian authorities, although Maji staff (DMO's) had been trained and was also carrying out some maintenance work. Under the present system, maintenance under Maji responsibility is se­verely hampered by inadequate funding and transport facilities, whereas the villagers themselves do not feel responsible for upkeep and repair of wells and pumps.

 

16

On the other hand, proposals for village participation in maintenance have not been approved, so that the formal training of village caretakers and village mechanics could not be started. For those reasons, no follow­up of the rehabilitation programme is possible as yet. Though villages did appoint pump attendants, they still await a formal training programme and the provision with tools and spare parts.

The first pump attendants were appointed two years ago, with the prospect that they would get a comprehensive training in the near future. Because such a training did not materialize uptil now, the project has lost much confidence in the villages. Moreover, because most of the appointed people were young men, chances of finding them back after such a long time are remote.

The instruction to the pump attendants was a good exercise to become acquainted with the capabilities of the appointed people. It is not advisable, however, to have the selection done by the village authorities only. The best way to select them would be by means of a short examina­tion on the basis of a job description, with an official appointment in a village meeting.

Further developments regarding the productive use of shallow well water are strongly recommended. The villagers are clearly interested and have already started in some cases. They lack specialized knowledge, however, and also at least some of the required materials may have to be provided to them .

 

17

3. SURVEY AND CONSTRUCTION

3.1. Survey

As has been mentioned earlier, most survey activities undertaken in the reporting period were part of the rehabilitation drive. In addition the groundwater potential has been surveyed in areas not previously covered by the proj ecl.

By the end of August 1984 a total of 236 sites had been surveyed, of which 78 could be approved. These included surveys for al ternative and additional sites, as well as surveys for sites in villages for which requests for new wells had been received. Surveys were further executed for the well at the Dar-es-Salaam Fair gound, and for a number of wells to be used as intakes by the Morogoro Piped Water Supply Project (MPWSP).

In consultation with the co-ordinator some sites for investigating the feasibility of wells for livestock watering have , been surveyed in the Gairo area, where many requests for such wells had been received. How­ever, this was done on the condition that no construction would follow until the recommendations of the study team would have been accepted, in conformity with the conditions laid down by Maji for the on-going project period. In that way otherwise redundant surveyors could keep work.

3.2. Construction

Activities of the construction department till July 1984 were mostly devoted to the execution of the Rehabilitation Programme as described in chapter 2. Thereafter most of the time was spent on the construction of additional wells.

A total of 50 wells were constructed, as follows (see also Appendix A):

additional wells special requests (incl. MPWSP) sites from old programme (surveyed before the start of the rehabilitation programme) wells atalte{rrative sites

total

24 12

7

7

50

The special requests include wells for the Sokoine University of Morogo­ro, the Dar-es-Salaam Fair, the Turiani Hospital, the Kiberege Prison farm, the Irish project in Kilosa and the Nyameni Youth Centre. In addition, to avoid problems with contamination through wash water at the well, 15 existing wells were provided with washing s labs in their vicinity.

The total number of wells made by the project from 1978 till September 1984 and presently operative now stands at 811. Alternative sites that still have to be re-drilled are listed in Appendix B.

 

18

4. WELLS FOR PRODUCTIVE USE

During discussions with Maji it was determined that nei ther the construc­tion of wells for other than drinking water purposes, nor the formal training of pump attendants, village caretakers, etc. would be undertaken for the time being.

However, an investigation into the possibilities of using spill and excess water from wells and other water supply systems, for productive purposes, has been carried out by Mr. P . Peletier . In the period from February to August 1984 he did theoretical and pilot­scale research on this subject, the results of which have been laid down in the report "Productive use of spill and excess water from domestic water supply schemes", of August 19, 1984.

The main reasons for studying the subject of productive use were :

a need for village participation and responsibility, necessary for operation and maintenance of existing schemes. Could productive use of water make villagers feel more responsible for, and financially capable of carrying out operation and maintenance? a health hazard, created by the formation of stagnant pools of spill water at the watering points . Could this water be used productively, at the same time preventing this kind of hazards ? shallow wells with hand pumps seem to be a good tool for all kinds of rural development projects there is a demand for shallow wells and locally produced hand pumps for other than domestic use, which cannot be fulfilled within the present project terms.

