Molecular-genetic analysis of starfishes Asterias amurensis and A. rubens

A.L. Drozdov, I.P. Vladychenskaya, ,N.B. Petrov

red seastar red seastar A. rubens,A. rubens,

common, or Forbes common, or Forbes starfishstarfish A. forbesi A. forbesi

Institute of Marine Biology, FEB RASInstitute of Marine Biology, FEB RAS, ,

Moscow State UnMoscow State Universityiversity

anatoliyld@mail.ruanatoliyld@mail.ru

Asterias amurensisAsterias amurensis

the Northern Pacific the Northern Pacific seastar and Japanese common starfishseastar and Japanese common starfish

 

Now A. amurensis has been introduced to the oceanic areas of Tasmania, southern Australia, Alaska, the Aleutian Island, part of Europe and Maine.

A. forbesi(Desor,1848)(North Atlantic Oceanfrom the Gulf of Maine to the Gulf of Mexico)

A. rubens

A.amurensisLutken, 1871

(norther China, Russia,,Japan.)

Linnaeus, 1758 (nother Atlantic, common species in North & White seas, west part of Baltic sea)

In this study we analyzed the mitochondria COI genes in A. rubens and A. amurensis.

The obtained sequences were aligned with homologous sequences of other species of the North Atlantic and Pacific sea stars, taken from Genbank (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov), and held their phylogenetic analysis using the software package MEGA 5.

Asterias rubensNAR4

Asterias rubensNAR6

86

Asterias ru

bensWAR2

Asterias ru

bensNS34

Asteria

s ruben

sNAR3

Asteria

s rub

ensD

MAV3

Aster

ias ru

bens

DM47

Aster

ias ru

bens

DM44

Aste

rias

rube

ns B

BS1

Aste

rias

rube

ns B

BS3

Aste

rias

rube

nsDM

45

Aste

rias

rube

nsDM

48

Ast

eria

s ru

bens

DM

AV4

Ast

eria

s ru

bens

NA

R5

Ast

eria

s ru

bens

RA

R9

Ast

eria

s ru

bens

RA

R6

Ast

eria

s ru

bens

WA

R5

Ast

eria

s ru

bens

BB

S7A

ster

ias

rube

nsD

M46

Ast

eria

s ru

bens

DM

AV1

Ast

eria

s ru

bens

IAR

8A

ster

ias

rube

nsN

S30

Ast

eria

s ru

bens

DM

43As

teria

s ru

bens

DM50

Aste

rias

rube

nsFA

R4

Aste

rias

rube

nsFA

R5

Aste

rias

rube

nsIA

R3

Aste

rias r

uben

sNS2

9

Aster

ias ru

bens

NS31

Asteria

s rub

ens B

BS2

Asteria

s ruben

sRAR4

Asterias ru

bensWAR1

Asterias ru

bensRAR1

Asterias ru

bensWAR4

Asterias rubensNS33

Asterias rubensRAR2

Asterias rubensRAR5

Asterias rubensWAR3

Asterias rubensNS32

Asterias rubens1

Asterias rubensFAR2

Asterias rubensDM49

Asterias rubensNAR10

Asterias rubensRAR10Asterias rubensRAR7Asterias rubensFAR1Asterias rubensNAR1

Asterias rubensNAR2Asterias rubensFAR3

Asterias rubensDM41

Asterias rubensRAR3

Asterias rubensNAR7

Asterias rubensRAR8

99

Asterias amurensisAaun1

Asterias amurensisAAun3

Asterias amurensisAun2

89

Asterias amurensisAA J24

79

Asterias amurensisAA Y18

Asterias amurensis cm

l

97Asterias am

urensisAA4T

Asterias amurensisEch001

Asterias amurensisAA 18

Asterias amurensis3

Asterias amurensis1

Asterias am

urensisAA

3T

Asterias am

urensisAA

M48

Asterias am

urensisAA

1T

Asterias am

urensisAA

N43

Asterias am

urensisAA

2TA

sterias amurensisA

A R

5A

sterias amurensis2

7391

92

9970

Ast

eria

s fo

rbes

iiCA

F1-A

Ast

eria

s fo

rbes

iiCA

F1

Ast

eria

s fo

rbes

ii 1

Aste

rias

forb

esiiW

H32-

A

Aste

rias

forb

esiiW

H32

Aste

rias

forb

esiiA

F2

Aste

rias

forb

esiiC

AF3-

A

Aste

rias

forb

esiiC

AF3

Aster

ias fo

rbes

iiWH31

-A

Asteria

s for

besii

WH31

Asteria

s forb

esiiW

H28

Asteria

s forbes

iiCAF5

Asterias fo

rbesiiWH27

Asterias fo

rbesiiWH28-A

Asterias forbesiiCAF5-A

Asterias forbesiiWH27-A

Asterias forbesiiAF1

Asterias forbesiiAF3

Asterias forbesiiWH35-AAsterias forbesiiWH35

99

97

Forcipulatida sp AAA8344 As262Distolasterias niponAphelasterias japonica1Aphelasterias japonica3

Aphelasterias japonica5

Aphelasterias japonica2

Aphelasterias japonica4 73

99

0.02

Phylogene-tic tree of fragment sequences of mitochond-rial COI gene in several species of sea stars.

