CONSTRUCTION PLANNING AND SCHEDULING: A CASE STUDY OF "CADANGAN MEMBJNA DAN MENYIAPKAN KEJLL1YYAH SAINS

UNTUK UNIVERSITI ISLAM ANTARABANGSA MALAYSIA"

MOHD KHALIL BIN ABDUL KADJR

A final year project report submitted in partial fulfillment

of the requirement for the award of the degree of

Bachelor of Civil Engineering

Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering

Kolej Universiti Kejuruteraan dan Teknologi Malaysia

NOVEMBER, 2006

ABSTRACT

Construction planning and scheduling is one of the important tool in a

construction project. Every construction project involve with a lot of activities which

need to be planned and schedule properly to ensure the completion of the project.

Therefore the study on construction planning and scheduling must be conduct to

provide knowledge on this topic and (a view on how it is be implement theoretically

and in the real case of construction project). This study reviewed on the concept of

sequence of work for building construction project, scheduling technique used in the

primavera project planner and the development of construction planning and

scheduling on building construction of science faculty International Islamic

University Malaysia (hUM). From the study is found that the sequence of work for

building construction project can be divided in to four main categories which is

substructure work, superstructure work, architectural work and mechanical and

electrical work. The study also found that the precedence diagramming method PDM

is a scheduling technique used in the primavera project planner and the total duration

for the HUM project after developed using the primavera project planner is 695 days.

V

ABSTRAK

Perancangan dan penjadualan pembinaan adalah salah satu daripada

pengetahuan yang amat penting dalam sesuatu Projek pembinaan. Setiap projek

pembinaan akan melibatkan banyak aktiviti-aktiviti yang akan dijalankan yang sudah

tentunya memerlukan perancangan dan penjadualan pembinaan yang betul bagi

memastikan projek tersebut dapat disiapkan dengan mengikut jadual. Oleh sebab itu

satu kajian ke atas perancanggan dan penjadualan pembinaan harus dijalankan

kerana ianya akan dapat memberikan serba sedikit pengetahuan tentang topik mi dan

memberikan gambaran bagaimana ianya dipraktikkan secara teori di dalam situasi

pembinaan sebenar. Kajian mi menyentuh tentang konsep turutan kerja untuk projek

pembinaan bangunan, teknik penjadualan yang digunakan di dalam perisian

primavera dan penghasilan perancanggan dan penjadualan untuk projek pembinaan

bangunan bagi kulliyyah sains Universiti Islam Antarabangsa Malaysia. Daripada

kajian boleh disimpulkan untuk turutan kerja bagi pembinaan bangunan boleh di

bahagikan kepada empat kerja utama iaitu kerja-kerja untuk struktur bawah, kerja

untuk struktur atas, kerja-kerja arkitek dan kerja-kerja mekanikal dan elektnkal. Dan

kajian juga didapati bahawa kaedah gambarajah duluan adalah kaedah penjadualan

yang diguna pakai dalam perisian primavera dan jumlah masa bagi projek pembinaan

bagunan untuk kulliyyah sains Universiti Islam Antarabangsa adalah 695 han.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

TITLE 1

DECLARATION

DEDICATION

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ABSTRACT

ABSTRAK

TABLE OF CONTENTS vii

LIST OF TABLES xi

LIST OF FIGURES Xii

LIST OF APPENDICES xiii

CHAPTER 1 IN FRODUCTION

1.1

General 1

1.2

Problem Statement 3

1.3

Objective of Study 4

1.4

Importance of Study 5

1.5

Scope of Study 6

vii

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

VIII

2.1 General 8

2.2 Construction Project Life Cycle 9

2.3 Sequence of Work 10

2.4 Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) 13

2.4.1 Use of Work Breakdown Structure 14

2.4.2 Work Breakdown Structure for building 16

Construction

2.5 Conclusion 19

CHAPTER 3 LITERATURE REVIEW

3.1 General 21

3.2 Planning and Scheduling 22

3.2.1 Definition of Planning and Scheduling 22

3.2.2 Basic Concept in the Development of 23

Construction Plans

3.2.3 Schedule Use in Pre Planning 26

3.3 Scheduling Technique 26

3.3.1 Critical Path Method (CPM) 27

3.3.1.1 Fundamental of Critical Path 27

(CPM)