The study centered on three main groups of possible applications: small-scale irrigation livestock other productive uses

The results of the study can be briefly summarized as follows:

spill water from a hand pump or a watering point of a piped supply system (water drained or spilled during normal use) is only about 1000 - 1800 litres per day . It is difficult to use this water in a productive way. Excess water, however, (extra water the system or pump can technically provide, but which is not being used at the moment), is available in most shallow wells and piped supply schemes. using the excess water from a shallow well for four hours a day, an irrigated vegetable garden of approx. 1000 - 2500 m2 , with adequate input, husbandry and marketing, is economically interesting in the present Situation, seen the absence of adequate facilities, (lack of seeds and chemicals; lack of adequate and economic trans­portation) the production will generally be a welcome supplement to the home consumption of vegetables, rather than a source of cash income

 

19

using a hand pump, a farmer can water 25 - 125 heads of cattle per hour supplying a cattle dip with a hand pump is quite feasible. To prevent chemical pollution, the well should be at a certain distance from the dip. A pressure-type hand pump is indispensable here piped water supply schemes should be used for dip tanks and cattle watering troughs wherever possible and necessary the yield of a shallow well with hand pump is too small to be used for an economically interesting fish pond shallow wells with hand pumps can be a very useful instrument for small-scale industries the development of a suitable pressure pump will considerably in­crease the technical possibilities of using shallow wells produc­tively outside the sphere of strictly domestic drinking water .

 

20

5. TRAINING

As has been mentioned earlier, it had been decided not to embark on formal training programmes during the reporting period. Several ad-hoc training activities have been undertaken during the execution of the rehabilitation programme, however.

The rehabilitation programme included three educational components. The first was focused on the DMO's, who worked with a well-check group during the whole rehabilitation period in their Districts. In this way they got experience not only in well maintenance, but also in its organization, registration and financial aspects.

The pump attendants comprised the second group to receive training during the rehabilitation, though on a limited scale. In many villages, certain­ly in the second and fourth batches, it was difficult to arrange appoint­ment of the two pump attendants and their availability at the appropriate time. Several meetings with the village authorities were required to settle the matter. In the beginning the well-check leader sometimes gave up and did his work without the pump attendants. Later it was decided to refuse to start the well check unless pump attendants were present. Finally there was only one case in which the wells were not overhauled because of absence of -the pump attendants.

The appointed pump attendants worked with the well-check group as unpaid labourers. Normally on the first well to be opened they were shown how to do it, what equipment to use, and in what way. On the second well they were to open it themselves and to lift the pump, while the well-check staff still did the necessary repairs and exchanges. On the following wells the pump attendants were to take over also these tasks as far as possible.

In general the instruction given could not be complete; it must be kept in mind, however, that the intention was not to give a comprehensive training in well maintenance at this stage.

The third goal, although not formally included in the rehabilitation programme, was to give information to the well users in cleaning the surroundings, handling the pump and in the productive use of shallow well water. Extensive efforts were undertaken by all groups to inform the people on these subjects and to involve them in the cleaning of the slab and its surroundings.

In several cases the level of interest was very low and the only way to mobilize the people was to close the well for one day. On the other hand the groups sometimes met with encouraging situations where people had started small gardens near the wells, or where school children took care of the wells and their surroundings.

 

21

6. SOCIO-CULTURAL SURVEYS

Two surveys of a socio-cultural nature and related to water supply have been carried out in the Morogoro Region during the reporting period. The first is the survey by means of a questionnaire and subsequent meetings that was carried out in the initial phase of the rehabilitation pro­gramme, and discussed in detail in chapter 2.2. of this report .

In addition, a socio-cultural survey was undertaken by Mr. A. Kanshahu of Spark International Consultants Ltd., in 16 villages of Morogoro and Kilosa Districts . The aim of that study was to investigate the attitude of the villagers towards survey, construction and maintenance of shallow wells.

The survey was carried out during the month of December 1983 by way of data collection through literature review, interviews with villagers, Regional authorities, third party institutions and professionals in areas related to water supply, productive use of water, and community partici­pation.

