MONITORING HYDROLOGICAL REGIME OF THE EUPHRATES...
Transcript of MONITORING HYDROLOGICAL REGIME OF THE EUPHRATES...
Elena A. Zakharova, Alexei V. Kouraev,
Igor Polikarpov,Faiza Al-Yamani,
Jean-François Crétaux
MONITORING HYDROLOGICAL REGIME OF THE EUPHRATES-TIGRIS RIVER
BASIN USING SATELLITE OBSERVATIONS
Laboratoire d'Etudes en Geophysique et Oceanographie Spatiales (LEGOS), Toulouse FranceState Oceanography Institute, St. Petersburg branch, St. Petersburg, Russia
Mariculture and Fishery Dept., Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Kuwait
E-T WATERSHEDA = 765 000 kmA = 765 000 km22
W=105 kmW=105 km33
LLEuphratesEuphrates = 2800 km L= 2800 km LTigris Tigris = 1750 km= 1750 kmWWEuphratesEuphrates = 30 km= 30 km33/y W/y WTigrisTigris = 55 km= 55 km33/y /y
0
1000
2000
3000
Jan
Mar
May Ju
l
Sep
t
Nov
disc
harg
e, m
3/s
Tigris at BagdadEupthrates at HitKarun at Ahvaz
SANAF PONDSANAF PONDSANAF PONDSANAF PONDSANAF PONDSANAF PONDSANAF PONDSANAF PONDSANAF POND
Hamrin DamHamrin DamHamrin DamHamrin DamHamrin DamHamrin DamHamrin DamHamrin DamHamrin Dam
Derbendi Khan DamDerbendi Khan DamDerbendi Khan DamDerbendi Khan DamDerbendi Khan DamDerbendi Khan DamDerbendi Khan DamDerbendi Khan DamDerbendi Khan Dam
Dokan DamDokan DamDokan DamDokan DamDokan DamDokan DamDokan DamDokan DamDokan Dam
Mosul DamMosul DamMosul DamMosul DamMosul DamMosul DamMosul DamMosul DamMosul Dam
Abbu Dibbis Depression
E-T WATERSHED4 riparian states:
TurkeyTurkey, , SyriaSyria, Iran, Iraq, Iran, Iraq
Abbu Dibbis DepressionAbbu Dibbis DepressionAbbu Dibbis DepressionAbbu Dibbis DepressionAbbu Dibbis DepressionAbbu Dibbis DepressionAbbu Dibbis DepressionAbbu Dibbis Depression
THARTHAR THARTHAR THARTHAR THARTHAR THARTHAR THARTHAR THARTHAR THARTHAR THARTHAR DepressionDepressionDepressionDepressionDepressionDepressionDepressionDepressionDepressionHADITHA DAMHADITHA DAMHADITHA DAMHADITHA DAMHADITHA DAMHADITHA DAMHADITHA DAMHADITHA DAMHADITHA DAM
Habbaniya resHabbaniya resHabbaniya resHabbaniya resHabbaniya resHabbaniya resHabbaniya resHabbaniya resHabbaniya res
Water SeparatorWater SeparatorWater SeparatorWater SeparatorWater SeparatorWater SeparatorWater SeparatorWater SeparatorWater Separator
KEBAN RESERVOIRKEBAN RESERVOIRKEBAN RESERVOIRKEBAN RESERVOIRKEBAN RESERVOIRKEBAN RESERVOIRKEBAN RESERVOIRKEBAN RESERVOIRKEBAN RESERVOIR
