Unit 4: Money and Monetary Policy 1. The Money Market (Supply and Demand for Money) 2.
Money. Money Supply and Money Demand
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Transcript of Money. Money Supply and Money Demand
Money. Money Supply and Money Demand
Frederick University2014
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Money & the Payments System Money & the Payments System
meaning of money functions of money forms of money measuring money
meaning of money functions of money forms of money measuring money
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without money
barter for stuff-- need “double coincidence
of wants”-- inefficient:
more time shopping,less time producing
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example
I have exam 2,want to trade it for soda
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You have to want the exam &be willing to give up soda
ANDI have to want the soda& be willing to give up exam
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double coincidence of wants
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The Meaning of Money
anything commonly acceptedin exchange for goods/services
many objects throughout history
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examples
livestock shells metals cigarettes
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to act as money, must be
measurable divisible widely accepted durable
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Forms of Money
commodity moneyhas its own value as a
good-- gold & silver coins
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Paper money - a substitute for the commodity
money - freely convertible
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credit money (fiat money)-- no value other thanfact that it’s acceptedin exchange forgoods and services
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Our money is fiat money!
NOT backed by gold coins do not contain silver or
gold
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fiat money is more efficient
commodity money hasopportunity cost:
you could use it for something else
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debit or credit cards?
NOT money payment mechanisms
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money, income, & wealth
money what is accepted as payment
income earnings during time period (year)
wealth accumulated assets at a point in time
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money, wealth are STOCKS amount at a point in time
income is a FLOW amount during a time period
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examples
I own € 2 million in diamonds. I am wealthy I have no money
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I win € 25 million in lottery
I put it under my bed
I quit my job I am wealthy I have a lot of
money my income is zero
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software engineer earnings € 100,000/yr blows it all, every paycheck
high income no wealth
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Functions of Money money is a means of payments (medium of exchange)
-- accepted as payment forgoods and services
-- main function of money
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money is a unit of account-- money is used to
measure value
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if something costs €5,not that valuable
if something costs € 500,that’s valuable
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money is a store of value-- use money to save,
accumulate wealth,buy stuff later
-- money is liquid asset
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money is NOT alwaysa good store of value-- political instability-- poor economy
-- high inflation
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example
Historically, the U.S. dollar has been a good store of value
but when the $ started falling in value, this changed…
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Measuring Money
How much money do we need?
The quantity of money (money supply) depends on the value of goods and services that will be bought …
= P x Q
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Measuring Money
and on the velocity of money circulation = the number of transactions, served by the same money asset (V)
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example I buy from George coffee with a €2 coin George buys from Maria a newspaper with the
same €2 coin Maria buys from Sofia a sandwich with the
same €2 euro coin One and the same €2 coin serves 3
transactions Therefore, for these transactions we do not
need €6 but only €2 The velocity of circulation (V) is 3 The greater the velocity, the smaller the
quantity of money needed.
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The quantity of money
M = (P x Q) : Vor
MV = PQ
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Measuring Money
Money aggregates amount of cash (coins and
banknotes)BUT other forms of money too (quasi
- money
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M1 (high power money)
= currency in circulation (cash)+ demand deposits + checkable deposits+ traveler’s checks
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M2
= M1+ savings deposits+ small time deposits
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Comparing measures
get larger M1 < M2
add less liquid assets to larger measures
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Which measure is best?
move together in general BUT behavior can vary in short-
term M2 most watched
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Money Demand
Money demand – the quantity of liquidity that the public would like to hold at every level of the interest rate, ceteris paribus
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Motives for money demand
Transactionaryto pay purchases
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Precautionarybecause of the possible lack of synchronization of payments
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Speculative (liquidity preference) because holding money has an opportunity
cost money has time value – it may bring interest on the one hand, people are motivated to have
liquidity, on the other hand, they want extra income
(interest) … when the interest rates fall, people will be
willing to convert part of their interest bearing assets into liquidity
… when the interest rates increase, the liquidity preference diminishes.
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Equilibrium on the Money Market
i
M/P
MS
MD
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Factors, Determining Money Demand
Nominal GDP Current transactions Expectations Frequency of payments Synchronization of payments Wealth
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Financial Institutions Banking institutions: The Central bank Commercial Banks Nonbanking: Insurance funds Pension funds Investment funds Mortgage funds Brokering houses Mutual funds
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Commercial Banks
The Balance sheet of a commercial bank liabilitiesassets
depositsloans
reserves
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The Money Tree
Deposit Multiplier – Maximum increase in money supply as a result of the increase in the reserves of the banking system
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The Deposit Multiplier€ 1000 new reserves enter Commercial Bank “А”
Reserves(safety)
Loans (income)
200
800
160
640
128
512
1000 + 800 + 640 + 512 + …
DM = ΔD/ ΔR
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The Central BankFunctions: Control on money supply Supervision of Commercial Banks Banker of the government Providing cash Lender of last resort Monetary policy Control on reserves Foreign currency policies and external
payments
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The Central Bank
Central BankLiabilities: Coins and notes Deposits of the CBsAssets: Foreign currency Government bonds Loans to the
Treasury and to CBs