UNDERSTANDING LIBERTARIAN MORALITY Understanding Libertarian Morality
Morality part 1 white -...
35
Psychology of Religous Beliefs Morality 1 MORALITY All religions provide moral guidelines: social norms – religious norms norms may also apply to dispositions, e.g.: selfishness, honesty, chastity, greed If we violate norm we accept: shame, guilt, bad conscience
Transcript of Morality part 1 white -...
Psy
chol
ogy
of R
elig
ous
Bel
iefs
Mor
ality
1
MO
RA
LITY
All
relig
ions
pro
vide
mor
al g
uide
lines
:so
cial
nor
ms
–re
ligio
us n
orm
s
norm
s m
ay a
lso
appl
y to
dis
posi
tions
, e.g
.:se
lfish
ness
, hon
esty
, cha
stity
, gre
ed
If w
e vi
olat
e no
rm w
e ac
cept
: sh
ame,
gui
lt, b
ad c
onsc
ienc
e
Psy
chol
ogy
of R
elig
ous
Bel
iefs
Mor
ality
2
SOC
IAL
NO
RM
S:
not k
illin
g, n
ot s
teal
ing,
hel
ping
the
poor
, etc
.si
mila
r in
diffe
rent
relig
ions
, fo
r exa
mpl
e,
anci
ent E
gypt
(Boo
k of
the
dead
), B
ible
, Bud
dhis
m,
Nue
rs (S
outh
-Sud
an)
mai
n pu
rpos
e:
mai
ntai
n gr
oup
harm
ony
keep
ing
pros
ocia
l and
ant
isoc
ial t
ende
ncie
s in
bal
ance
(a
ntis
ocia
l, e.
g.: s
elf-a
sser
tiven
ess,
sta
tus
seek
ing)
Psy
chol
ogy
of R
elig
ous
Bel
iefs
Mor
ality
3
REL
IGIO
US
NO
RM
S:W
hich
god
(s) t
o w
orsh
ip,
whi
ch p
raye
rs &
whe
n, ri
tual
s,re
ligio
us s
ervi
ces,
virg
inity
of p
riest
s,
killi
ng o
f peo
ple
of d
iffer
ent f
aith
or h
eret
ics
ofte
n:re
ligio
us s
peci
alis
ts (o
ffice
rs) i
nclu
de n
orm
s th
at
mai
ntai
n th
eir o
wn
stat
us
Psy
chol
ogy
of R
elig
ous
Bel
iefs
Mor
ality
4
Exam
ple:
Boo
k of
the
Dea
d (fr
om 1
600
BC
on,
som
e sp
ells
ca
2600
BC
)
mor
tuar
y sp
ells
-in
stru
ctio
ns fo
r dec
ease
d w
hat t
o an
swer
to th
e go
ds in
the
proc
edur
e of
judg
men
t of t
he d
ead
Psy
chol
ogy
of R
elig
ous
Bel
iefs
Mor
ality
5
Pap
yrus
(160
0 –
1100
BC
)
(Brit
ish
Mus
eum
)
Psy
chol
ogy
of R
elig
ous
Bel
iefs
Mor
ality
6
exam
ples
of m
ortu
ary
spel
ls:
I hav
e no
t sco
rned
(bla
sphe
med
) any
god
.I h
ave
not d
efra
uded
the
poor
of t
heir
prop
erty
.I h
ave
not k
illed
.I h
ave
not g
iven
ord
er to
kill
.I h
ave
not i
nflic
ted
pain
on
anyo
ne.
I hav
e no
t sto
len
the
drin
k le
ft fo
r the
god
s in
the
tem
ples
.I h
ave
not a
dded
wei
ghts
to th
e sc
ales
to c
heat
buy
ers.