The main findings of the study can be summarized as follows.

there is a lack of adequate involvement of beneficiaries (villagers) in Morogoro water supply programmes villagers are willing to participate in rural water supply pro­grammes, provided that organizational, educational and financial assistance is obtained involvement of beneficiaries should start from the initial stages of the programmes the major constraints faced by the villagers with regard to shallow well maintenance include insufficient financial capability and lack of adequate appreciation and awareness of the role of rural water supply there is a need for village education, training of skilled workers for rural water supply activities, including shallow well mainte­nance, maintenance of water pumps and production of spares the need for more shallow wells is still felt, but lack of a perma­nent solution for maintenance of wells has started to jeopardize the expected benefits of the Morogoro Wells Construction Project the implementation of rural projects, specially those related to rural water supply in general and shallow wells programmes in parti­cular, are a feasible way of rendering villages self-reliant in shallow well maintenance, because the revenue acquired from these projects will cover partly or entirely the required cost for preven­tive or curative well maintenance. These projects comprise: small­scale irrigation, cattle watering, fish pond, nurseries, forestry, brick-making, etc.

For more. details on the study's findings and recommendations, reference is made to the report "Socio-Cultural Investigation Programme" of January 1984, by Spark International Consultants Ltd. of Morogoro, Tanzania.

 

22

7. STAFFING AND YARD ACTIVITIES

7. 1 . Personne 1

The appointment of an additional stores officer for the survey and con­struction departments raised the number of Tanzanian staff to 133. The number of Netherlands staff members was reduced to 8, by the departure of Mr. Niek Hoorweg, hydrogeologist with the survey department. This ended, at least temporarily, the involvement in the project of ONV, the Organi­zation of Netherlands Volunteers. The project is very grateful for the contribution of ONV members, which has been of great value to the pro­ject, specifically as regards the developments at the village level. Mr. J,J. van den Berg, the yard manager, left the project in February 1984. He was replaced by Mr. Van ' Helden, who was in turn replaced by Mr. C. Teeuwen, who joined the project in April as workshop (factory) mana­ger. Mr. Peletier, whose findings are discussed in chapter 4, joined the project from February till August 1984.

The staffing of the MWCP departments, as of September 30, 1984 is as follows:

DeEartment Tanzanian Netherlands Total

Project management 1 1 2 Accounts and personnel 12 1 13 Supply and deliveries to third parties 2 1 3 Survey 6 6 Construction 12 2 14 Garage/drivers 30 1 31 Factory 23 1 24 Stores, yard and security 47 1 48

133 8 141

7.2. Garage and vehicles

A total of 20 MWCP vehicles, worth TShs 2,542,000, and 18 MPWSP vehicles, worth TShs 1,884,000, together with 5 trailers, is kept operational by the Garage. The values indicated are based on tax- and duty-free local prices, adjusted for mileage, repairs performed and overall condition.

Details of these vehicles are given in Appendix C.

7.3. Manufacturing/WorkshoE

As a direct result of the decision to switch from the importation of ready-made hand pumps to pumps made in the Morogoro yard's workshop, the emphasis in the reporting period was clearly on the assembly and manufac­ture of Kangaroo pumps and lever-type SWN 80 hand pumps.

 

23

Because repair and construction activities for the Morogoro Piped Water Supply Project (in the same workshop) had to continue in addition to the production of series of pumps, the capacity of the workshop was stretched to its limits.

If the production of series of hand pumps is to further develop success­fully, without imperiling other activities and repairs, a number of organizational, staffing and equipment improvements will soon become inevitable:

separation of repair and construction facilities from the pump production unit appointment of an assistant workshop manager / foreman, to relieve the workshop manager of routine supervisory tasks extension of machining capacity with another lathe machine, and additional small machinery such as column drills extension of the number of skilled operators of the above machinery, to enable full-capacity manufa cture also in case of absence, sick­ness, etc.

Details on the production of the workshop are given in Appendix D.

Other noteworthy activities were:

work on behalf of the Netherlands-assisted SIDU (Smallholders Irrigation Development Unit) project, notably the assembly and modification of agricultural machinery the construction of a foot bridge (span: 15 m) on behalf of Tawa Roman Catholic Mission, Morogoro region. This is a Netherlands­sponsored so-called 'Small Embassy Project'.

7.4. Supply and deliveries to third parties

At the start of the project in 1978 'supplies' were intended to be taken care of by the production/ yard department, and actual sales to third parties were hardly worth mentioning. However, the demand triggered by the project's training activities, as well as the inclusion of services for the Morogoro Piped Water Supply Project, necessitated a split-up of the department and the formation of a separate supply section.

