MOOD STRUCTURE OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE

BYBushra Tabassum

University of Gujrat

WHAT IS CLAUSE

A group of words that contains a subject and a verb

Example she smiled at him. the boy is going to the school.

TYPES OF CLAUSES

Dependent Clause

Independent Clause

DEPENDENT CLAUSE

A dependent clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a verb but does not contain a complete thought and cannot stand alone as a sentence by it self.

ExampleWhen he is at a baseball game.

DEPENDENT CLAUSE

Dependent Clauses can come at the end or at the beginning of a sentence.

Example The girl ran to her room when the boy called

her. After mother got home, she went to bed.

DEPENDENT CLAUSE EXAMPLES

1.Because the door was open

2.When it started raining

3.Until your father gets home

INDEPENDENT CLAUSE

An independent clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a verb and expresses a complete thought. It can stand alone as a sentence by itself..

ExampleRameez eats potato chip

INDEPENDENT CLAUSE

Independent Clauses can come at the end or at the beginning of a sentence.

Example1. The girl ran to her room when the boy called

her.2. After mother got home, she went to bed.

INDEPENDENT CLAUSE EXAMPLES

many people enjoy poetry

he memorized a poem last night

Mary will read her poem

MOOD

Mood is a system through which interpersonal meanings are realized within conversation

It consist of two partsSubject-Nominal groupFinite-verbal group A Clause is consists of Mood + Residue

05/01/2023 1 10

SUBJECT AND FINITE

Subject is a nominal group about which something is predicated

Ali is doing his work

Finite shows the tense in a sentenceHe died

05/01/2023 1 11

MOOD: SUBJECT + FINITE

–Finite• The functions of the Finite are to show: • tense (for what time in relation to that of speaking is the proposition valid?) • polarity (does the proposition have positive or negative validity?) •modality (to what extent is the proposition valid?)

05/01/2023 1 12

MOOD: SUBJECT + FINITE

FiniteOther things to note: the finite is a verbal operator the finite and the Predicator may be realized together (simple past or simple present tense)

05/01/2023 1 13

WHAT IS COMPLEMENT?

The object; direct or indirect or anything which completes the sense of the clause is complement. It is always a nominal group.

Complement has a tendency to become a subject.

05/01/2023 1 14

WHAT ARE ADJUNCTS?

Prepositional phrases and adverbial phrases are called adjuncts.

ExampleThey arrived on Sunday.

05/01/2023 1 15

MOOD AND RESIDUE I am writing This

handoutOn my PC

subject finite predicator complement Adjunct

Mood Residue

05/01/2023 1 16

RESIDUE

A small amount of something that remains after the main part has gone or been taken or used

It contains of two partsComplementAdjunt

05/01/2023 1 17

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MOOD AND RESIDUE

Answer. In clause as exchange, the part of the clause has the subject and finite is called mood and the remaining part of the clause is called residue.

05/01/2023 1 18

IMPERATIVE MOOD

Imperative (no subject or finite) Lacks mood elements Imperative mood expresses commands to or requests of the person addressed.

We use the imperative mood to make a Command or request.

ONE WORD IMPERATIVE STATEMENT The imperative mood in English usually occurs in the second person. The second person subject pronoun, “you” is not used but is implied.

In the simplest sense ,we can form a strong imperative statement using just one word.

For ex: Take!, Eat! , Work! , Leave! etc.

PHRASAL VERB IMPERATIVE STATEMENT It is very common to see a phrasal verb with a particle.

For ex: “ Come in” “ Sit down” “ Get up”

IMPERATIVE STATEMENTS

An imperative statement can use other words.

For ex: “ Give me the book” “ Look at him “ “ Take off your coat “

BARE IMPERATIVE

We can make the imperative statement milder by using the word polite terms, called bare imperative.

For ex: Please, sit down Pass me this plate, Please Can make imperative statements by using the name of the person.

For ex: Read this report , Bill

Mary, bring me a cup of coffee

IMPERATIVE MOOD TO FORM PROHIBITION It is common to use the imperative mood to form a prohibition using the negative auxiliary “Don’t “.

For ex: Don’t drive so fast. Don’t tell them our secret. Don’t do that.

INDICATIVE MOOD:

We use the indicative mood to express a fact, to deny a fact or to ask a question.

The majority of the statements that are made in English are in the indicative mood.

Indicative means "stating a fact."

CONT..

“Indicative” is where you do refer E.g. where have you put your calculator ?Here “you” is indicator A clause is indicative if it has subject and finite (without specifying the order)

Types: Declarative interrogative

CONT…

We use the indicative mood to make factual statements.

The chair is red. Jim works downtown.The book is in the kitchen.She is making lunch.

CONT…

The questions that we make are in the indicative mood.Is the paint dry?Are your shoes in the closet?Do you like chicken soup?Did Mary arrive?

CONT…

We sometimes see or hear an emphatic form of the indicative mood that gives emphasis to the verb. This form is usually in the affirmative simple present and simple past tenses using the auxiliaries do, does, did. I do study every night.He did deliver the letter.She does see her mistake now.We did win the championship.They did arrive on time.