Psy
chol
ogy
of R
elig
ous
Bel
iefs
Mor
ality
7
PR
EV
IEW
•R
elig
ious
mor
ality
and
gen
eral
mor
al n
orm
s•
Ben
efits
of r
elig
ion
for m
oral
ity•
Mor
al a
ttitu
des
and
relig
iosi
ty•
Bio
logi
cal f
ound
atio
ns o
f mor
ality
-pro
soci
al a
nd a
ntis
ocia
l beh
avio
r-r
ecip
roci
ty-s
tatu
s se
ekin
g-s
exua
lity
-gro
up d
istin
ctiv
enes
s•
Soc
ial i
ntui
st th
eory
of m
oral
judg
men
t
Psy
chol
ogy
of R
elig
ous
Bel
iefs
Mor
ality
8
Rel
igio
us m
oral
ity a
nd g
ener
al s
ocia
l nor
ms
•M
any
soci
al n
orm
s id
entic
al to
re
ligio
us s
ocia
l nor
ms,
e.
g., p
rohi
bitio
n of
kill
ing,
ste
alin
g, d
efra
udin
g
•At
leas
t som
e of
the
soci
al n
orm
s ar
e no
t tot
ally
ge
nera
l, e.
g.:
You
sha
ll no
t kill
actu
ally
: You
sha
ll no
t kill
, exc
ept …
(sel
f def
ense
, jus
t war
, exe
cutio
n, …
)S
teal
ing
/ tel
l a li
e in
ord
er to
sav
e a
life
Psy
chol
ogy
of R
elig
ous
Bel
iefs
Mor
ality
9
•N
ot a
ll re
ligio
us n
orm
s ar
e so
cial
nor
ms
(in a
ll co
untri
es):
proh
ibiti
on o
f sex
bef
ore
mar
riage
,re
ligio
us d
utie
s lik
e pr
ayer
s, e
tc.
•S
ome
soci
al n
orm
s ar
e fle
xibl
e ov
er ti
me
e.g.
regu
latio
n of
sex
ual b
ehav
ior
(pre
-, ex
tram
arita
l sex
)re
spec
ting
the
king
•R
elig
ions
may
be
indi
ffere
nt to
spe
cific
soc
ial n
orm
s (d
o no
t dic
tate
or f
orbi
d),
e.g.
, to
deat
h pe
nalty
, sla
very
(als
o in
New
test
amen
t)
Psy
chol
ogy
of R
elig
ous
Bel
iefs
Mor
ality
10
•M
any
mor
al p
rinci
ples
of m
any
mod
ern
stat
es a
re
no
trel
igio
us n
orm
s,
or h
ave
even
to b
e en
forc
ed a
gain
st re
ligio
nse.
g.,
equa
l rig
hts
for m
en &
wom
enhu
man
righ
tspr
ohib
ition
of s
lave
rypr
ohib
ition
of t
ortu
rede
moc
racy
…
Psy
chol
ogy
of R
elig
ous
Bel
iefs
Mor
ality
11
•R
elig
ious
nor
ms
may
pre
scrib
e be
havi
or th
at is
se
en a
s im
mor
al in
oth
er n
orm
sys
tem
s
Exa
mpl
es
Exe
cutio
n of
her
etic
s in
Chr
istia
nity
Hin
duis
mus
: dis
agre
emen
t whe
ther
Shi
va o
r Vis
hnu
is th
e hi
gher
Lor
d.
Acc
ordi
ng to
a h
oly
text
, S
hiva
’s h
eave
n is
pro
mis
ed to
a p
erso
n w
ho k
ills
som
eone
who
bla
sphe
mes
Shi
va,
or te
ars
out h
is to
ngue
. (K
lost
erm
aier
, 199
4)
Psy
chol
ogy
of R
elig
ous
Bel
iefs
Mor
ality
12
Bib
le (o
ld te
stam
ent:
Deu
tero
nom
y, L
eviti
cus)
deat
h pe
nalty
for:
cu
rsin
g yo
ur p
aren
ts, a
dulte
ry, h
omos
exua
lity,
be
stia
lity,
etc
A m
an w
as g
athe
ring
stic
ks fo
r fire
on
a S
abba
thM
oses
ask
ed g
od w
hat t
o do
with
that
man
God
ord
ered
to s
tone
him
with
sto
nes.
Isla
m (S
haria
-bo
dy o
f Isl
amic
relig
ious
law
)S
toni
ng to
dea
th a
s pe
nalty
for m
arrie
d m
en a
nd
wom
en w
ho c
omm
it ad
ulte
ry.
