1. Call Money market2. Government securities market3. T-bills market4. Commercial paper 5. Certificate of deposits6. Repo 7. Rev Repo

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Market – any place or process

that brings together buyers and

sellers with a view to agreeing a

price

The basis of how an economy

operates – through production

and subsequent exchange

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Call/Notice money is the money borrowed or lent on demand for a very short period.

When money is borrowed or lent for a day, it is known as Call (Overnight) Money. Intervening holidays and/or Sunday are excluded for this purpose. Thus money, borrowed on a day and repaid on the next working day, (irrespective of the number of intervening holidays) is "Call Money".

When money is borrowed or lent for more than a day and up to 14 days, it is "Notice Money". No collateral security is required to cover these transactions.

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Call loans are generally made on a cleanbasis- i.e. no collateral is required

The main function of the call moneymarket is to redistribute the pool of day-to-day surplus funds of banks amongother banks in temporary deficit of funds

The call market helps banks economizetheir cash and yet improve their liquidity

It is a highly competitive and sensitivemarket

It acts as a good indicator of the liquidityposition

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Those who can both borrow and lend in themarket – RBI (through LAF), banks andprimary dealers

Once upon a time, selected financialinstitutions viz., IDBI, UTI, Mutual funds wereallowed in the call money market only on thelender’s side

These were phased out and call moneymarket is now a pure inter-bank market(since August 2005)

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Government Securities are securities issuedby the Government for raising a public loanor as notified in the official Gazette.

They consist of Government PromissoryNotes, Bearer Bonds, Stocks or Bonds held inBond Ledger Account.

They may be in the form of Treasury Bills orDated Government Securities

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Issued at face value No default risk as the securities carry sovereign

guarantee. Ample liquidity as the investor can sell the security in

the secondary market Interest payment on a half yearly basis on face value No tax deducted at source Can be held in D-mat form. Rate of interest and tenor of the security is fixed at

the time of issuance and is not subject to change Redeemed at face value on maturity Maturity ranges from of 2-30 years. Securities qualify as SLR investments (unless

otherwise stated).

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Treasury Bill market- Also called the T-Bill market◦ These bills are short-term liabilities (CMB,14-

day, 91-day, 182-day, 364-day) of the Government of India

◦ It is an IOU(I owe You)of the government, a promise to pay the stated amount after expiry of the stated period from the date of issue

◦ They are issued at discount to the face value and at the end of maturity the face value is paid

◦ The rate of discount and the corresponding issue price are determined at each auction

◦ RBI auctions 91-day T-Bills on a weekly basis, 182-day T-Bills and 364-day T-Bills on a fortnightly basis on behalf of the central government

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CDs are short-term borrowings in the form of UPN(UsancePromissory Notes) issued by all scheduled banks and arefreely transferable by endorsement and delivery.

Introduced in 1989

Maturity of not less than 7 days and maximum up to ayear. FIs are allowed to issue CDs for a period between 1year and up to 3 years

Subject to payment of stamp duty under the Indian StampAct, 1899

Issued to individuals, corporations, trusts, funds andassociations

They are issued at a discount rate freely determined by themarket/investors

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Short-term borrowings by corporates, financialinstitutions, primary dealers from the money market

Can be issued in the physical form (Usance PromissoryNote) or demat form

Introduced in 1990

When issued in physical form are negotiable byendorsement and delivery and hence, highly flexible

Issued subject to minimum of Rs. 5 lacs and in themultiple of Rs. 5 lacs after that

Maturity is 7 days to 1 year

Unsecured and backed by credit rating of the issuingcompany

Issued at discount to the face value

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OMO or Open Market Operations is a marketregulating mechanism often resorted to byReserve Bank of India. Under OMO OperationsReserve Bank of India as a market regulatorkeeps buying or/and selling securitiesthrough it's open market window. It'sdecision to sell or/and buy securities isinfluenced by factors such as overall liquidityin the system,

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The minimum and maximum levels of CRR areprescribed at 3% and 20% of demand and termliabilities (DTL) of the bank, respectively, underReserve Bank of India Act of 1934.

The minimum and maximum SLR areprescribed at 25% and 40% of DTL respectively,under Banking Regulation Act of 1949. TheCRR and SLR are to be maintained onfortnightly basis.

The RBI is authorized to increase or decreasethe CRR and SLR at its discretion.

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SLR is to be maintained in the form of the following assets:

Cash balances (excluding balances maintained for CRR)

Gold (valued at price not exceeding current market price)

Approved securities valued as per norms prescribed by RBI.

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. In a repo transaction two parties exchange

securities and cash with a simultaneous agreement

to reverse the transaction after a given period. Thus

a repo represents a collateralised short-term

lending transaction. The party which lends securities

(or borrows cash) is said to be doing the repo and

the party which lends cash (or borrows securities) is

said to be doing a reverse repo

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Discuss the latest trends on the below mentioned Financial instruments.

1. Call Money market

2. Government securities market

3. T-bills market

4. Commercial paper

5. Certificate of deposits

6. Repo

7. Reverse Repo

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