Month 18 Lessons 65 - 70

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Step by Step Sanskrit Learning Programme Month 18

Level 2 - Month 18 Lessons 65 - 70.

www.chitrapurmath.net Shri Chitrapur Math 2002-2012408/443

Lesson 65.

GHHo/kjk- JY:l JY:

Level 2. The second vibhakti.

It is time that we take our study of Sanskrit to Level 2. You would have

developed quite a bit of understanding of the language by now. However,

when reading texts or when attempting to translate subhashitas, you might

find yourself wondering why a particular vibhakti has been used and not

another more 'logical' one. The answer is quite simple actually. grammar

rules. And how!

I'll take you through each vibhakti and list out the words that compel you to

use a particular vibhakti. Explanations/examples follow after the list.

Let's understand a few technical terms first.

The relationship between a noun and a verb is calledkjk ~Therefore any relationship between words that are not connected to a

verb cannot be called a kjk> ~ There are sixkjks in Sanskrit.kl& kc& kjC mcov DHovand

DOkjCie, all the vibhaktis except the sixth. The sixth connects to another noun in a sentence and not to a verb

and therefore is not categorized as akjk> ~ For exmple: MJm H$:iCM:~ MJmconnects to H$:~

Certain indeclinables,DJs, are used with certain vibhaktis. Forexample when ever you use DYl: , which means 'all around', you needto use the second vibhakti. DOHkcd DYl: s$: GHJMvl ~ Thestudents sit all around the teacher.

Vibhaktis which are thus governed by indeclinables are called

GHHoJYs. Similarly, we have vibhaktis which are governed by verbs. For example,

whenever you use the verb oin any form, the person that the gift is

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given to is always'chosen' from the fourth vibhakti. Dncdjc H

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Ho / Ol: 1.kc&2. Verbs signifying " to name", "to choose",

"to make" " to appoint" " to call" " to know"

" to consider" govern the accusative.

pvc lJb k=lH

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16. governs the accusative. Other wordsimplying belief and confidence govern the

Locative.

kc&Jvcdprepositions

used as

separate

words NOT

as

upasargas.

1. Dv after, in consequence of, beingindicated by, resembling, imitating.2. DYbefore, in3.GHnear, inferior to4. Dlsuperior to5. Dv the side of, along, inferior

Let's look at each one in greater detail:

DJ: (between)Dvlj lb lb vL:~ There is a book between him and her.

(without, excepting, with reference to, regarding)lJcd DvljC Dnb v ic

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:i=nb :J=#: Jl&vl ~ There are trees all around the house.

DOHkb l Dncd Discd~ I went towards the teacher.

lJb Jv m: Jub ivlb v Fsl ~ Without you he does not desire to goto school.

:

cb mJ&l: HJ&l: mvl ~ There are mountains all around the village.

(near)cc i=nb vk

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cIcdDOeO: J=#: ~ The tree is just below the cloud.cIm DOeO: J=#: ~ The tree is far below the cloud.

Ho / Ol:kc&The object in a sentence is always picked from the second vibhakti.

yuk: Kib HMl ~ The boy sees the bird.

Verbs signifying 'to name', 'to choose', 'to make', 'to appoint', 'tocall', 'to know', 'to consider' govern the accusative.

pvc lJb k=lH

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Ki: MKb DOMl ~ The bird sleeps upon the branch.

DO+mLm: Dmvob DOll ~ He occupied ( stood upon) the chair. DO+ Dmdm: DOml i=ncd ~ He sits in the house.

GH-Dv-DO-D-JmdAll these upasargas when added to Jmdretain the original meaning of theword 'to stay'. Without the upasarga, Jmdis used with them. J

MJ: kumcd GH-Dv-DO-D-Jml ~ Shiva lives in Kailasa.

MJ: kum Jml ~ Shiva lives in Kailasa.

pd the person to whom the sacrifice is offered is put in theAccusative and the means or the thing by which the sacrifice is made is

put in the instrumental.HMv b pl He sacrifices a bull to Rudra.