Sev
ere
pena
lties
for g
ivin
g up
faith
or b
lasp
hem
y
(als
o in
old
test
amen
t)re
cent
exa
mpl
es:
Psy
chol
ogy
of R
elig
ous
Bel
iefs
Mor
ality
13
2001
: D
r. S
haik
(med
ical
Dr,
lect
urer
) sen
tenc
ed to
de
ath
for b
lasp
hem
y (s
aid
to s
tude
nts
that
Pro
phet
M
oham
med
was
not
a M
uslim
bef
or h
e fo
unde
d re
ligio
n at
age
of 4
0)
2006
: A
. Rah
man
sen
tenc
ed to
dea
th fo
r con
verti
ng to
C
hris
tiani
ty (a
void
ed d
eath
bec
ause
of p
lead
ing
insa
nity
and
bec
ause
of i
nter
natio
nal p
ress
ure)
(Daw
kins
, 200
6)
Chr
istia
n-ba
sed
Ku
Klu
x K
lan:
hatre
d to
bla
cks,
jew
s, c
atho
lics
Psy
chol
ogy
of R
elig
ous
Bel
iefs
Mor
ality
14
Ben
efits
of r
elig
ion
for m
oral
ity
(inde
pend
ent f
rom
con
tent
s of
nor
ms)
•R
elig
ion
prov
ides
reas
ons
for m
oral
prin
cipl
esTh
is n
orm
is p
resc
ribed
by
god(
s).
(The
refo
re, i
t is
valid
and
you
hav
e to
obe
y it.
)E
spec
ially
impo
rtant
, if n
orm
s ar
e in
herit
ed(s
ee: S
ocia
l int
uist
theo
ry o
f mor
al ju
dgm
ent)
•R
elig
ion
is u
sefu
l to
enfo
rce
mor
alic
prin
cipl
es:
Pun
ishm
ent (
by g
ods)
if m
oral
rule
s ar
e
diso
beye
dP
unis
hmen
t and
rew
ard
usua
lly in
afte
rlife
but v
iola
tions
may
alre
ady
be p
unis
hed
here
Psy
chol
ogy
of R
elig
ous
Bel
iefs
Mor
ality
15
•H
elps
to c
ontro
l adh
eren
ce to
nor
ms
„god
s se
e ev
eryt
hing
and
can
look
into
you
r hea
rt“pr
ovid
es c
ontro
l eve
n if
ther
e is
no
othe
r hum
an
bein
g ar
ound
Peo
ple
who
bel
ieve
they
rem
ain
anon
ymou
sar
e le
ss a
ltrui
stic
, mor
e ag
gres
sive
, mor
e pu
nitiv
e th
an th
ose
who
bel
ieve
thei
r ide
ntiti
es w
ill b
e
know
n (D
iene
r et a
l. 19
76; E
lliso
n et
al.,
199
5;
war
situ
atio
ns: W
atso
n,19
73,
Nor
ther
n Ire
land
: Silk
e, 2
003)
Psy
chol
ogy
of R
elig
ous
Bel
iefs
Mor
ality
16
Som
e ph
iloso
pher
s:
relig
ion
shou
ld b
e pr
omot
ed (e
ven
if it
is c
onsi
dere
d as
w
rong
) in
orde
r to
keep
up
mor
ality
e.g.
