Money Market Instruments in pakistan
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Money Market Instruments In
Pakistan
Group Number : 2
Tayyaba Karim F06B004Aamna Mukhtar F06B020
Rabia Nawaz F06B025
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Money Market
The money market exists for the purpose of
“ issuing and trading of short-term instruments, that is, instruments where the term remaining from the date when trading takes place to the date of maturity, is of a short-
term nature.”
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Characteristics Of Money Market Instruments
• Short-term borrowing and lending
• Low credit risk
• High liquidity
• High volume of lending and
borrowing
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INSTRUMENTS IN PAKISTAN!
• Treasury Bills
• Commercial Papers
• Repurchase Agreements
• Banker’s acceptance
• Eurodollar Deposits
• Federal Funds
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Treasury Bills
• T-bills are the Government debt
securities that matures in one
year or less from their issue
date.”
• A treasury bill differs from other
types of investments in that they
do not pay interest in the
traditional way. When an investor
wishes to purchase a treasury bill,
he buys it at a discount rate.
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Features
• Issued through bidding process • Zero Coupon bonds sold at a
discount to their face values• Purchased by individuals,
institutions and corporate bodies including banks irrespective of
their residential status• Can be traded freely in the
country’s secondary market. Physical delivery could be affected
if required
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Types of T-Bills
• They are issued with the maturities of
12-months (one-year)
6-months (24-Weeks)
3-months (12-Weeks)
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Investment Characteristics Of Treasury Bills
•T-bills are on the guarantee of government, so they have minimum default risk.
Default risk
•T-bills are highly liquid instrument of financial market. Securities can be liquidated when ever the holder wants
Liquidity
•T-bills are trade on the face value of Rs.100 in Pakistan and in denominations of multiples of 100
Minimum denomina
tion
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How to calculate return on T-Bills?
• T-Bills are sold at a discount from their par
value
• Yield is based on their appreciation in price
b/w
time of issue
time they mature or are sold by the
investor
• Bill yield are determined by the
discount method;
treats the par value as the
investment base
uses a 360-day year for simplicity
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• Suppose you buy a 12 Weeks T-bill at Rs.98 and keep it until maturity having face value of rs.100. Then the discount rate on this bill can be calculated as:
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How T-Bills are traded in Pakistan?
At start Treasury bills were issued on fixed
rate. eg; six months at 6 percent per year
In April 1991
Introduce the American-style
auction-based system.
The role of primary market restrict
to fortnightly auctions.
Primary dealers were appointed.
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Open Market
Operations(OMO)
Auction
System
State Bank of Pakistan use following two methods to trade T-bills.
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Auction System
SBP announces the T-Bill auction
Primary dealers submit the bids
MOF decides the cut off price.
After one or two days of finalizing price, securities are issued.
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OPEN MARKET OPERATION
• In OMO Government fix the
discount rate before the
announcing the new securities and
can be issued when they need
funds.
• Through OMO Government can sell
as well as buy back securities.
• Trading T-Bills in OMO is mainly to
control the circulation of money in
the market.
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COMMERCIAL PAPER
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Commercial Paper
• Short-term, unsecured promissory notes issued by well-known
companies carrying high credit rating
• Used to meet immediate cash needs
• Funds raised from commercial paper are commonly used for
current transactions
• SBP and SECP started process of creating commercial paper market
in Pakistan in 2003
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Maturity Period
• Between 30 days and one year from the date of subscription
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Issuer Of Commercial Paper
• Highly rated companies and financial institutions with minimum
equity of Rs. 100 million
• Minimum current ratio of 1: 1 and debt/equity ratio of 60: 40.
