MONDAY, AUGUST 29MONDAY, AUGUST 29

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Journal Entry #5:Journal Entry #5:

Discuss one thing you think you Discuss one thing you think you know about the Middle Ages…know about the Middle Ages…anything.anything.

UNIT 2: THE MIDDLE UNIT 2: THE MIDDLE AGESAGES

450-1450450-1450

TIME LINETIME LINE

450-1000: Earliest notated Gregorian 450-1000: Earliest notated Gregorian chant manuscripts (c. 900)chant manuscripts (c. 900)

– BeowolfBeowolf (c. 700) (c. 700)– Reign of Pope Reign of Pope

Gregory I (590-604)Gregory I (590-604)– Charlemagne crownedCharlemagne crowned

Holy Roman Emporer Holy Roman Emporer (800)(800)

1000-1300: Troubadours and 1000-1300: Troubadours and trouveres (c. 1100-1300)trouveres (c. 1100-1300)– Hildegard of Bingen (c. 1150)Hildegard of Bingen (c. 1150)– School of Notre Dame (begun c. 1170)School of Notre Dame (begun c. 1170)

Beginning of Beginning of NotreNotre

Dame Dame CathedralCathedral

(1163)(1163)

Quick math: Quick math:

How old is How old is Notre Notre Dame?Dame?

848

– Norman Conquest (1066)Norman Conquest (1066)– First Christian Crusade (1096-99)First Christian Crusade (1096-99)– Magna Carta signed (1215)Magna Carta signed (1215)

1300-1450: Guilaume de Machaut – 1300-1450: Guilaume de Machaut – Notre Dame MassNotre Dame Mass (c. 1350) (c. 1350)– Dante, Dante, The Divine ComedyThe Divine Comedy (1321) (1321)– Chaucer, Chaucer, The Canterbury TalesThe Canterbury Tales (1387- (1387-

1400)1400)– Joan of Arc executed by the English Joan of Arc executed by the English

(1431)(1431)

THE MIDDLE AGESTHE MIDDLE AGES

The “Dark Ages”The “Dark Ages”– WarWar– DiseaseDisease– MigrationMigration

3 Classes3 Classes– 1. Clergy1. Clergy– 2. Nobility2. Nobility– 3. Peasantry3. Peasantry

EducationEducation– Monks and boys in monestariesMonks and boys in monestaries– Most people illiterate – even NobilityMost people illiterate – even Nobility

1414thth c. Europe – Hundred Years War (1337- c. Europe – Hundred Years War (1337-1453), “black death” (bubonic plague) 1453), “black death” (bubonic plague) killed ¼ of the populationkilled ¼ of the population– During tumult, two rival popes claimed During tumult, two rival popes claimed

authority; everyone was scared and confused. authority; everyone was scared and confused. – Literature such as Chaucer’s Literature such as Chaucer’s Canterbury TalesCanterbury Tales

stressed graphic realism.stressed graphic realism. Later: Gothic cathedrals built, towns grew, Later: Gothic cathedrals built, towns grew,

universities founded = cultural growthuniversities founded = cultural growth

In General…In General…

Early Middle Ages = Early Middle Ages = BADBAD

Late Middle Ages – BETTER!Late Middle Ages – BETTER!

MUSIC IN THE MIDDLE AGESMUSIC IN THE MIDDLE AGES

Priests = most important musiciansPriests = most important musicians Important occupation = liturgical Important occupation = liturgical

singingsinging– Boys vs. girlsBoys vs. girls

Monestary/ConventMonestary/Convent Vocal, some instrumentsVocal, some instruments

– Church frowned on instrumentsChurch frowned on instrumentsSource of conflict between composers and Source of conflict between composers and

church authoritieschurch authorities

– After 1100 – church organAfter 1100 – church organ

Earliest OrgansEarliest Organs– Keys operated by heavy pounding of the Keys operated by heavy pounding of the

fistfist– Literally heard for milesLiterally heard for miles

GREGORIAN CHANTGREGORIAN CHANT– Official music of the Roman Official music of the Roman

Catholic Church for the last 1000 Catholic Church for the last 1000 yearsyears

– Sung, unaccompanied Sung, unaccompanied (monophonic)(monophonic)

– Melody set to sacred Latin textsMelody set to sacred Latin textsSince Second Vatican Council (1962-1965): Since Second Vatican Council (1962-1965):

Most Roman Catholic services have been in Most Roman Catholic services have been in native language of each countynative language of each county