3.3.1.2 CPM Identified critical activities 28

3.3.2 Program Evaluation and Review Technique 29

3.32.1 Network Construction 29

3.3.2.2 Computational Process in PERT 30

3.3.3 Line of Balance (LOB) 30

3.3.3.1 Concept of LOB 31

3.3.4 Precedence Diagramming Method (PDM) 31

3.3.4.1 Network Logic Creation 32

3.3.4.2 Project Duration Determination 32

3.3.4.3 Forward Pass 33

ix

3.3.4.4 Backward Pass. 33

3.3.4.5 The Critical Path 34

3.3.4.6 Float 34

3.4 Time Duration 35

3.4.1 General 35

3.4.2 Textbook Approach 36

3.4.3 Duration from Subcontractor or Vendor 36

3.4.4 Duration from Superintendents or Crew 37

Leader

3.4.5 Scheduling for Inclement Weather 37

3.5 Conclusion 38

CHAPTER 4 REASEARCH METHODOLOGY

4.1 General 39

4.2 Literature Review 40

4.3 Information Collected 40

4.3.1 Interview 41

4.3.2 Project Description 41

4.3.3 Initial Planning 42

4.3.4 Interview Question 42

4.3.5 Factor Consider In Preparing Interview 43

Question

4.3.6 Structure of Interview Question 45

4.4 Data Collected 46

4.5 Respondent Selection 46

4.6 Interview Procedure 47

4.7 Data Analysis 47

4.8 Conclusion and Recommendation 48

CHAPTER 5 ANALYSIS AND RESULT

5.1 General 50

5.2 Respondents Background 51

5.3 Interview Analysis 51

5.3.1 Project Delivery Method 52

x

5.3.2 Sequence of Work 53

5.3.3 Work Breakdown Structure 53

5.3.3.1 Piling Work 58

5.3.3.2 Structural Work 59

5.3.3.3 Architectural Work 60

5.3.3.4 Mechanical and Electrical Services 61

5.3.4 Link of Activity 62

5.3.5 Duration Determination 64

5.4 Use of Software as Planning and Scheduling Tool 65

5.5 Work Breakdown Structure for II1JM using 66

Primavera Project Planner

5.6 Scheduling of HUM Building Construction Project 76

CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

6.1 General 83

6.2 Conclusion 84

6.2.1 Scheduling Technique Use in Developing 85

Primavera Project Planner Software

6.2.2 Determination of Time Duration for 86

Construction Planning and Scheduling

6.2.3 Construction Planning and Scheduling 87

Of International Islamic University Science

Faculty

6.3 Recommendation 87

REFERENCES 90

APPENDIX 1 92

APPENDIX 2

APPENDIX 3 96

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE

2.1 Sequence of work for building construction 10

5.1 Comparison on WBS elements of Building Project 54

5.2 WBS for HUM building construction project 67

xi

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE

3.1 Arrow Diagram 28

4.1 Research Methodology Flowchart 49

5.2a Scheduling for HUM project 77

5.2b Scheduling for HUM project 78

5.2c Scheduling for HUM project 79

5.2d Scheduling for HUM project 80

5.2e Scheduling for HUM project 81

5.3 S-curve for HUM project 82

xli

LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX TITLE PAGE

I Figure 1A Construction project life cycle 92

Figure I Typical WBS 93

2 Figure 2A CPM logic diagram-main network for a hotel project 94

Figure 2B Example of PERT network 94

Figure 2C Precedence activity box format and example 95

Figure 2D Forward and backward pass early start and finish date 95

and late start and finish date

3 Figure 3.A Alternative Emphases in Construction Planning 96

Figure 3.B Example of precedence network 97

Figure 3C Sequence of work for wall, slab, and column 98

xlii

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 General

The construction industry today has been built on the need of the worlds

inhabitants to provide shelter, harness energy, and create public access. The basic human

need have not changed over time even though the process and environment in which

designer or constructor operate have becoming increasingly more complicated. Rapidly

escalating technology has made possible structure and processes unimaginable even

from generation to generation.