MWCP has now developed into the only facility in Tanzania where all materials needed for shallow well survey, construction and installation can be obtained. The supply department now takes care of:

ordering and purchasing of goods (of local and foreign origin) co-ordination of clearing and forwarding activities transport for supplies sales and services to third parties.

In the meantime the first exports from Tanzania (to Rwanda and Kenya) have taken place.

 24

The emphasis is gradually increasing towards 'services', whereas the proportion of survey and construction equipment shows a tendency to stabilize at about one-third of the total turnover:

Year Survey and construction equipment

Hand pumps, related materials and others

1978/79 1980 1981 1982 1983

40% 65% 61% 33% 33% 33%

60% 35% 39% 67% 67% 67% 1984 (till 30/9)

Sales to third parties in the reporting period amounted to TShs. 3.9 million, with an estimated total turnover for 1984 of TShs . 5 .5 million. The lack of further growth is especially due to a reduction of works at certain donor-assisted programmes. Orders from these programmes amounted to 54% of the total sales to third parties .

The project successfully participated in the 8th Dar-es-Salaam Interna­tional Trade Fair, from June 28 to July 8, 1984 . A first prize in the category 'Education, Training and Research' was awarded to it by the Vice-president, H.E. Ali Hassan Mwinyi. In a highly practice-oriented display were shown:

a standard well equipped with hand pump spill water of the well turned to productive use by irrigating a vegetable garden an artist impression of various other productive applications of shallow wells groundwater survey by means of hand-drilling construction of a well by means of hand-drilling Morogoro-manufactured hand-drills and hand pumps in various stages of completion.

Regular demonstrations drew great attention from the general public as well as from interested officials and Members of Parliament . Interest in the purchase of wells outside the rural drinking water sector was over­whelming.

The following main questions arose in this respect : can pumps be commercially obtained against local currency payment? can wells be investigated and constructed through a commercially operating contractor or organization?

A great demand exists to make available to the general public the wells and hand pump technology shown at the Fair, thus serving a potentially very important group of customers . The vast majority of interested individuals intended to use the wells for private productive use (irrigation, livestock watering), rather than for drinking water purposes only.

Additional details about the activities of the supply department are given in Appendix E.

 

APPENDICES

 

27

APPENDIX A Wells drilled from October 1983 onwards

Village Site No. Redrilling Additional Remarks -------------------------------------------------------------------------

Makuyu 165/4-158 x Hembeti 165/4-17 x Msufini 165/4-16 x Mfulu 165/4-101 x Kanga 147/4-14 x Kanga 166/1-140 x Sokoine University 183/3-90 I Borehole Sokoine University 183/3-90 II Borehole Mlali 183/3-51 x Lukobe 183/104 x Lubunge 182/4-4 x Mafuru 183/3-19 x Abandoned Melela 182/4-19 x Mangae 182/4-16 x Abandoned Kilosa-town 181/4-100 Special request Nyameni 199/2-51 Special request Malangali 182/3-92 x Malangali 182/3-84 x Chakwale 164/2-113 x Chakwale 164/2-156 x Chakwale 164/2-157 x DSM Trade Fair 186/4-1 Special request Majawanga 165/2-35 x Majawanga 165/2-158 x Iyogwe 165/1-130 x Italagwe 165/1-178 x Italagwe 165/1-179 x Italagwe 165/1-180 x Idibo 165/1-183 x Idibo 165/1-184 x Idibo 165/1-185 x Magubike 165/2-211 (15) MPWSP borehole Magubike 165/2-211 (21) MPWSP borehole Kiegea 165/1-) 94 x Abandoned Leshata 146/3-9 x Mkindo 166/1-129 x Mkindo 166/1-25 x Mkindo 166/1-23 x Mbogo 166/1-124 x Lusanga 166/1-121 x Lusanga 166/1-125 x Lusanga 166/1-126 x Lusanga 166/1-127 x Mziha 147/4-9 x Kanga 166/1-144 x Kanga 166/1-145 x Difinga 147/3-2 x

 

28

Village Site No. Redrilling Additional Remarks

Turiani Hospital 166/1-148 MPWSP borehole Turiani Hospital 166/1-149 Special request Mabwerebwere 182/3-202 Special request Kiziwa 183/4-65 x Msonge 201/2-2 x Mfulu 165/4-217 x Kongwa 210/2-23 x Abandoned Diguzi 184/3-50 x Diguzi 184/3-51 x Magela 184/3-42 x Magela 184/3-43 x Magela 184/3-44 x Rubumu 184/3-47 x Magogoni 201/2-16-2 x Mikese CB) 183/4-118 x Kiberege 217/4-3 Special request

TOTALS: Re-drilled 16 Additional 36 Special requests 11

Total 63

 

29

APPENDIX B Alternative sites still to be re-drilled

Batch Village No.