Words denoting duration of space and time are put in the Accusative.

Mb ku voThe river runs winding for two miles.

v JJ

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The secondary object with the root, to think, takes accusative when

contempt is NOT to be shown.

#clcd Dnb lJb k=

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Lesson 66.

GHHo/kjk- JY:l=l JY:

Level 2. The third vibhakti.

Let me give you the list first. Then we'll work on each word in turn just as

we've done for the second vibhakti.

l=l JYqkwl:DJ: 1.

2.3.4.5.6.7.kb - k, DL&:, pvcd ~

Ho /Ol:

1. Agent.

2. Manner of doing an action.3. Attribute characterizing a noun.

4. The price at which a thing is bought.

5. Conveyance.6. That on which a thing is carried or placed.

7. Direction of route followed to go to a particular

place.8. In whose name an oath is taken.

9. Words denoting resemblance.

10. Words expressing "likeliness" or equality."

11. Words denoting space and time when the

accomplishment of the desired object is

expressed.12. Object or purpose.13. Defect of the body.

14. Indicating the existence of a particular condition

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by which one is recognized.

15. When a noun denotes the cause or motive of a

thing or action.

DJ: enough ofDub Mvv ! Enough of sleeping!

.k=lcdDvAway with the horse!

Hvv Jv J kLb uYl? How can knowledge be received withoutstudying?

/ / lv / / &cdDncd Gvcd Discd~ I went to the garden with him.

kb - k, DL&:, pvcd ~Mkv kb k / k: DL&:/ kb pvcd ? What's the point in lamenting?

Ho / Ol:

Agent

m: nmlv Kol ~ He eats with his hand.

Manner of doing an action

m cOjC Jol ~ She speaks sweetly.

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Attribute characterizing a noun

k=l mO: / oM&v: ~ By nature he is good.k=l oM&v: ~ By nature he is worthy of being seen.

i$C cj: Dqmc ~ I am a Matara by clan.

The price at which a thing is bought

kl cuv lb Hmlkcd ? At what price was this book bought?

Conveyance

m: Jcvv isl ~ He travels by airplane.

That on which a thing is carried or placedmkvOv Jnl ~ He carries. upon his shouldermJk: Yl&=j%b cOv&Do..... ~ The servant, having accepted his master'scommand 'upon his head'

Direction of route followed to go to a particular place.JcYiv m Disld ~He went to the left.

In whose name an oath is takenpJlvJ MHc l ...~ I swear to thee by my very life!!

Words denoting resemblance

mJjC jcYcdvnjl resembles Rama in his voice.

Words expressing "likeliness" or equality."

Ovov mcmliequal to Kubera in generosity.

Words denoting space and time when the accomplishment of the desired

object is expressed.oMJ

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Object or purpose

DOvv Jml ~ Lives (somewhere) for the sake of studying.

Defect of the body

v$C kC: ~ Blind in one eye.

Indicating the existence of a particular condition by which one is

recognized.

pY: lHm: ~ Recognized as an ascetic because of his hair.

When a noun denotes the cause or motive of a thing or action

lv kjCv m: v isl ~ For that reason he does not go.ij Ykwl lqmc l ~ I am pleased with thee with thy devotion to thypreceptor.

We'll work on the fourth vibhakti next. That list is rather long, but we'll

survive, not to worry.

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Lesson 67.

GHHo/kjk- JY:lLa-JY:

Level 2. The fourth vibhakti.

Here is the list of words for the fourth.

lLa JYqkwl:DJ: 1.

2.:3.4.5.6.7.mJilcd

Ho /Ol:

1.mcov2.Od , kHd, kLd, o, DH&d, GHoMd, vJo, nd, F&

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12.Yb13.kMucd14.Verbs meaning to despatch or send15.oM&l (also accusative.)16.the secondary object with the root , to think, takes

either the dative or accusative when contempt is

to be shown17.When physical motion is indicated, the place to

which is directed is either accusative or dative.18.The person who is propitiated or to whom questions

regarding welfare or good fortune are asked.