At Thawra DamAt Thawra DamAt Thawra DamAt Thawra DamAt Thawra DamAt Thawra DamAt Thawra DamAt Thawra DamAt Thawra Dam
Devegicidi DamDevegicidi DamDevegicidi DamDevegicidi DamDevegicidi DamDevegicidi DamDevegicidi DamDevegicidi DamDevegicidi Dam
ATATURKATATURKATATURKATATURKATATURKATATURKATATURKATATURKATATURK
Keban DamKeban DamKeban DamKeban DamKeban DamKeban DamKeban DamKeban DamKeban Dam
KARAKAYAKARAKAYAKARAKAYAKARAKAYAKARAKAYAKARAKAYAKARAKAYAKARAKAYAKARAKAYA
Karu
nKa
run
Karu
nKa
run
Karu
nKa
run
Karu
nKa
run
Karu
n
Diya
laDi
yala
Diya
laDi
yala
Diya
laDi
yala
Diya
laDi
yala
Diya
la
HAWR AL HAWIZAHAWR AL HAWIZAHAWR AL HAWIZAHAWR AL HAWIZAHAWR AL HAWIZAHAWR AL HAWIZAHAWR AL HAWIZAHAWR AL HAWIZAHAWR AL HAWIZA
EuphratesEuphratesEuphratesEuphratesEuphratesEuphratesEuphratesEuphratesEuphrates
TigrisTigrisTigrisTigrisTigrisTigrisTigrisTigrisTigris
Shatt Al ArabShatt Al ArabShatt Al ArabShatt Al ArabShatt Al ArabShatt Al ArabShatt Al ArabShatt Al ArabShatt Al Arab
Al-Adhaim
Al-Adhaim
Al-Adhaim
Al-Adhaim
Al-Adhaim
Al-Adhaim
Al-Adhaim
Al-Adhaim
Al-Adhaim
Greater
Zab
Greater
Zab
Greater
Zab
Greater
Zab
Greater
Zab
Greater
Zab
Greater
Zab
Greater
Zab
Greater
Zab
Lesser Zab
Lesser Zab
Lesser Zab
Lesser Zab
Lesser Zab
Lesser Zab
Lesser Zab
Lesser Zab
Lesser Zab
Euphrates
Euphrates
EuphratesEuphrates
EuphratesEuphrates
Euphrates
EuphratesEuphrates
TigrisTigrisTigrisTigrisTigrisTigrisTigrisTigrisTigris
Euphrates
Euphrates
Euphrates
Euphrates
Euphrates
Euphrates
Euphrates
Euphrates
Euphrates
Influence on fishery resources in the
Persian Gulf
Gap project in TurkeyGap project in Turkey+ 22 reservoirs+ 1.7 mln ha in irrigation
31 km3/y
Turkey by Euphrates
16 km3/y
? km3/y
Iraq
Persian Gulf
Before 70s From 90s
? km3/y
Iraq
9 km3/y
Syria
TurkeyTurkey
SyriaSyriaIranIran
IraqIraq
27 km3/y
Syria
SANAF PONDSANAF PONDSANAF PONDSANAF PONDSANAF PONDSANAF PONDSANAF PONDSANAF PONDSANAF POND
Hamrin DamHamrin DamHamrin DamHamrin DamHamrin DamHamrin DamHamrin DamHamrin DamHamrin Dam
Derbendi Khan DamDerbendi Khan DamDerbendi Khan DamDerbendi Khan DamDerbendi Khan DamDerbendi Khan DamDerbendi Khan DamDerbendi Khan DamDerbendi Khan Dam
Dokan DamDokan DamDokan DamDokan DamDokan DamDokan DamDokan DamDokan DamDokan Dam
Mosul DamMosul DamMosul DamMosul DamMosul DamMosul DamMosul DamMosul DamMosul Dam
Abbu Dibbis Depression
E-T WATERSHED
Euphrates R.Euphrates R.