5A

5B 5B 5B 5B 6 6

6

6 1

Manza

Gomero Nyarutanga Nyarutanga Luhole Lumuma Mkadage

Mkadage

Mkungulu Chabi

Site No.

201/2-3

201/3-49 201/3-68 201/3-69 183/4-73 181/3-7 181/4-81

181/4-83

181/3-20 199/3-27

I Kidogobasi 218/1-58

Remarks about old well

Fe: 1.3; Mn: 1 . 6 After recheck: Fe: 0.09; Mn: 0.2

bent, collapsed bent bent bent, low yield low yield Mn: 2.4 After recheck: 0.7

Mn: 1.1 After recheck: 0.2

flooded area Mn: 2.7 After recheck: 0.25

Resurvey Date of redri 11 ing

success Oc tober 1984

success October 1984 success October 1984 success October 1984 success October 1984 success October 1984 success October 1984

success October 1984

success October 1984 success October 1984

grave yard well success October 1984

Alternative sites to be re-drilled after October 1984: 11 sites.

 

30

APPENDIX C Vehicles in use with MWCP and MPW8P

I. MWCP fleet No. TX Make of vehicle Years of kms Condition Present

Reg. service run value (T8hs) -------------------------------------------------------------------------1 2276 LR hardtop 6 130,463 Fair 32,000 2 2280 VW Passat 6 129,576 Fair 20,000 3 2284 Isuzu 7T 5 155,333 Reasonable 160,000 4 2289 LR hardtop 5 104,884 Fair 40,000 5 2290 LR 10-8 5 198,335 Reasonable 50,000 6 2291 LR 10-8 5 191,017 Reasonable 50,000 7 2292 LR hardtop 5 l33,651 Fair 30,000 8 2293 Isuzu 7T 5 88,284 Reasonable 120,000 9 2294 Isuzu crane 5 100,825 Reasonable 150,000 10 23 10 8cania lOT 4 86,040 Good 325,000 11 2324 VW transporter van 3 33,888 Good 75,000 12 2325 VW transporter bus 3 l33,342 Good 65,000 l3 2334 LR hardtop 3 85,238 Good 95,000 14 2336 LR hardtop 3 74,884 Good 80,000 15 2342 Peugeot 504 GR 3 69,355 Good 50,000 16 2345 VW transporter bus 3 113,779 Good 90,000 17 6556 LR hardtop ' 1 l3,725 Good 150,000 18 6557 LR hardtop 1 18,071 Good 150,000 19 6558 LR hardtop 1 11,195 Good 160,000 20 6640 8cania 17T 1 23,821 Good 650,000

-------------TOTAL: 2,542,000

II. MPW8P fleet No. TX Make of vehicle Years of kms Condition Present

Reg. service run value (T8hs) -------------------------------------------------------------------------1 2255 LR hardtop 5 103,503 Fair 44,000 2 2258 Ranault 4 5 60,874 Fair 25,000 3 2278 LR 10-8 7 144,584 Fair 30,000 4 2285 Isuzu 7T 5 114,657 Good 160,000 5 2298 LR hardtop 4 129,747 Fair 55,000 6 2299 Peugeot 504 GL 5 148,877 Good 35,000 7 2305 LR 10-8 4 l37,000 Good 60,000 8 2306 LR 10-8 4 120,514 Good 60,000 . 9 2309 8cania crane 4 91,000 Good 350,000 10 2315 LR 10-8 4 101,210 Good 75,000 11 2316 LR 10-8 4 100,184 Good 75,000 12 2317 LR 10-8 4 92,385 Good 75,000 l3 2318 LR hardtop 4 96,112 Good 70,000 14 2329 Isuzu crane 3 76,661 Good 260,000 15 5417 Renault 4 2 18, 310 Good 50,000 16 6553 LR 10-8 1 25,483 Good 155,000 17 6554 LR 10-8 1 23,257 Good 155,000 18 6555 LR pick-up 1 22,019 Good 150,000

------------TOTAL: 1,884,000

 

31

APPENDIX D Production of Morogoro workshop/factory (during the first 9 months of 1984)

Pumps, etc.

