Metody molekulární biologie v ekologii a systematice rostlin 4 . PCR
Molekulární biologie
description
Transcript of Molekulární biologie
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(c) Mgr. Martin Šmíd
Molekulární biologie
Molekulární biologie
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Bílkoviny
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Kondenzační vznik peptidické vazby
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Peptidická vazba
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Struktura bílkovin
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Primární struktura
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Sekundární struktura – alfa-helix
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Sekundární struktura – beta-list
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Terciální struktura
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Kvartérní struktura
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Výsledná bílkovina
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NK
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Fosfodiesterová vazba
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Beta glykosidická
vazba
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Rozdíl DNA
a RNA
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5´ a 3´ konec
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Výsledný tvar – dvoušroubovice DNA
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Komplementarita
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A-T pár
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C-G pár
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Anti- paralelní
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Šroubovice vyšších
řádů
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Euchromatin a heterochromatin
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Chromozom
metacentrický submetacentrický akrocentrický
centromera
p
q chromatidy
telomera
satelit
sat. stopka (NOR)
p = krátké ramenoq = dlouhé ramenoNOR = oblast organizátoru jadérka (rRNA geny)
Chromozomy
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Karyotyp muže - 46,XY – G pruhy
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Karyotyp ženy 46,XX – G pruhy
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ProteinRNADNA
reverzní transkripce
Replikace
translace
transkripce
Dogma molekulární biologie
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rRNA
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Ribosóm
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Genová rodina
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tRNA
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Modifikace bází
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Váže AK
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mRNA
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SnRNA
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Spliceosóm
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Strukturální gen
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Strukturální gen - hnRNA
Gen pro tRNA - pre-tRNA
Gen pro rRNA - pre-rRNA
Homeoboxový gen - regulace
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Řazení genů – tandemové repetice
5´ - A B C D … A B C D … A B C D … A B C D … A B C D … A B C D …3´
Genová rodina
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Řazení genů – rozptýlené repetice
5´ - A B C D … X R T H … A B C D … S W W … A B C D … N K L G …3´
Pohybová aktivita genů
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Řazení genů – palindrom
5´ - A B C B A … H B T T B H … 3´
Kali silak, jelenovi pivo nelej, kobyla ma maly bok ….
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Replikace
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Komplementární a
antiparalelní
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Enzymy replikace
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DNA – polymeráza I
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Exonukleázová aktivita
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Proof-reading aktivita DNA-polymerázy I
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DNA-polymeráza III
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DNA-ligáza
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DNA-helikáza
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Topoisomeráza
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RNA - primáza
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ssb - proteiny
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Semidiskontinuální syntéza DNA během replikace
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Okazakiho fragmenty
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Shrnutí replikace
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Preprimosóm
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Primosóm a RNA -
polymerázou
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Replikony
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Telomera a problémy s replikací u Lagging vlákna
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Transkripce
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Přepis strukturálního
genu
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RNA - polymeráza
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Promotor eukaryot
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Terminátor
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Klasické zakončení primárního transkriptu
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Transkripce prokaryot
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Polysóm
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Transkripce eukaryot
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Post-transkripční úpravy hnRNA
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hnRNA
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Methylguanosinonová čepička – 5´cap
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Poly A na 3´konci
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Splicing
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Průběh alternativního
sestřihu
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Translace
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Regulace genové exprese prokaryota
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Mutace
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Genetická determinace pohlaví
23,X
23,Y
23,X
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(c) Mgr. Martin Šmíd
KonecKonec