DJ: a match for; sufficientDjY: Yc: Ducd ~ Bheema is a match for the enemies.When means 'enough' it is used with the truyiya.Kovv! Enough of eating!

: salutationsvc: MJ ~ Salutations to Shiva.But when: is used in combination with thek= Ol: , then the secondvibhakti is used.m: oJb vcmkjl ~ He salutes the Lord.oJb vcmk=l m: DOvb kjl ~ Having saluted the Lord, he studies.

(A blessing)mJml lYcd ~ May auspiciousness be upon you!

/ This term is used when offering oblations to the gods.

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This term is used when offering oblations to one's ancestors.

mJilcdwelcomemJilb lYcd ! Welcome to you!

Ho / Ol:mcovlv oJ H

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GHoMd, To guide, to direct one to the right course/path.

d to like. The person who likes is placed in the dative and theobject that is liked is placed in the first vibhakti, the nominative case

in the case of thedOl: and other verbs that convey a similarmeaning.

iCM cokb jl ~ iCM cokb mJol ~Ganesha likes modak ( a sweet)

mH=nd to like. The opposite holds true here and only in the case ofmH=nd~The person who likes is in the nominative case and the object that is

liked is placed in the fourth, the dative case.

iCM: cok mH=nl ~ Ganesha likes modak.

O=(10thiC) to owe. The person, to whom one owes something, is inthe fourth vibhakti.

jc: oJo Mlcd Ojl ~ Rama owes Devadutta a hundred rupees.

kwu=Hd kuHl (nv, k uS ), pvd, mcHod, Yverbs having a similar sense

as in 'adequate for', tends to',' brings about'. the result or the endproduct is placed in the fourth vibhakti

J %v kuHl mcHl pl J ~ Knowledge tends to lead to /bringsabout wisdom.

l+, D+ (to promise..... the person to whom a thing is promisedis in the dative.)

jc: k=

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Jl kHu Jld...~ the tawny lightening forebodes a hurricane.

CHld , Ccd(also accusative)Dnb oJb/ oJ CHlc/ Ccc ~ I bow to the Lord.

nlcd( also used with the sixth vibhakti and the vocative case if itmeans 'good in or to' ) / mKcdgood

yC nlcd/ mKcd ~ This is good for a Brahmana.

Yb / kMucd / mKcdgreeting, blessing. ( also used with the sixthvibhakti)

oJo Yb / kMucd / mKcd~ May auspicious be upon Devadutta!

Verbs meaning to despatch or send.... the person one sends somethingto is in the dative and the thing which is sent and the place it is sent

to is in the accusative.

yuk: Dcy H$b

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When physical motion is indicated, the place to which is directed iseither accusative or dative.

k=

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Lesson 68.

GHHo/kjk- JY:Hgc-JY:

Level 2. The fifth vibhakti.

Here is the list of words for the fifth.

Hgc JYqkwl:DJ: 1. Dv, Hj, Flj: other than different from.

2. till, as far as, from.3. near/ far.4. after5. without6. 7. 8. DjY9. /HJ&cd10.actual directions.cld HJeastGj: north,

o#Csouth, kdeast, lid, Hc: west11. :12. ,H=Lid ,vv13.ojb14.mcHcd15.Dvvljcd

Ho /

Ol:

1. DHov

2. A noun in the ablative case frequently denotescause of an action or phenomenon and has the

same sense of on account of, for, by reason

of.

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3. The place where an action is performed

4. Comparison

5. Words denoting abhorrence, cessation and

swerving

6. The teacher from whom something is learnt,7. The prime cause in the case ofpvdto be born

and the source in the case of Yare put in theablative case.