Pump head SWN 80 (assembly) Pump head SWN 80 Pump stand SWN (assembly) Pump stand SWN Pump stand (low) for ring well Kangaroo pump Spare handle SWN 80 Modification imported Kangaroo pump Modification 4" pump cylinder (fitting with stainless steel inner parts)

Drilling equipment

Heavy hand drill (construction) Survey drill Survey drill, extension

Miscellaneous equipment

Tripod for construction Mould for well cover Installation jack for hand pumps Survey test pump Casing components

10 units 50 units

110 units 50 units 37 units 50 units 50 units 31 units

20 units

2 units 11 units 10 units

5 units 7 units 7 units

10 units 6 units

The comparatively low proportion of drilling materials produced in the reporting period was a reflection of both the lower demand and the stock­ing-up with these materials in previous periods .

 

32

APPENDIX E Supplies and deliveries to third parties

1. Local supplies

Supplies from local sources experienced occasional interruptions in the reporting period. Changes were therefore made in the procurement proce­dure for steel, cement and fuel. Whereas formerly such purchases were made against local payment, a shift to external payments was made, in order for the project to be classified as an 'export' customer, thus receiving certain benefits regarding delivery priority and price.

In the case of fuel a considerable price advantage could be obtained by entirely diverting from local sources to a direct importation of finished products, at the same time avoiding the rather unpredictable supplies by the Dar-es-Salaam refinery. Direct importation of fuel implied the purchase of minimum quantities, for the accommodation of which the project's storage capacity had to be extended. As an extra benefit this arrangement now enables us to serve other Netherlands-assisted projects on a regular basis.

However, delays were experienced here, as in the case of cement, in the sorting out of bottlenecks pertaining to the project's tax and duty exempted status, for which as yet no general Treasury agreement has been obtained. Consequently, treasury agreements on individual imports have to be negotiated by the Netherlands Embassy.

Efforts continued to co-operate with reliable local industries for the custom manufacture of goods previously imported. A first series of mem­brane-type dewatering pumps was manufactured at the MWCP workshop, using parts cast at the SIDO (Small-scale Industries Development Organization) foundry in Dar-es-Salaam. Moulds for the casting of concrete well rings were ordered at NECO (National Engineering Co. Ltd.) in Dar-es-Salaam.

Though local enterprises, under close and continuous supervision, can turn out custom-built goods of acceptable quality, delivery time and price are critical factors that for the time being prevent large-scale utilization of this source of supplies.

2. Supplies and services to third parties

Sales to third parties in the reporting period amounted to TShs. 3.9 million, wheras - based on customers' intentions known so far - a total turnover for 1984 of TShs. 5.5 million can be conservatively estimated. The lack of further growth is due especially to a reduction of works at certain donor-assisted programmes.

Noteworthy developments were:

the first export of MWCP-made hand pumps and accessories to NORAD­Kenya, on behalf of the Norwegian-assisted Lake Turkana Rehabilita­tion project

 

33

resumption of supplies to the Regional Water Engineers Nwanza, Nara and Kagera, who now receive assistance through a Swedish-sponsored co-ordination unit, after phasing out of World Bank assistance to the Mwanza Regional Water Engineer. A request was furthermore received from these Regions, for training assistance by MWCP's Tanzanian staff visits were paid to Nwanza and to the Finnish-assisted water supply projects in Mtwara urgent requests from several projects for detailed instruction and training manuals can now be fulfilled by providing them with the booklet 'Hand-drilled wells' by MWCP's former training officer Mr. Bob Blankwaardt. This publication of the Water Resources Institute in Dar-es-Salaam is available to the project's customers at cost price exchange continued of handle-type pump heads , for modification of defective ball bearings found in earlier types.

A number of customers who could not directly receive supplies from the project as it caters for 'Maji customers' only, can now be assisted when their orders are made through their respective Regional Water Engineers.