Abbu Dibbis DepressionAbbu Dibbis DepressionAbbu Dibbis DepressionAbbu Dibbis DepressionAbbu Dibbis DepressionAbbu Dibbis DepressionAbbu Dibbis DepressionAbbu Dibbis Depression
THARTHAR THARTHAR THARTHAR THARTHAR THARTHAR THARTHAR THARTHAR THARTHAR THARTHAR DepressionDepressionDepressionDepressionDepressionDepressionDepressionDepressionDepressionHADITHA DAMHADITHA DAMHADITHA DAMHADITHA DAMHADITHA DAMHADITHA DAMHADITHA DAMHADITHA DAMHADITHA DAM
Habbaniya resHabbaniya resHabbaniya resHabbaniya resHabbaniya resHabbaniya resHabbaniya resHabbaniya resHabbaniya res
Water SeparatorWater SeparatorWater SeparatorWater SeparatorWater SeparatorWater SeparatorWater SeparatorWater SeparatorWater Separator
KEBAN RESERVOIRKEBAN RESERVOIRKEBAN RESERVOIRKEBAN RESERVOIRKEBAN RESERVOIRKEBAN RESERVOIRKEBAN RESERVOIRKEBAN RESERVOIRKEBAN RESERVOIR
At Thawra DamAt Thawra DamAt Thawra DamAt Thawra DamAt Thawra DamAt Thawra DamAt Thawra DamAt Thawra DamAt Thawra Dam
Devegicidi DamDevegicidi DamDevegicidi DamDevegicidi DamDevegicidi DamDevegicidi DamDevegicidi DamDevegicidi DamDevegicidi Dam
ATATURKATATURKATATURKATATURKATATURKATATURKATATURKATATURKATATURK
Keban DamKeban DamKeban DamKeban DamKeban DamKeban DamKeban DamKeban DamKeban Dam
KARAKAYAKARAKAYAKARAKAYAKARAKAYAKARAKAYAKARAKAYAKARAKAYAKARAKAYAKARAKAYA
Karu
nKa
run
Karu
nKa
run
Karu
nKa
run
Karu
nKa
run
Karu
n
Diya
laDi
yala
Diya
laDi
yala
Diya
laDi
yala
Diya
laDi
yala
Diya
la
HAWR AL HAWIZAHAWR AL HAWIZAHAWR AL HAWIZAHAWR AL HAWIZAHAWR AL HAWIZAHAWR AL HAWIZAHAWR AL HAWIZAHAWR AL HAWIZAHAWR AL HAWIZA
EuphratesEuphratesEuphratesEuphratesEuphratesEuphratesEuphratesEuphratesEuphrates
TigrisTigrisTigrisTigrisTigrisTigrisTigrisTigrisTigris
Shatt Al ArabShatt Al ArabShatt Al ArabShatt Al ArabShatt Al ArabShatt Al ArabShatt Al ArabShatt Al ArabShatt Al Arab
Al-Adhaim
Al-Adhaim
Al-Adhaim
Al-Adhaim
Al-Adhaim
Al-Adhaim
Al-Adhaim
Al-Adhaim
Al-Adhaim
Greater
Zab
Greater
Zab
Greater
Zab
Greater
Zab
Greater
Zab
Greater
Zab
Greater
Zab
Greater
Zab
Greater
Zab
Lesser Zab
Lesser Zab
Lesser Zab
Lesser Zab
Lesser Zab
Lesser Zab
Lesser Zab
Lesser Zab
Lesser Zab
Euphrates
Euphrates
EuphratesEuphrates
EuphratesEuphrates
Euphrates
EuphratesEuphrates
TigrisTigrisTigrisTigrisTigrisTigrisTigrisTigrisTigris
Euphrates
Euphrates
Euphrates
Euphrates
Euphrates
Euphrates
Euphrates
Euphrates
Euphrates
In situ data In situ data --scarcescarce and and
difficultdifficult to to accessaccess
Main reservoirs
Tigris R.Tigris R.