DECLARATIVE CLAUSE:

•A declarative clause states an idea or provides information. It

does not give a command, nor does it ask a question, and it ends in a period.

according to speech role, declarative clause is giving of information (statement).

A declarative clause has two elements in the order of subject^finite.

EXAMPLES OF DECLARATIVE SENTENCESYou tookAli has finished his work.Assessment will be by course.

MOOD TAGS:

refer back to the mood element may be useful in identifying the Subject and the Finite

Examples: It is hot ,isn’t it ?

INTERROGATIVE:

•An interrogative clause asks question and ends in a question mark.

•According to speech role, interrogative is demanding of information

yes/no interrogatives are marked by the order Finite^Subject and ask the listener to specify the polarity of the message

E.g. did you take her calculator?

CONTII..

wh-subjectwhen he wh-element combines with the function of Subject, we have the order Subject^Finite, and the wh-element is part of the Mood.

E.g. who has stolen your pen?Wh= complement or adjunctwhen the wh-element combines with a complement or adjunct, we have the order Finite^Subject, and the wh-element is part of the Residue.

FIRST THING FIRST…

How can a verb have a “mood”?According to Troyka and Hesse, “Mood in verbs conveys an attitude toward the action in a sentence.”

In English, there are three moods: Indicative, Imperative, and Subjunctive.

WHEN TO USE THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOODThe Subjunctive mood is used when the verb is trying to express the following:Speculation Indirect RequestsDemandsWishesUnlikely eventsRecommendations

THE USE OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD IN PRESENT AND PAST TENSE.

Present Subjunctive: Use the SIMPLE forms of verbs. Example: It is important that they be [not are] allowed back stage for the Cheap Trick concert.

Past Subjunctive: Use the SIMPLE PAST forms of verbs.Examples: If I only had a brain.

EXCEPTION: Use were for present and past tense Subjunctive.Examples: I wish they were coming home today. (Present)

Examples: We asked if we were allowed to skip school. (Past)

KEY WORDS IN FINDING AND USING THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD

IfAs IfAs ThoughUnless

THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD IN IF, AS IF, AS THOUGH, & UNLESS CLAUSES Used as Dependent Clauses

A dependent clause contains a subject and a predicate but can’t stand alone as a sentence. Usually adverb or adjective clauses.

Describes speculations or conditions contrary to fact. Examples:

If it were to snow, our flight would be canceled.

We will never be friends again, unless she were to apologize.

THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD IN THAT CLAUSES

That clauses are used to describe wishes, requests, demands, or recommendations.Examples: I wish that I had seen Blink-182.She recommended that I see a doctor.

MODAL AUXILIARY VERBS IN THE SUBJUNCTIVE (OR HELPING VERBS) Modal Auxiliary Verbs: would, could, might, & should.

These words can convey speculation and therefore are used in the Subjunctive Mood. Examples: If I were a little bit taller, I would be a baller. She might lie to my face, as if I were nothing.

NOTE: Do NOT use a modal auxiliary verb in both the dependent and independent clause.

TWO FORMS OF SUBJUNCTIVE MOODBE-subjunctiveWERE-subjunctiveBE-subjunctive: realized by the base form of a verbWERE-subjunctive: realized by the verb “were”

USES OF SUBJUNCTIVE

The subjunctive is used in English to express a command, desire, hypothesis, purpose, doubt, or supposition.

Content clauses expressing commands, requests, or suggestions commonly use the present subjunctive.

USES OF SUBJUNCTIVE

such a clause may be introduced by a verb like propose, suggest, recommend, move (in the parliamentary sense), demand, or mandate, by an adjective like imperative, important, adamant, or necessary, or by a noun like insistence or proposal

USES OF SUBJUNCTIVE

To express a hypothesisThe past subjunctive is used after the conjunction if in a contrary-to-fact protasis. For example:

If I were a millionaire, I would buy a sports car.

If he had a car with him, he could drive us there.

USES OF SUBJUNCTIVE

By far the most common use of the subjunctive is the use of the subjunctive after "if" clauses that state or describe a hypothetical situation.

If I were a butterfly, I would have wings.

FORMS OF SUBJUNCTIVE MOODNon-subjunctive Form

Non-subjunctive

Example

Subjunctive Form

Subjunctive

ExampleIs He is allowe

d.be It is

essential he be allowed.

Was I was ordered.

were If I were ordered, I'd go.

present verbs in the third person singular (i.e., ending s)

He cooks. remove the s

I wish that he cook.

SUBJUNCTIVE IN NEGATIVE FORM

Negative Examples:The boss insisted that Sam not be at the meeting.

The company asked that employees not accept personal phone calls during business hours.

I suggest that you not take the job without renegotiating the salary.

SUBJUNCTIVE IN PASSIVE FORMPassive Examples: Jake recommended that Susan be hired immediately.

Christine demanded that I be allowed to take part in the negotiations.

We suggested that you be admitted to the organization.

SUBJUNCTIVE IN CONTINUOUS FORMContinuous Examples: It is important that you be standing there when he gets off the plane.

It is crucial that a car be waiting for the boss when the meeting is over.

I propose that we all be waiting in Tim's apartment when he gets home.