8. Verbs denoting ' to be born' are sometimes

used in the Locative.

9. In words implying fear and protection from

danger that from which the fear proceeds is

put in the ablative.

10. That from which one is warded off.11. In the case of the root p withHj, meaning

unbearable, that which is unbearable is put in

the ablative.12. The point of space or time from which distance

in space or time is measured is put in the

ablative case. The word denoting the distance in

space is either in the Nominative or Locative

and the word denoting the distance in time is in

the Locative.

13. vulkc&J-vcd

l in the sense of "representative" or "inexchange for"cv: k=

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DJ:

Dv, Hj, Flj: other than, different from.

k=

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/HJ&cd /HJ&cd | Wash your hands before a meal.

Actual directions.cld HJeastGj: north, o#Csouth, kdeast,lid , Hc: west

cld HJ cvojcd Dml ~ There is a temple to the east of the village.

:: : | There is a tree outside the house.

,H=Lid ,vv.....

| I will not go to school without Rama.

ojbcld ojb cvojcd Dml ~ There is a temple far from the village.

mcHcdcld mcH cvojcd Dml ~ There is a temple close to the village.

Ho / Ol: DHovThat from which separation takes place is put in the fifth vibhakti

HC&cd J=#ldHll ~ The leaf falls from the tree.

a noun in the ablative case frequently denotes cause of an action orphenomenon and has the same sense of .. on account of, for, by reason

of. ( So does the instrumental case, the trutiya vibhakti)lmcld kjCld m v Disl ~ Because of that/ For that reason, she doesnot come.

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lv kjCv m v Disl ~ Because of that/ For that reason, she doesnot come.

The place where an action is performed

cld cb m: ml He keeps me informed when (staying) in his villageitself.

Comparison

k=

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l#CJvY: Gpl is afraid of ( shrinks from ) severe words.o:Mmvld Hob $lb k=

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Lesson 69.

GHHoJY:

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DJ:Above | There is a fan above me.

: Under : : | There is a hole under (at the bottom of) thetree.

For | The mother cooks a meal for the child.

:, : ,, : In front of : : | There is a lake in front of the building.

, : Behind : | The priest's house is behind the

temple.

: To the left : | The Devi is to the left of Shiva.

: To the right : : : | Shiva is to the right of the Devi.

Far /Juld : | The mountain is far from the school.( also goes with the fifth vibhakti.)

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Near

/Juld | The garden is close to theschool. (also goes with the fifth vibhakti.)

DH#Instead ofmcJmjm DH# Dnb cuJmj Disc ~ I shall come on Tuesdayinstead of Monday.

DvvljcdAftermKmvvljb o:Kb o:Kmvvljb mKcd~ Unhappiness arrives after happiness.Happiness arrives after unhappiness. (Dvvljcdalso goes with the fifthvibhakti.)

Dvl EndY

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cc i=ncd ~ My house.v: lcd ~ The river's bank.

To denote the whole of which a part is taken (called the Partitive

Genitive.)pum yvo: ~ A drop of water.Hmlkm H$cd ~ A page of a book.vijCb MlmnC ~ Thousands of cities.

The Partitive Genitive is also found used with ordinals and pronouns oradjectives implying number.

lJcJ lmb cu ~ You alone are the blessed one amongst them all.Dv: Dvlj ~ One of these two (girls)lmcdDvlc ~ One of those (girls)

The Partitive Genitive is also used with superlatives

s$Cb cM: : ~ Mangesh is the best amongst the students.

Sometimes the word is used with the Genitive in the sense of 'of' or

'among.'

Sl

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Verbs implying ' to be master of', 'to rule','to pity', 'to take

compassion upon', 'to remember (with regret),' to think of' govern the

object of these actions in the Genitive.o m: YJlb mcL&: JoMpvvcd~ If he is capable of ruling/ being themaster of the people from another land.

Ym ocv oJ DJljl ~ The Goddess, taking pity upon the devotee,incarnates (before him).