By referring back to the flow of the global development industries it will see that

developing country like Malaysia, Indonesia, Vietnam and India are still spending a lot

of money in development of a new project like housing, building office, shopping mall

etc. This phenomenon will influence the increasing of the job opportunity for the people

at those countries especially the fresh graduate because with the development of the new

industrial areas and business area it shows that a lot of new workers needed to involve in

the development of the country. The different scenario for the development country

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because for them they more stress on the maintaining the existing buildings in order to

prolog the life span of the building.

Malaysia is the one of the developing country which is still concentrate in the

development of the new buildings and at the same time maintaining all existing building.

The government spending a lot of money for the new infrastructure works especially the

infrastructure that will provide the public facilities such as school, hospital, university

and low cost housing project. With this opportunity it will cause the increasing number

of new contractor company. At the same time multinational companies are looking

forward in exploring the construction project around Asian nation especially India.

By looking for the expenditure of the constructions industry, the project

management profession is being very valuable for the construction companies in order to

make sure the project that currently running can be completed successfully. The project

management knowlee becomes the critical part in the project because it contains the

knowledge in controlling the cost, scheduling, and resources. In this project management

field, project manager plays very important role in the construction project. Project

manager is responsible personnel to ensure the project complete successfully thus it are

important for the project manager to have experience and knowledge in project

management technique.

The construction management it may refer to the contractual arrangement under

which is a firm supplies construction management service to an owner. However, in its

more common use it refers to the act of managing the construction process which is the

way to manage the basic resource of construction. The resource included workers and

subcontractor, equipment and construction plant, material, money and time. Skillful

construction management results in the project completion on time and within budget.

3

Time management is on keys of effective project management. They are a few

problems effect the time management such as a rework activity, the change of job

specification without direct notification, work overload, unreasonable time constraint

and etc. The impact that from poor time management will cause delay or event worst

effect mostly on cost as it is correlates to each other. As a solution of this situation the

planning and scheduling will be the best method that can be used to overcome with this

problem. With the proper planning and scheduling it will assist the project manager in

completing the project within the time and meet the aim and objective of the project.

1.2 Problem Statement

Malaysian Construction industry now days are facing with a lot of problem

which is produce the lost of a billions ringgit. The main factor which gives the instability

to the construction industry is a cost and time planning. By referring to the news in mass

media the cost and the time of the project will be the first factors that lead in the

uncompleted of the project or the delayed of the project. This phenomenon will cause a

lot of problem to the client which is the client must do the payment back to the bank

form the loan that the bank provided although the project did not complete.

Cost of the project is the factor that usually may lead of the project delayed or

uncompleted. Without the proper planning the construction company may lost a lot of

Profit from the project and this situation may cause the project cannot finished on the

time. The multi-storey building construction project is the projects that involve a lot of

money and using a lot of time to be complete. The construction company should

planning the project cost by looking for the future because the company must predict the

materials price for the future if anything situation that may lead to the increasing of the

materials price occur. The uncontrolled usage of the source at the site also is being the

FA

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factor that leads to the lost of the profit. This is because if the construction company did

not control well the usage of the source it will cause the company spend more money

without following the planning cost and at the end of the project the company will lost a

lot of money and sometimes the company will suffer the lost of profit in the project.