, Bro
ad (1
925)
Psy
chol
ogy
of R
elig
ous
Bel
iefs
Mor
ality
17
MO
RA
L A
TTIT
UD
ES
& R
ELI
GIO
SIT
Y(s
ee S
pilk
a et
al.,
200
33)
in U
SA
, peo
ple
who
are
mor
e re
ligio
us s
how
mor
e op
posi
tion
to, f
or e
xam
ple:
-a
borti
on-d
ivor
ce-p
orno
grap
hy-c
ontra
cept
ion
-hom
osex
ualit
y-s
uici
de-h
eavy
met
al a
nd ra
p m
usic
-wom
en g
oing
topl
ess
on b
each
es
Psy
chol
ogy
of R
elig
ous
Bel
iefs
Mor
ality
18
Rel
igio
us p
eopl
e ar
e m
ore
likel
y to
sup
port,
fo
r exa
mpl
e,
-mar
riage
-cap
ital p
unis
hmen
t-v
enge
ance
-tra
ditio
nal s
ex ro
les
-cen
sors
hip
of s
ex a
nd v
iole
nce
in m
ass
med
ia
Psy
chol
ogy
of R
elig
ous
Bel
iefs
Mor
ality
19
Pro
blem
: N
ot n
eces
saril
y a
ttitu
des
= be
havi
or-
peop
le p
erso
nally
opp
osin
g ab
ortio
n on
mor
al o
r
relig
ious
gro
unds
may
favo
r leg
al a
borti
on
(Sco
tt, 1
989)
-70
% o
f a s
ampl
e of
you
ng S
even
th-D
ay A
dven
tists
ar
e pr
o th
eir c
hurc
h’s
proh
ibiti
on o
f pre
mar
ital s
ex,
54%
eng
aged
in p
rem
arita
l sex
(Ali
& N
aido
o, 1
999)
Psy
chol
ogy
of R
elig
ous
Bel
iefs
Mor
ality
20
Som
e sp
ecifi
c to
pics
Rel
igio
sity
and
HO
NE
STY
(stu
dent
s)lit
tle o
r no
corr
elat
ion
prob
lem
of o
pera
tiona
lizat
ion
mai
nly
ques
tionn
aire
s fo
r hon
esty
som
e fe
w b
ehav
iora
l mea
sure
s, e
.g. P
errin
(200
0)
Psy
chol
ogy
of R
elig
ous
Bel
iefs
Mor
ality
21
DR
UG
Sva
st m
ajor
ity o
f stu
dies
: w
eak
nega
tive
corr
elat
ion
relig
iosi
ty –
drug
use
/abu
seal
so w
ith n
ewer
relig
ious
mov
emen
tspr
oble
m: d
rug
use
usua
lly m
easu
red
with
se
lf-re
ports
Psy
chol
ogy
of R
elig
ous
Bel
iefs
Mor
ality
22
SE
XU
AL
BE
HA
VIO
RC
hris
tiani
ty, I
slam
and
oth
er re
ligio
ns:
rest
rictio
ns o
n se
xual
beh
avio
r pr
emar
ital s
ex, a
dulte
ry, h
omos
exua
lity,
mas
turb
atio
n,
… Up
to p
rese
nt, m
illio
ns o
f peo
ple
puni
shed
(S
hea,
199
2)E
ven
child
ren
of u
nmar
ried
mot
hers
pun
ishe
dS
exua
l “si
ns” a
s ca
use
for s
ham
e, g
uilt,
fear
Psy
chol
ogy
of R
elig
ous
Bel
iefs
Mor
ality
23
Non
mar
ital s
exva
st m
ajor
ity o
f stu
dies
: w
eak
nega
tive
corr
elat
ion
relig
iosi
ty –
nonm
arita
l sex
(sel
f-rep
orts
mai
nly)
conc
entra
tion
on p
re-m
arita
l sex
of y
oung
er p
eopl
efe
w s
tudi
es in
volv
ing
extra
mar
ital s
ex, h
omos
exua
lity
etc.