Mkvlu o

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Lesson 70.

GHHo / kjk-JY:mHlcJY:

Level 2. The seventh vibhakti.

mHlcJYqkwl:DJ:Ho /Ol:

1. The place in or on which an action takes place.

2. The Locative is used to denote the time when an action

has taken place.

3. The Locative also has the sense of 'towards', 'about',

'as to'.

4. With adjectives in the superlative degree.5. Words expressing an interval in time or space is put in

either the Ablative or Locative.

6. Words in lexicons are expressed in this vibhakti to mean

'in the sense of.'

7. The Locative is sometimes used to denote the object or

purpose for which anything is done.8. Words meaning 'to act', ' to behave', ' to deal with'.

9. Words signifying 'love', 'attachment', 'respect' such as

qmvnd govern the Locative of the person or thing for whomor which the love is shown.

10.Words indicating a cause or effect are often put in the

Locative.

11.The rootpdand its derivatives in the sense of 'to' inEnglish.

12.Words expressing fitness and suitability with the nouns

regarding which the fitness is expressed are put into the

Locative or Genitive.

13.The recipient to whom anything is entrusted or impartedis in the Locative.

14.Words implying to 'seize' or 'strike' govern the Locative

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of what is seized or struck.

15.Words like#Hd, cd, Dmd having the sense of 'throwing'or 'darting' govern the Locative of that against which

anything is thrown.

16.Words implying belief and confidence (except for ,which governs the accusative) govern the Locative of that

which the belief is placed in.17.Words like DOlvd'who has learned',i=nlvd'who has

comprehended', govern the Locative of that which forms

their object. AndmO and DmO of that towards whomgoodness or otherwise is shown.

18.Words likeJH=l, Dmkwl, J, llHjhaving the sense of

'engaged in', ' intent on' andkMu, vHC, MC[, H,JC, HqC[l meaning 'skilfull' and Ol&, klJmeaning 'arogue' are used in the Locative.

19.The wordsmlandGlmkmeaning 'greatly desirous of','longing for' govern the Locative or the Instrumental.

20.jOd+ DH in the sense of 'to offend' governs theLocative and the Genitive.

Ho / Ol:

The place in or on which an action takes place.

Jix s$: Hvl ~ The students study in class.

The Locative is used to denote the time when an action has taken

place

Yl lm: pHcd ~ Her japa is done in the morning.

The Locative also has the sense of 'towards', 'about', 'as to'

c c l#C ~ Do not be severe towards me.

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With adjectives in the superlative degree

yuk

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Words likeJH=l, Dmkwl, J, llHjhaving the sense of 'engaged in',' intent on' andkMu, vHC, MC[, H, JC, HqC[l meaning 'skilfull'and Ol&, klJmeaning 'a rogue' are used in the Locative.m: Hpb JH=l: / Dmkwl: / J: / llHj: ~ He is absorbed in the worship(of the Lord).

m: OvJ&b kMu: / vHC: / MC[: / H: / JC: / HqC[l: ~ He isskilfull in archery.

JJm m: Ol&: / klJ: ~ He is a rogue in matters relating to business.

The wordsmlandGlmkmeaning 'greatly desirous of', 'longing for'govern the Locative or the Instrumental.Ypv Ypvv J Glmk: Jc JcC J ml: ~ Longing for a meal

and rest.

jOd+ DH in the sense of 'to offend' governs the Locative and theGenitive.

kqmcVH Hpnx DHjO Mkvlu ~ Shakuntala has offended someone

deserving respect.DHjeqmc l$YJl: kCJm ~ Ihave offended Kanva.

And that covers all the vibhaktis.

Source of reference for lessons 65-70: Shri Vaman Shivram Apte's 'A

Student's guide to Sanskrit Composition.'

Month 18 Lessons 65 - 70

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Transcript of Month 18 Lessons 65 - 70