Phylogenetic trees for Asterias generated using the best-fit maximum likelihood model in each data set (COI: HKY + f; ITS: F81). (A) Cytochrome c oxidase I phylogeny of inter- and intraspecific Asterias relationships. Here all characters (first, second, and third position) are included; an identical topology is found using parsimony or distance methods, or looking at third-position characters alone. Bootstrap support for each species is indicated by the numbers below each branch. These data do not reject a molecular clock model. The divergence across the Arctic (between A. amurensis and the Atlantic species) is considered to be 3.5 Ma; this generates an estimate of about 3.0 Ma for the divergence between A. rubens and A. amurensis.

Biogeography of Asterias: North Atlantic Climate Change and Speciation (after Wares, 2001

The ratio of species of sea stars in common with the North Atlantic and North Pacific in a variety of Arctic regions at depths of 0-300 m. 1 - the proportion of species (%) in common with the North Atlantic, and 2 - the proportion of species (%) in common with the North Pacific.

The ratio of starfish species with the North Atlantic and North Pacific origin in a variety Arctic regions at depths of 0-300 m. 1 - the proportion of species (%) from the North Atlantic, 2 - the proportion of species (%) in common with the North Pacific, 3 - species of unknown origin

The proportion of different origins species in the individual basins of the Arctic Ocean.

NorS - Norwegian Sea; BarS - Barents Sea; KarS - Kara Sea; LapS - Laptev Sea; ESibS - East

Siberian Sea; ChukS - Chukchi Sea; NLGB - Norwegian and Greenland basins; CAB - Nansen and

Amundsen; CanB - Canadian Basin . (Krylova, Ivanov, 2012)

Asterias rubens BBS1 Asterias rubensDMAV4 Asterias rubensWAR5 Asterias rubensNAR6 Asterias rubens BBS7 Asterias rubensDM46 Asterias rubens BBS3 Asterias rubensNS31 Asterias rubens1 Asterias rubensRAR5 Asterias rubens BBS2 Asterias rubensWAR1 Asterias rubensFAR1 Asterias rubensDM49 Asterias rubensRAR8

Gp1

Asterias amurensisAA J24 Asterias amurensisAA Y18 Asterias amurensisAaun1

Gp2

Asterias amurensisAA 18 Asterias amurensis1 Asterias amurensis3 Asterias amurensisAA M48 Asterias amurensisAA1T Asterias amurensisAA2T Asterias amurensis2

Gp3

Asterias forbesiiCAF1 Asterias forbesiiCAF1-A Asterias forbesiiWH28 Asterias forbesiiAF3 Asterias forbesiiWH27-A Asterias forbesiiWH31-A Asterias forbesiiWH32

Gp4

Gp5 Forcipulatida sp AAA8344 As262 Aphelasterias japonica5 Aphelasterias japonica3 Aphelasterias japonica1 Aphelasterias japonica2 Aphelasterias japonica4

Gp7

Gp6 Distolasterias nipon

94

60

92

57

100

58

100

78

80

100

93

90

100

The evolutionary relationships between taxa of sea stars, derived by the maximum parsimony method from mitochondrial COI gene sequences.

Asterias amurensis1

Asterias amurensis2

Asterias amurensis3

Asterias forbesii isolCAF2

Asterias rubens3

Asterias rubens1

Asterias rubens2

Aphelasterias japonica5

59

97

56

99

68

0.05

Анализ последовательностей спейсеров ITS1, ITS2, 5,8S рРНК методом максимального правдоподобия.

The results of the analysis indicate a high degree of interspecies isolation studied in this paper types. The level of intraspecific divergence estimated from genetic distances within species clusters varied in the range between 0.003 and 0.009, while the level of interspecific divergence, as measured by genetic distance between species clusters, varied in the range between 0.104 and 0.298. In comparisons with mitochondrial COI marker, evaluation of genetic divergence from nuclear gene markers (ITS 1 and 2, 5.8S rRNA gene) revealed lower level of interspecies divergence, but higher level intergeneric divergence.Analysis of the current geographical distribution of the genus Asterias points to inhabit two species in the North Atlantic. A. forbesii dwells on the shelf of the North American coast from Cape Hatteras to Cape Cape Cod, north of the area which extends A. rubens. European populations which inhabit the shelf of the European Atlantic coast of Iceland to the west of France. The U.S. population A. rubens originally were referred to the species A. vulgaris. Areas of North American populations of A. forbesi and A. rubens overlap to a large part of the shelf around Cape Cape Cod (Franz et al., 1981). Large genetic distances between populations of these species indicate a lack of cross-species hybridization.

Paleontological data show that the penetration of the genus Asterias in the North Atlantic there were at least 3.5 million years ago, followed by trans-Arctic migration was interrupted due to climate change (Worley, Franz, 1983). This date is the starting point for determining the time of divergence between the North Pacific and North Atlantic sea A.amurensis taxa (Wares, 2001).

Our results show that the genetic distance between the North Atlantic taxa is no less than between A.amurensis and North Atlantic taxa. Consequently, the exchange of genes between the North Atlantic populations of A. forbesi and A. rubens, too, had to be interrupted not later than 3.5 million years ago.

Molecular-genetic analysis of starfishes Asterias amurensis and A. rubens

A.L. Drozdov, I.P. Vladychenskaya, ,N.B. Petrov

Institute of Marine Biology, FEB RASInstitute of Marine Biology, FEB RAS, ,

Moscow State UnMoscow State Universityiversity

E-mailE-mail:: anatoliyld@mail.ru anatoliyld@mail.ru

Asterias amurensis, red sea star A. rubens,

common, or Forbes sea star A. forbesi