ThartharTharthar LakeLakeW = 73 km3
40 reservoirs 40 reservoirs
Water storage = 5 times Water storage = 5 times of annual ET dischargeof annual ET discharge
Karakaya W = 10 km3
Ataturk W = 49 km3
Keban W = 31 km3
Mosul W = 13.5 km3
DATA AQUISITION T/P (Oct 1992- Aug 2002, new orbit - Aug 2002-2005)
Jason-1 (since Feb 2002)GFO (since Jan 2000)ENVISAT (since Nov 2002)GRACE (data since 2003)
FOOTPRINT: RADAR - 12 km (ocean), RADIOMETER - 22 TO 42 km, GRACE ~ 625 km2
REPEAT PERIOD: 10 days (T/P, Jason), 17 days (GFO) and 35 (ENVISAT),
GRACE product: maps of 1-degree-square mean geoidheight differences between 30-day solutions and EIGEN_GL04S static solution (10 days resolution).
From International Gravimetric Bureau (http://bgi.cnes.fr:8110/)
ENVISAT ground tracks and selected altimetric measures for all cycles (yellow circles) over the upper part of the Ataturk water reservoir. Background - Landsat TM image from ca 1990.
Geographical selection of altimetric data
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
400004500050000550006000065000
Thar
thar
300000
310000
320000
330000
340000
Mos
ul
810000
820000
830000
840000
850000
Keb
an
670000
680000
690000
700000
Kara
kaya
520000524000528000532000536000540000
Ata
turk
304000
At T
haw
ra
132000136000140000144000148000152000
Had
itha
12320001236000124000012440001248000
Dev
igid
ici
480000
490000
500000
510000
Doc
an
30000
40000
50000
60000
Abu
Dib
bis
96000100000104000
Ham
rin
Temporal changes of reservoir level (mm)
from altimetric dataTOPEX/Poseidon (T/P)Geosat Follow-On (GFO)ENVISAT
Altimetric level - relative to geoid
RESERVOIRS: WATER LEVEL
Cross-comparison of satellitesTimes series for 11 reservoirs
T/P + GFO + ENVISAT: Karakaya, Mosul and Tharthar
1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007-20
-10
0
10
20
30
Thar
thar
-8
-4
0
4
8
Sadd
am (A
ski M
osul
)
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
Keba
n
-8-6-4-202
Kara
kaya
-12
-8
-4
0
4
Ata
turk
0
Taba
qa(A
t Tha
wra
)
-4-20246
Al Q
adis
iyah
(Had
itha)
0
Dev
egec
idi
-6-4-2024
Dok
an
-4-20246
Abu
Dib
bis
-202
Ham
rin
Temporal changes of reservoir volume (km3)
from altimetric data
TOPEX/Poseidon (T/P)Geosat Follow-On (GFO)ENVISAT
Volume changes - relative to mean value for 2002-2006
RESERVOIRS: WATER VOLUME
1999 - 2002 30 - 40 % of volume loss in reservoirs on Euphrates R.
Preliminary assessment (surface=const)
Kar
akay
a
Keb
an
Tha
rtha
r
MESOPOTAMIAN MARSHES
Shatt Al Arab
Shatt Al Arab
Tigris R
.
Euphrates R.
Tigris R
.
Euphrates R.
Mul
ti-Sp
ectra
l Sca
nner
(MSS
) abo
ard
Land
satm
om h
ttp://
land
sat.g
sfc.
nasa
.gov
/
20,000 km2 in 70s
3,000 km2 in 90s
Has
san
Jana
li, U
.S. A
rmy
Cor
ps o
f Eng
inee
rs, 2
003
E.Marshes.
S. Marshes.
Central Marshes.
E.Marshes.
S. Marshes.
Changes in the marshes from LandsatMSS imagery
Central Marshes.
