Mon Week #6 Q.3 (2/10) Homework: Test Wed/Thurs

Activities/Assignments:• Finish General notes – Evolution• Handouts :

• Comparing limb structure and function• Evolution part #1• Graphing practice• Vocabulary Review

Today in Bio.…

Bio. Learning Goal: I understand the scientific principles and processes involved in biological evolution.

Warm Up: Name 2 of 3 factors that support evolution.

Fact:Music was sent down a telephone line for the first time in 1876, the year the phone was invented

See: Science fast facts

Fossils are the preserved remains, tracks, or traces of once-living organisms They form when organisms become buried in sediment and calcium in hard surfaces mineralizes Arranging fossils according to age often provides evidence of successive evolutionary change Robert Hooke in 1668- 1st to propose that fossils are the remains of plants & animals. Provides the most direct evidence for macroevolution

Fossil Records

Similar structural forms can be seen in various living organisms

Ex: Homologous structures, Analogous structures and Vestigial structures

All vertebrates share a basic set of developmental instructions

Anatomical Record

Relict developmental

forms

Page 13

Fig. 13.8 Homology among vertebrate limbs

The same basic bones are present in each

forelimb

Homologous structures: Have different structure and function but are all derived from the same part of a common ancestor.

As vertebrates have evolved, the same bones are sometimes put to different uses, yet they can still be seen, their presence betraying their evolutionary past.

TYPES OF ADAPTATIONS• Structural• Behavioral• Physiological

Let’s look at each type as we consider 2 species: the tundra & icecap-dwelling arctic fox & the desert dwelling fennec fox.

arctic fox (Alopex lagopus) fennec fox (Vulpes zerda)

Structural Adaptation: The form that the organism takes.EX: Big ears and small ears of foxes. Heat escapes easily from the blood that passes through the vessels in the fennec fox’s ears. Cool blood from the ears then circulates through the body & keeps the fennec fox from overheating.

Other Structural Adaptations:

Duck---webbed feetFish---gillsGiraffe---long neckBeaver---large, pointed teethWhale---blubberCactus---shallow rootsSnake---flexible jaw

Behavioral Adaptation: These are innate (inherited) actions that individuals of the species perform.

• Arctic fox:– Can be active any

time of the day; ready to find food whenever available.

• Fennec fox:– Is nocturnal; sleeps

during the day & hunts at night

Other Behavioral Adaptations:Birds---migrate/fly south in the winterBears---hibernate in the winterPossums---play "dead" to avoid predatorsDesert animals---(1) nocturnal/inactive during the daytime and (2) below-ground dwellings to avoid harsh rays

Physiological Adaptation: Related to the biochemical processes at work within an organism’s body. Compare the processing of food & water:

– Arctic fox: food is scarce in winter; effective at storing food energy as fat.

– Fennec fox: little free water available; adapted to get all moisture it needs from fruit, roots, & leaves.

Other examples of physiological adaptation are tanning of skin when exposed to sun over long periods, the formation of callouses on hands in response to repeated contact or pressurePlants in hot dry climates have grey or light colored foliage reflects light, reducing heat and thus water loss from transpiration, needles or small leaves, silver hairs coating leaves reflect light and help to lower temperatures

Adaptations Work Together

• Adaptations work together to produce a species fit for surviving in a specific environment.

• The big ears(structural) cools fox & gives acute hearing which helps when fox hunts & night (behavioral) & the fox has special retina; tapetum (physiological) that gives the fox night vision.

Some Examples of Adaptations

• Kangaroo’s tail…..• Kangaroo’s ability to jump• When temp. are hot a kangaroo will go

under a tree and dig down for cooler ground…

• Camels travel in herds…• Camels have humps on their backs…

• The color of the peacock’s feathers…

structural

structural

physiological

behavioralbehavioral

physiological

PATTERNS OF EVOLUTIONCoevolution: Change of two or more species in close association with each other. EXAMPLE: Bumblebees and the flowers they pollinate have co-evolved so that both have become dependent on each other for survival.

Convergent Evolution: organisms that are very similar but are not closely related. This happens because of a change within the environment.

Analogous structures are the result of convergent evolution.

DIVERGENT EVOLUTION:Two or more related species that become more dissimilar due to different environments.

•This usually produces another species

EXAMPLE: GALAPAGOS

FINCHES

Tue Week #6 Q.3 (2/11) Homework: Study-Test Wed/ThursActivities/Assignments:

• Handouts : • Comparing limb structure and function• Evolution part #1• Graphing practice• Vocabulary Review• Practice Test - book

Today in Bio.…

Bio. Learning Goal: I understand the scientific principles and processes involved in biological evolution.

Warm Up: What is the difference between divergent and convergent evolution?

Fact: Snakes are true carnivorous because they eat nothing but other animals. They do not eat any type of plant material.

Convergent Evolution

Divergent Evolution

Wed/Thurs Week #6 Q.3 (2/12-13) Homework

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Activities/Assignments:• Handouts :

• Vocabulary Review• Practice Test – book

• Evolution Unit Test

Today in Bio.…

Bio. Learning Goal: I understand the scientific principles and processes involved in biological evolution.

Warm Up: What is a vestigial organ?

Fact:If you could throw a snowball fast enough, it would totally vaporize when it hit a brick wall.