Psy
chol
ogy
of R
elig
ous
Bel
iefs
Mor
ality
24
Atti
tude
sto
war
dN
onm
arita
lSex
ualit
y:
Perc
enta
geSa
ying
Spec
ific
Beh
avio
rsA
re „
Alm
ost A
lway
sW
rong
“ or
„Alw
ays
Wro
ng“
amon
gD
iffer
ent R
elig
ious
Gro
ups
Not
e. A
dapt
edfro
mC
ochr
anan
d B
eegh
ley
(199
1), p
p. 5
4-55
). A
fter S
pilk
a et
al (
2003
)
7988
40To
tal s
ampl
e86
9355
Oth
erP
rote
stan
t89
9049
Bap
tist
8491
43M
etho
dist
8190
40Lu
ther
ian
7689
36P
resb
yter
ian
6685
25Ep
isco
palia
n77
8736
Cat
holic
4375
18Je
wis
h49
6610
Non
affil
iate
d
Hom
osex
ualit
yEx
tram
arita
lse
xual
ityPr
emar
ital
Sexu
ality
Rel
igio
usgr
oup
Atti
tude
tow
ard:
Psy
chol
ogy
of R
elig
ous
Bel
iefs
Mor
ality
25
CR
IMIN
AL
/ DE
LIN
QU
EN
T B
EH
AV
IOR
wea
k ne
gativ
e co
rrel
atio
n m
ainl
y fo
r vic
timle
ss
activ
ities
(e.g
., dr
ug a
buse
, pre
mar
ital c
onse
nsua
l se
x), n
ot fo
r oth
er ty
pes
prob
lem
: usu
ally
add
ition
al fa
ctor
s fo
r crim
inal
be
havi
or –
thes
e no
t tak
en in
to a
ccou
ntP
robl
em: s
elf-r
epor
ts,
how
to o
pera
tiona
lize
othe
rwis
e?“r
eal/s
ever
e” c
rimes
not
inve
stig
ated
Psy
chol
ogy
of R
elig
ous
Bel
iefs
Mor
ality
26
HE
LPIN
G B
EH
AV
IOR
Bat
son
(num
ber o
f stu
dies
from
abo
ut 1
970
on)
also
beh
avio
ral m
easu
res
scal
es w
ith th
ree
mai
n di
men
sion
s:m
eans
(con
cept
ually
sim
ilar t
o ex
trins
ic
orie
ntat
ion)
end
(intri
nsic
)qu
est(
flexi
ble,
que
stio
ning
app
roac
h to
relig
ion)
Psy
chol
ogy
of R
elig
ous
Bel
iefs
Mor
ality
27
gene
ral r
esul
t: •
intri
nsic
relig
iosi
ty re
late
s m
ainl
y to
app
eara
nce
of
bein
g he
lpfu
l•
ques
t-sca
le b
est p
redi
ctor
for h
elpi
ng b
ehav
ior
Psy
chol
ogy
of R
elig
ous
Bel
iefs
Mor
ality
28
Dar
ley
& B
atso
n(1
973)
. “G
ood
Sam
arita
n st
udy”
67 s
tude
nts
-qu
estio
nnai
re th
at m
easu
red
relig
ious
orie
ntat
ion
(a
mon
g ot
her t
hing
s)-
then
(one
at a
tim
e) 4
0 of
thes
e st
uden
ts c
ame
to a
fo
llow
-up
expe
rimen
tal s
essi
onTa
sk: t
o pr
epar
e a
shor
t tal
k ba
sed
on o
ne o
f tw
o th
emes
(the
me
= in
depe
nden
t var
iabl
e)th
eme
1: p
arab
le o
f the
goo
d S
amar
itan
them
e 2:
jobs
that
stu
dent
s m
ight
pur
sue
Psy
chol
ogy
of R
elig
ous
Bel
iefs
Mor
ality
29
-af
ter s
ome
min
utes
of p
repa
ratio
n,su
bjec
ts w
ere
give
n a
map
sho
win
g ro
om in
ano
ther
bu
ildin
g w
here
they
had
to g
o to
giv
e th
e ta
lk-
Inde
pend
ent v
aria
ble:
ha
lf of
the
subj
ects
wer
e to
ld th
ey h
ad to
hur
ry b
ecau
se
they
wer
e la
te-
On
way
to o
ther
bui
ldin
g: s
tude
nts
had
to p
ass
a pe
rson
se
emen
gly
in n
eed
of h
elp
-W
hen
help
ed, t
his
pers
on s
aid
he h
ad ju
st ta
ken
his
med
icat
ion,
he
wou
ld b
e ok
in a
few
min
utes