Melody can be set:Melody can be set:– 1. Syllabically – one note per syllable1. Syllabically – one note per syllable– 2. Neumatically – few notes per syllable2. Neumatically – few notes per syllable– 3. Melismatically – many notes per syllable3. Melismatically – many notes per syllable

– Today, Gregorian chant less commonToday, Gregorian chant less common– Enhances specific parts of serviceEnhances specific parts of service– Set atmosphere for prayers/ritualsSet atmosphere for prayers/rituals– Conveys calm – represents the voice of Conveys calm – represents the voice of

the church, rather than individualthe church, rather than individual

RhythmRhythm– FlexibleFlexible– Without meterWithout meter– Little sense of beat – Rhythm wasn’t Little sense of beat – Rhythm wasn’t

notatednotatedSounds like it floats, almost improvisationalSounds like it floats, almost improvisationalDepending on nature of text, may be simple Depending on nature of text, may be simple

or elaborateor elaborate

WHY THIS MATTERS!WHY THIS MATTERS!

For centuries, composers have For centuries, composers have continued to base compositions on continued to base compositions on chant melodies.chant melodies.

The same way old Indian trails are The same way old Indian trails are now our Interstate routes and major now our Interstate routes and major highways, Gregorian chant is the highways, Gregorian chant is the basis for basis for ALLALL of our music today. of our music today.

LISTENING TO GREGORIAN LISTENING TO GREGORIAN CHANTCHANT

Alleluia: Vidimus StellamAlleluia: Vidimus Stellam– gregorian chantgregorian chant– Books pg. 86Books pg. 86

O SuccessoresO Successores– Hildegard von BingenHildegard von Bingen– Books pg. 88Books pg. 88

Pope Gregory I (the Great)Pope Gregory I (the Great)– 590-604590-604– Reorganized the Catholic Reorganized the Catholic liturgyliturgy– Did not Did not createcreate it it– Some came from: Jewish synagogues of Some came from: Jewish synagogues of

the first centuries after Christthe first centuries after Christ

– Most of the several thousand melodies Most of the several thousand melodies known today were created A.D. 600-known today were created A.D. 600-13001300

First melodies passed down by oral First melodies passed down by oral traditiontradition

Eventually notated to ensure musical Eventually notated to ensure musical uniformity throughout the western uniformity throughout the western churchchurch

Since Second Vatican Council (1962-Since Second Vatican Council (1962-1965):1965):– Most Roman Catholic services have Most Roman Catholic services have

been in native language of each countybeen in native language of each county– Today, Gregorian chant less commonToday, Gregorian chant less common

CHURCH MODESCHURCH MODES

Unique sound of Gregorian chant is Unique sound of Gregorian chant is because of the scales that were usedbecause of the scales that were used

Scales of the middle ages were Scales of the middle ages were church modeschurch modes

7 different tones and an eighth tone 7 different tones and an eighth tone to make an octaveto make an octave

Ancestors of modern-day scalesAncestors of modern-day scales

7 Church Modes:7 Church Modes:– IonianIonian

C-CC-C

– DorianDorian

D-DD-D

– PhrygianPhrygian

E-EE-E

– LydianLydian

F-FF-F

– MixolydianMixolydian

G-GG-G

– AeolianAeolian

A-AA-A

– LocrianLocrian

B-BB-B

HOMEWORK FOR TOMORROWHOMEWORK FOR TOMORROW

Create a timeline of important events Create a timeline of important events we covered today regarding the we covered today regarding the Middle Ages.Middle Ages.– It’s up to you to make it look however It’s up to you to make it look however

you think it should.you think it should.

GROUP PRESENTATIONSGROUP PRESENTATIONS

Group A: 100 Years WarGroup A: 100 Years War Group C: Norman Group C: Norman ConquestConquest

Bilal AzizBilal Aziz Taimoor AzizTaimoor AzizAaron Brunnworth Aaron Brunnworth Jacob BurnsJacob BurnsClaire Chandler Claire Chandler Andrew DrakeAndrew DrakeKalyn Moore Kalyn Moore Dominique FlyteDominique FlyteNathan NovakNathan Novak Emma BrownEmma Brown

Group B: Black DeathGroup B: Black Death Group D: The CrusadesGroup D: The CrusadesKieryn BeyerlKieryn Beyerl Alec CampAlec CampNick CabanNick Caban Blake NoudBlake NoudPhil KosydorPhil Kosydor Chris PearsonChris PearsonRyan KaminskyRyan Kaminsky Anna StamerAnna StamerJulian HarveyJulian Harvey