• Minimum credit rating of the issuer shall be “A-”
• No overdue loan or defaults
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Size And Denomination
• Minimum size of the issue of commercial paper shall not be less
than Rs.10 million
• In case of private placement, CP would be denominated in Rs. 100,000 or in multiple thereof
• In case of offer to general public, CP may be denominated in Rs. 5,000 or in multiples thereof
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Mode Of Issue And Discount Rate
• In the form of a promissory note
• Discount to face value is determined by the issuer keeping in view the prevailing T-bill rates, KIBOR and issuer’s credit rating
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Calculation Of Rate Of Return
DRcp = (Par Value – Purchase Price) / Par Value
x 360 / Days to Maturity
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Investor of Commercial Paper
• Can be issued by way of Public offer and/or to Scheduled Banks
• Large Institutions as the issue size is often too high for individual
investors
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Advantages For Investor
• Higher yields than time deposits
• Safe investment
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REPURCHASE AGREEMENT
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Repurchase Agreement
• Repurchase agreements are agreements between a borrower
and a lender
• Borrower sells securities to the lender with the stipulation that
the securities will be repurchased on a specified date and at a fixed
price and interest
• Securities serve as collateral for loan
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Types Of Repo (In Term of Maturity)
1. Overnight repos 2. Term repos3. Open repo
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Major Borrowers And Lenders
• Major borrowers include government bond dealers of
Treasuries and federal agency securities, and large banks
• Active lenders include state and local governments, insurance companies, Large banks, non-
financial corporations, and foreign financial institutions
• Government securities are the main collateral for most repos
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Repo Interest Income
• The difference between the underlying securities current price
and repurchase price is the amount of interest paid by the borrower to
the lender
RP Interest income = Amount of loan x Current Repo
Rate x (Repo Term in days/360 days)
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Purpose of Repo
• To meet deposit reserve requirements
• In order to purchase interest bearing securities
• Companies lend to avoid losing even a single day’s interest.
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Advantages Of Repo
• Repo rate is less than borrowing from a bank
• Benefit to lenders is that the maturity of the Repo can be
precisely tailored to the lender's needs
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BANKER’S ACCEPTANCE
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Banker’s Acceptance
• Acceptance means a vow to pay a definite amount of money
• The person who will pay is called as the promissory while the one
who will receive is the beneficiary
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Requirements of the Time Draft
• Promissory Signature
• The word accepted on top of his signatures and
• The date on which the amount will be paid.
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Banker’s Acceptance
• If the time draft is formally accepted by a bank then it
becomes a banker’s acceptance
• The maturities of banker’s acceptance mostly range from 30
to 180 days
• The promissory uses the bank’s credit worthiness instead of his
own
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Mechanism of Banker’s Acceptance
Importer
Importer’s Bank
Acceptance
Manufacturer
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Mechanism of Banker’s Acceptance
Letter of
Credit
Time Draft
Accepted
Discounted
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Secondary Market for the Banker’s Acceptance
• The issuing bank can either keep it in his portfolio or sell the bankers acceptance in the money market.
• It is sold at a discount from the value which will be payable on
maturity.
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Secondary Market for the Banker’s Acceptance
The net proceeds after the sale =
The face amount of the acceptance –
the discount rate (interest rate*days into maturity*face amount)
- the bank’s acceptance commission
The combination of these is called the “all in” rate.
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EURODOLLAR DEPOSITS
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Eurodollar Deposits
• Eurodollars are the deposits of US dollars in banks which are located
outside United States.
• Generally, the "euro" prefix can be used to indicate any currency held in a country where it is not
the official currency.
• The Eurodollar deposits are always moving in the form of
loans.
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Mechanism of Eurodollar Deposits
Dealer In
Pakistan
Gets Shipme
nt Amount
in Dollars
Deposited in a Bank
Situated in US
Amount in
Dollars Transferred to a
Bank Situated
In Pakistan
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Eurodollar Deposits
• The chain of Eurocurrency and Eurodollars will remain functioning
until they are in demand.
• Many are held for one month that is the usual time period for the
shipment of goods.
• There is no central location for the trading of the Eurocurrency
deposits.
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Eurodollar Deposits
• They are volatile and sensitive to fluctuations in interest rates and
currency values.
• Difference of Interest rate
• Changes in Currency Value
• Political Risk
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Eurodollar Deposits
Daily Cost of Funds derived from Eurodollars:
Amount to be loaned * interest rate * 1/360
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FEDERAL FUNDS
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Federal Funds
• Federal funds refer to the overnight borrowings which are undertaken in order to meet the
state bank’s reserve requirements.
• The funds are not physically transferred.
• Commercial banks are the principle borrowers
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Federal Funds
• Meet the Legal Reserve Ratio requirement.
• Interest rates highly fluctuate daily depending on the volume of
funds which are surplus in the market and the volume of fund
needed by the market.
• Borrower’s need of funds is fulfilled while the lender earns interest income on his funds.
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QUESTION & ANSWER
SESSION