he w
ould
like
to b
e le
ft al
one
Psy
chol
ogy
of R
elig
ous
Bel
iefs
Mor
ality
30
Res
ults
16 o
f 40
subj
ects
(40%
) offe
red
help
relig
ious
sca
le m
easu
res
enab
le n
o pr
edic
tion
(less
hel
p by
peo
ple
in h
urry
, n
o ef
fect
of t
hem
e)
Whe
n he
lped
, and
bei
ng to
ld v
ictim
did
not
wan
t hel
p:-
Intri
nsic
orie
nted
peo
ple
insi
sted
mor
e lik
ely
on h
elp
( r
=.4
3 )
(pre
prog
ram
med
hel
ping
sty
le –
not a
ffect
ed b
y ne
eds)
-Q
uest
orie
nted
peo
ple
did
not i
nsis
t ( r
= -.5
4 )
Psy
chol
ogy
of R
elig
ous
Bel
iefs
Mor
ality
31
Sum
mar
y re
sult
of B
atso
n’ s
tudi
es:
Intri
nsic
orie
nted
: hel
pful
ness
to s
ome
exte
nt s
erve
s ow
n
need
s of
hel
per (
mor
e eg
oist
ic)
Que
st-o
rient
atio
n: b
ette
r pre
dict
ion
of h
elpi
ng b
ehav
ior,
help
is m
ore
mot
ivat
ed b
y ne
eds
of th
e he
lped
per
son
Crit
ique
:co
rrel
atio
ns o
ften
smal
lre
lativ
ely
smal
l sam
ples
of s
tude
nts
(gen
eral
izab
ility
?)B
ates
on’s
inte
rpre
tatio
n (In
trins
ic m
ore
egoi
stic
) som
etim
es
ques
tione
d
Psy
chol
ogy
of R
elig
ous
Bel
iefs
Mor
ality
32
PR
EJU
DIC
EE
xtrin
sic
scal
e po
sitiv
ely
corr
elat
ed w
ith p
reju
dice
Intri
nsic
sca
le n
ot o
r wea
kly
nega
tivel
y co
rrel
ated
Pro
blem
of s
ocia
l des
irabi
lity
as c
onfo
undi
ng v
aria
ble
Ext
rinsi
c an
d in
trins
ic d
istin
ctio
n to
o re
stric
ted
two
addi
tiona
l mea
sure
s:
Psy
chol
ogy
of R
elig
ous
Bel
iefs
Mor
ality
33
Rel
igio
us F
unda
men
talis
m–
rigid
, dog
mat
ic s
tyle
of r
elig
ious
ness
Rig
ht-W
ing
Aut
horit
aria
nism
(RW
A) (
Alte
nmay
er, 1
982
etc)
au
thor
itaria
nism
focu
ses
on th
ree
attit
udin
al c
lust
ers:
auth
orita
rian
subm
issi
on
auth
orita
rian
aggr
essi
on
conv
entio
nalis
m
Psy
chol
ogy
of R
elig
ous
Bel
iefs
Mor
ality
34
In m
any
stud
ies,
low
Que
st s
core
s an
d hi
gh R
F sc
ores
are
pos
itive
ly
corr
elat
ed to
pre
judi
ce
high
RF
corr
elat
ed w
ith h
igh
RW
A
Psy
chol
ogy
of R
elig
ous
Bel
iefs
Mor
ality
35
Rel
atio
nshi
psbe
twee
nFo
urR
elig
ious
Orie
ntat
ions
and
Mea
sure
sof
In
tole
ranc
e: A
Sur
vey
of S
tudi
esfr
om19
90 to
200
3
06
4413
80
45
85
211
Tota
l
00
134
00
20
00
02
RW
A
00
177
20
22
41
17
Gay
/lesb
ian
pers
ons
06
52
30
01
34
00
Rac
ial/e
thni
cgr
oups
-0
+-
0+
-0
+-
0+
Type
of
into
lera
nce
Rel
.Fun
dam
.Q
uest
EI
Rel
igio
usor
ient
atio
n m
easu
re
Not
e: S
ixte
enst
udie
s in
clud
ed,s
ome
with
mul
tiple
sam
ples
and/
orm
ultip
le m
easu
res
„+,“
sign
ifica
ntpo
sitiv
e re
latio
nshi
pbe
twee
nre
ligio
usor
ient
atio
nan
d in
tole
ranc
e; „0
,“ no
rela
tions
hip;
„-,
“sig
nific
antn
egat
ive
rela
tions
hip.
A
dapt
edfro
mH
unsb
erge
rand
Jac
kson
(afte
r Spi
lka
et a
l)
