Oral Health and Mechanically Ventilated Critically Ill Adults
Monitoring the Mechanically Ventilated Patient
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Transcript of Monitoring the Mechanically Ventilated Patient
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Mazen Kherallah, MD, FCCPCritical Care Medicine and
Infectious Disease
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Visual monitoring of respiration and overall clinical appearance
Finger on pulse Blood pressure
(sometimes)
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Invented and popularized the anesthetic chart
Recorded both BP and HR
Emphasized the relationship between vital signs and neurosurgical events ( increased intracranial pressure leads to hypertension and bradycardia )
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Standardized basic monitoring requirements (guidelines) from the ASA (American Society of Anesthesiologists), CAS (Canadian Anesthesiologists’ Society) and other national societies
Many integrated monitors available Many special purpose monitors available Many problems with existing monitors
(e.g., cost, complexity, reliability, artifacts)
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Manual blood pressure cuffFinger on the pulse and foreheadMonaural stethoscope
(heart and breath sounds)Eye on the rebreathing bag
(spontaneously breathing patient)Watch respiratory patternWatch for undesired movementsLook at the patient’s face
color OK? diaphoresis present? pupils
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Examples of Multiparameter Patient MonitorsExamples of Multiparameter Patient Monitors
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Transesophageal EchocardiographyDepth of Sedation
Monitor
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Correct ETT placement ETT cuff pressure Suctioning Oxygenation Ventilation Airway pressure Airway gas monitoring Clinical: wheezing, crackles, equal air
entry, color, respiratory pattern (rate, rhythm, depth, etc.)
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Purpul Yellow
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3-4 cm
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Secure ET tube in place, note the numberSedate patient with appropriate MAASAvoid accidental, or self extubation
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These include bedside sphygmomanometers, special aneroid cuff manometers, and electronic cuff pressure devices.
Ideally, most tubes seal at pressures between 14 and 20 mm Hg (19 to 27 cm H2O).
Tracheal capillary pressure lies between 20 and 30 mm Hg
Impairment in tracheal blood flow seen at 22 mm Hg and total obstruction seen at 37 mm Hg
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Air inflation of the tube cuff until the airflow heard escaping around the cuff during positive pressure breath ceases.
Place a stethoscope over larynx. Indirectly assesses inflation of cuff.
Slowly withdraw air (in 0.1-mL increments) until a small leak is heard on inspiration.
Remove syringe tip, check inflation of pilot balloon
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What is the amount of light absorbed by the “peak” of the cardiac cycle
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Patient conditionsCarboxyhemoglobin
Erroneously high reading may presentAnemia
Values as low as 5 g/dl may result in 100% SpO2Hypovolemia/Hypotension:
May not have adequate perfusion to be detected by oximetry
Hypothermia: peripheral vasoconstriction may prevent
oximetry detection
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Ambient Light Any external light exposure to capillary bed
where sampling is occurring may result in an erroneous reading
Excessive Motion Always compare the palpable pulse rate with
the pulse rate indicated on the pulse oximetry Fingernail polish and pressed on nails
Most commonly use nails and fingernail polish will not affect pulse oximetry accuracy
Some shades of blue, black and green may affect accuracy (remove with acetone pad)
Skin pigmentation Apply sensor to the fingertips of darkly
pigmented patients
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Coarse breath sounds Noisy breathing Visible secretions in the airway Decreased SpO2 in the pulse oximeter &
deterioration of arterial blood gas values Clinically increased work of breathing Suspected aspiration of gastric or upper
airway secretions Changes in monitored flow/pressure
graphics Increased PIP; decreased Vt during
ventilation
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Open SuctioningDisconnection from the ventilatorNot recommended when PEEP >10
Closed Suctioning:Facilitate continuous mechanical ventilation and oxygenation during the suctioning.Indicated when PEEP level above 10cmH2O
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Fever Sepsis Hyperthyroidism Agitation Overfeeding
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Static properties: Inspiration holdStatic properties: Inspiration hold
CC
Plateau pressure 3030
30
3030
30
30
30
Airway resistance
Pressure
Time
1 Sec. Lung compliance
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time
Pressure
PEEP
PIP
PplatAlveolar Distending (recoil) Pressure difference (Pdis)
Flow-Resistive Pressure difference (Pres)
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Peak Inspiratory Pressure
Plateau Pressure
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High PIP
Normal PPlat
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Problem ManagementKinked endotracheal tube Adjust positionPatient’s biting on the ETT SedateExcessive Secretions SuctioningBlocked endotracheal tube ChangeBronchospasm Bronchodilator
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High PIP
High PPlat
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Pneumothorax Hemothorax Pleural effusion Pneumonia Congestive heart failure ARDS
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Persistent Flow
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Auto PEEP: Dynamic Hyperinflation
Management:Decrease Tidal VolumeDecrease Insp/Exp ratio
Increase inspiratory flowDecrease rateDecrease Inspiratory time
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System leak: Gurgling sound in the neck areaDislodged ETTDeflated cuffPunctured cuff
Bronchopleural fistula: Gurgling sound in the chest area
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Secure your ETT and avoid accidental or self extubation
Will monitor your cuff pressure to avoid tracheal wall pressure injury
Suction you with closed system Set ventilator alarms to detect
variations early Elevate the head of bed to > 30º Use deep venous thrombosis
prophylaxis when indicated Use Stress ulcer prophylaxis
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Mazen Kherallah, MD, FCCPCritical Care Medicine and
Infectious Disease