Monday 1/10/11

• Today– Review Russia– Egypt and Ottomans– (powerpoint will be on wikispaces by Friday)

• HW – Note guide on India (on Raidernet)• Tomorrow – Discussion on Sati

Persistence and Change in Afro-Eurasia

How did Europe’s Enlightenment ideas, military might, technological achievements, and economic philosophy/strength

affect Russia, India, and China?

The old face of Russia• Ivan the Terrible• oprichniki

• Romanov Dynasty• Conflict b/t

westernization and absolutism

• Peter the Great• Catherine the Great

Film Clip• What were the causes and effects of the Decembrist

Rebellion of 1825?• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Izw29EJvv-g&feature=

related

Russian Terms

• Tsar Alexander– Victory over the French– Effect of the French Revolution on Russia

• Tsar Nicholas– Decembrist Revolt

• Westernization YET “Orthodoxy, Autocracy, and Folk Nationality”

The Crumbling Ottoman Empire

1800’s• Ottoman

regions gradually gained semi-autonomy, moving toward independence

Reforming Egypt and the Ottoman Empire

1. What effects did Europe have on the this region?• Modernization• Capitalist Free Trade• Christianity2. Objective: Understand how there were competing

forces pushing both Egypt and the Ottoman empire in different directions in the 1800’s

• Red – conservative forces• Blue – Liberal forces

3. According to the account by Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti on page 669, what were the cultural differences between the French and Egyptian Muslims?

• Napoleon printed and displayed a proclamation in Arabic

• Called Mamluks corrupt and oppressive• Al-Jabarti called the French Godless, materialists,

following false ideals

4. How did Muhammad Ali (ruled 1805-1848) and Egypt respond to Napoleon’s invasion?

• Modernization campaign (looked to French model)

• Became semi-independent of Ottoman rule• Allied with more secular merchant and

intellectual elites• Strengthened army, under advice of

Suleiman Pasha (converted French officer) – rode into Greece, Sudan, Syria, Anatolia (with

varied success)• School of engineering• Modern medical school (French doctor)• Nationalized Land

– Increased cotton production– Irrigation and dam projects (European

influence)

5. How did Ali’s modernization campaign affect the Egyptian peasantry?

• The same ways it affected people who joined the capitalist economic revolution world-wide

• Longer hours in fields (due to irrigation projects) and factories (though these died)

• Unpaid labor in public works projects• Disease (bilharzia)• Profits went to government controlled pockets• Military conscription

6. What were the conservative and liberal voices amongst the Ottomans?

• Sultan Selim III– Founded New Order infantry, nizam-i-jedid (trained by W. European officers)

• Janissaries and the Ulama (clerics) squashed the New Order infantry and modernization efforts and murdered Selim III

• Sultan Mahmud II (1808-39) shrewdly isolated the Janissaries and won over the clerics. Carried out Tanzimat or “Reorganization period”: Reform and autocracy– Established European-style army– Executed enemy Janissaries– Medical college, military school, European learning, “Young Ottomans”– Factories started replacing guilds– Equality of all subjects, regardless of religion

• Yet a Bureaucracy, conservative clerics, aristocracy, whimsical sultans, and merchant-government ties stunted reforms and modernization

From wikipedia

• Mahmud II started the modernization of Turkey with the Edict of Tanzimat in 1839, instituting European-style clothing, uniforms, weapons, agricultural and industrial innovations, architecture, education, legislation, institutional organization and land reform.

Colonial Reordering in India

• Sati discussion

Persistence of the Qing Empire• Since 1644• Territorial expansion: – Taiwan, Central Asia, Tibet,

Southern Siberia– Population increase and

migration• Economic prosperity– New farmland, corn and

yams, better yields, rural trade

– Tax base increase• Unaware/not interested in

European events and products

Problems• Conservative (outsider)

approach to governance• Population pressures• Low tax rates • Corruption• “White Lotus Rebellion”• Europeans wanted in.– Lord MaCartney 1793,

asked for trading rights. Denied

TWO EDICTS FROM THE QIANLONG EMPEROR,ON THE OCCASION OF LORD MACARTNEY’S MISSION TO CHINA, SEPTEMBER 1793

You, O King from afar, have yearned after the blessings of our civilization, and in your eagerness to come into touch with our converting influence have sent an Embassy across the sea bearing a memorial. I have already taken note of your respectful spirit of submission, have treated your mission with extreme favour and loaded it with gifts, besides issuing a mandate to you, O King, and honouring you with the bestowal of valuable presents. Thus has my indulgence been manifested.

… Hitherto, all European nations, including your own country’s barbarian merchants, have carried on their trade with Our Celestial Empire at Canton. Such has been the procedure for many years, although Our Celestial Empire possesses all things in prolific abundance and lacks no product within its borders. There was therefore no need to import the manufactures of outside barbarians in exchange for our own produce. But as the tea, silk, and porcelain which the Celestial Empire produces are absolute necessities to European nations and to yourselves, we have permitted, as a signal mark of favour, that foreign hongs1 should be established at Canton, so that your wants might be supplied and your country thus participate in our beneficence. But your Ambassador has now put forward new requests which completely fail to recognize the Throne’s principle to “treat strangers from afar with indulgence,” and to exercise a pacifying control over barbarian tribes, the world over. …

Your Ambassador requests facilities for ships of your nation to call at Ningpo, Chusan, Tientsin and other places for purposes of trade. Until now trade with European nations has always been conducted at Macao, where the foreign hongs are established to store and sell foreign merchandise. Your nation has obediently complied with this regulation for years past without raising any objection. In none of the other ports named have hongs been established, so that even if your vessels were to proceed thither, they would have no means of disposing of their cargoes. Furthermore, no interpreters are available, so you would have no means of explaining your wants, and nothing but general inconvenience would result. For the future, as in the past, I decree that your request is refused and that the trade shall be limited to Macao.

The Opium War• Causes

– Opium import skyrocked from EIC. Chinese Addiction.

– 1729, 1799 – outlawed yet continued– 40,000 chests/year imported as silver

flowed out– 1839 – Emperor blockaded Canton

port, arrested British leader• Event

– 1840 – British fleet bombarded ports and river towns

– Chinese losses, concessions• Effects

– 1842 Treaty of Nanjing: British (and European) right to trade openly and live in China

– Extraterritoriality – legal independence