AB
C
D
E
GF
-1000 to 0 0 to 1000 1000 to 1500 1500 to 2000 2000 to 3000 3000 to 4200 4200 to 6000
Backscatter in Ku band,ice1 algorithlm,
100*dB
MARSHESSPATIAL AND TEMPORAL VARIABILITY
A B C D E FD G
Landsat image ca 2000
A B C D E FD G
A B
C
D
E
G
F
ENVISAT Tr.098
ENVISAT Tr.197
-2000
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
year
wat
er le
vel,
mm
target Dtarget C
EASTERN MARSHES - T/P 31
Landsat image ca 1990 Landsat image ca 2000
A B C D
A
B
C
D
C
A - southern marshesB - confluence of Tigris and EuphratesC - part of eastern marshes, drained out between 3 and 23 June 1996D - eastern marshes
-1000 to 0 0 to 1000 1000 to 1500 1500 to 2000 2000 to 3000 3000 to 4200 4200 to 6000
Backscatter in Ku band,ice1 algorithlm,
100*dB
MARSHES - INONDATION
A B
A
C D E
B
C
D
EF
C FLandsat image ca 2000
A - river channelB - flooded reservoir C - large flooded areaD - partly flooded central marshesE - southern marshes have been drained out in 1996 andwere flooded in 2004F - channel
ENVISAT Tr.642
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
year
wat
er le
vel,
mm
target E
target D
-1000 to 0 0 to 1000 1000 to 1500 1500 to 2000 2000 to 3000 3000 to 4200 4200 to 6000
Backscatter in Ku band,ice1 algorithlm,
100*dB
MARSHES -INONDATION
A B C
A
D E F
B
C
D
E
G
F
GLandsat image ca 2000
ENVISAT 741
0
1000
2000
3000
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
year
wat
er le
vel,
mm
target Btarget C
Beginning of floodingBeginning of flooding
Landsat image ca 2000and Envisat tracks
MARSHES -INONDATIONalong track seasonal variability
% of submerged lands =number of points with σ0_Ku≥20 db
total number of points
0
20
40
60
80
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
% of submerged lands
PerspectivesPerspectives:
• calibration of flooding areas with Modis• estimation of water storage using altimetry
GRACE MISSION: VARIABILITY IN WATER RESOURCES
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
anom
alie
s
GRACE, km3
Gravity anomalies (mm) over the Gravity anomalies (mm) over the TE basinTE basinfor 2004for 2004
WatershedWatershed surface surface 765 000 km765 000 km22
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
10
20
30
40
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
anom
alie
s, k
m3
Turkey IraqLow Iran
All basin
Principal parts of the basin
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
anom
alie
s
W all reservoirs, km3 GRACE, km3 %of submerged land
RELATION BETWEEN OBSERVED PARAMETERS
Time lag, days 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120GRACE, ET 0.58 0.63 0.72 0.78 0.78 0.80 0.79 0.64 0.65 0.60 0.49 0.29 0.24GRACE, Iran 0.68 0.75 0.78 0.83 0.80 0.73 0.69 0.67 0.61 0.52 0.42 0.25 0.12GRACE, Turkey 0.56 0.57 0.65 0.73 0.73 0.73 0.71 0.58 0.59 0.54 0.38 0.18 0.12GRACE, Low Iraq 0.56 0.66 0.69 0.75 0.78 0.73 0.77 0.69 0.63 0.57 0.54 0.40 0.32Altimetry, dV in all reservoirs 0.20 0.29 0.38 0.47 0.55 0.63 0.69 0.74 0.77 0.79 0.79 0.77 0.72
Cross-correlation coefficients between the part of submerged lands and other parameters , n≈40
0
1000
2000
3000
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
Year
leve
l, m
m
0
10
20
30
40
50
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
year
S ppm
T grad
Water level in Shatt-al-Arab
Salinity and temperature in the Persian Gulf
IMPACT ON PERSIAN GULF
FUTURE WORK
* Altimetry + optical imagery - flooded regions
* Assessment of reservoirs surface-level relationship using optical imagery
* More precise estimation of reservoirs volumetric changes
* Surface and level of flooded zones
* Estimation of annual and seasonal changes in water storage
* Freshwater input to the Persian gulf