The total turnover since the start of the project is as follows:

Year

1978/79 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 (till 30/9)

Payments received

1,100,000 2,500,000 5,800,000 8,244,000 6,364,000 3,745,000

27,753,000

Payment due

173,000

173,000

Total turnover

1,100,000 2,500,000 5,800,000 8,244,000 6,364,000 3,918,000

27,926,000

Of the total turnover of 1984 (up to October) of TShs. 3,918,000 an amount of TShs. 2,113,000 (54%) resulted from foreign-sponsored projects.

Total supply obligations (paid but not yet delivered) amount to TShs. 757,000. Most noteworthy in this respect is a supply obligation to DANIDA (TShs. 296,000), which st·i 'll results from a la rge downpayment made at the end of 1982.

A list of customers supplied by MWCP since the start of the project is attached.

 

34

CUSTOMERS OF MWCP SUPPLY DEPARTMENT (1978 - October 1984)

Customer Survey Constr. Hand Foreign equipment equipment pumps assistance

------------------------------------------ -------------------------------AMREF Nairobi x x ANC Morogoro x x Ardhi Institute x Arusha RIDEP x x x x Administration of Prisons x Bukoba Kagera (SIDA) RWE x x x x CDTF Dar-es-Salaam (x) CDO Kalwande x x Coast Region RWE x x x

Bagamoyo DWE x Bagamoyo DMO x Kibaha DWE x Kisarawe DWE x x Kisarawe DMO x Mafia DWE x x Rufiji DWE x x x

Dar-es-Salaam (rural) , RWE x x x Dept. of Livestock Ifakara x Dodoma RWE x x x

Dodoma (rural) DWE x x x Kondoa DWE x Kongwa DWE x Mpwapwa DWE x

Oodoma School Health Progr. (x) (x) x x Ev. Lutheran Church (x) Heifer Project Int. Mafia x (x) x Helvetas Mozambique (x) (x) x Iringa (Danida) RWE x x x x

Iringa Town Council x Iringa (rural) OWE x Ludewa OWE x Mufindi OWE x Njombe OWE x

Kigoma (Norad) RWE (x) x Kilimanjaro RWE (x)

Same D~~ x x Lake Turkana Rehab. Proj. ) x x x x Lindi RWE x x x Lions Club OSM x Mbeya (Danida) RWE x x x x Ministry of Health x "k Mtwara (Finnwa te r) x x x ) x Mara (SIDA) RWE x (x) x x Morogoro RWE x x x x

Ifakara DWE x x x x Kilosa OWE x x Ulanga OWE x x x

 

 

Customer

35

Survey Constr. Hand equipment equipment pumps

Foreign assistance

------------------------------------------------------------------------Mwanza (SIDA) RWE x x x x Red Cross Rwanda x x Rift Valley Rice Project x x Rukwa (Norad) RWE x x x

Mpanda DWE (x) Nkansi DWE x

Ruvuma (Danida) RWE x x x x Shinyanga Sh. Wells Project x x x x Shinyanga Regional Engineer x Singida RWE x x x

Iramba DWE x Manyoni DWE x x

Singida TWDP x x x x Singida Uhai Project x x x x Tabora (TRIDEP + RWE) x x x x Tabora Caritas x Tabora Zonal Irrigation Unit x TCRS x x x x Tanga (TIRDEP + RWE) x x x x Water Resources Institute x x x World Vision International x x Zanzibar Dir. of Water Supply x Woodstave and Bamboo Project,

Iringa x x ------------------------------------------------------------------------

NOTES:

x

(x)

.. " ) -k-k

) AMREF ANC CDTF CDO RIDEP TCRS TIRDEP TRIDEP TWDP

RWE DWE DMO

Final order or delivery

Quotation requested/order expected

For World Bank hand pump test·ing programme

Lake Turkana Rehabilitation Project, through NORAD Nairobi African Medic~l and Research Foundation, Nairobi African Nati6nal Congress Community Development Trust Fund of Tanzania Church Development Office Kalwande (Mwanza)O Regional Integrated Development Plan Tanganyika Christian Refugee Service Tanga Integrated Regional Development Plan Tabora Integrated Regional Development Plan Tanzania Water Development Project Singida (Australian­sponsored) Regional Water Engineer District Water Engineer District Medical Officer