The time scheduling also is the major factor that lead to the delayed or the

uncompleted of the project. The construction company is facing a tough challenge in the

time planning of the project because without the proper planning the time factor will

cause the lost of the profit to the company. All of the construction company have

planning and scheduling the time first before starting the project and some of the

company did not follow well the time constraint of the project and this situation will lead

the delayed of the project. Sometimes the construction companies which are planning

their time for the project did not concern about the environment factor when doing the

planning. The environment factor must be consider when doing the planning because the

bad impact of the environment factor to the scheduling of the project will cause the

delayed of the project and at the same time will make the loss of profit to the company.

Thus it is important to carry a study on schedule developing for a project.

1.3 Objective of Study

For conducting this study the main objective have to be finding first and after

that with the clears objective the study can be conduct easily and successfully. Therefore

for conducting this study the 3 main objective have been choose and this objective will

be the guide line for the production of the final thesis which is related with this topic,

PIahning and scheduling using primavera software. A case study of project "Membina

5

Dan Menyiapkafl Kulliyyah Sains Untuk Universiti Islam Antarabangsa Malaysia Di

Bandar Indera Mahkota, Kuantan, Pahang Darn! Makmur ".

1) To identify construction sequence for building construction.

2) To identify scheduling technique used in developing planning and scheduling.

3) To develop scheduling using Primavera project planners software.

1.4 Importance of Study

The importance of this study also it will help the project manager to know the

critical path of the building construction work sequence. Therefore it will help the

project manager to produce the good planning and scheduling for the project and lastly

with the good planning and scheduling it will help the project complete on time

successfully.

The importance of this study to be conduct because with this study it will give

some input to the project manager or the undergraduate civil engineering student about

the scheduling technique which has been commonly use in the developing of planning

and scheduling for the construction project and from that it will help the person when

choosing the best technique to be use for developing the planning and scheduling.

This study also importance to the constructions industry and the project manager

on the application of the Primavera project planner software which is the software can be

the best Solution to solve the problem in the planning and scheduling for the construction

Project because from this study it will shows that by using this software in the planning

and scheduling and also match it with the good controlling and monitoring to the project

it will lead to the successfully of the project and the project will complete on time and

the last result the company will receive the profit like as it dream from the first of the

project.

1.5 Scope of Study

The primavera software is being the first source in conducting this study. This

software will be using to develop a planning and scheduling model for the building

construction project. Although the usage of this software between the constructions

company is still lower, therefore with the production of these report finally will give the

person some input about the importance of the primavera project planner software in the

planning and scheduling for the construction project.

This study also will concentrate on a several contractor company which have

involve in the multi-storey building construction project around Pahang. The studies

just concentrate on the work sequences of the multi-storey building and the planning and

scheduling technique that has been using for the project.

This study also will be more focus on the usage of the PDM technique

("PRESEDENCE DIAGRAM METHOD") in planning and scheduling in the project

because this technique is a base on the production of the designing primavera software.

The several contractors will be choosing to be as a respondent in this study.

One construction project which is still under construction in Kuantan will be

choosing as a case study for this project. The project is a "Cadangan Membina Dan

Menyiapkafl Kulliyyah Sains Untuk Universiti Islam Antarabangsa Malaysia" and it is

situated at Bandar Indera Mahkota, Kuantan, Pahang Darul Makmur

CHAPTER 2

CONSTRUCTION SEQUENCE OF BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

2.1 General

The life cycle is the only thing that uniquely distinguishes projects from non-

projects". If that is true, then it would be valuable to examine just what role the so-called

project life cycle plays in the conduct of project management. The basic life cycle

follows a common generic sequence: Opportunity, Design & Development, Production,

Hand-over, and Post-Project Evaluation. A project can be defined as the work required

taking an opportunity and converting it into an asset." In this sense, both the opportunity

and asset are singular, with the implied use being for generating benefit rather than

consumed as a resource in normal operational activity over a prolonged period. (Kerzner, 1995).

2.2 Construction Project Life Cycle

According to Lawrance, (2003) a project has been defined as having a beginning

and an end (the life) and the project can be divided Up into several stages. The project

then is said to have a life cycle. The cycle does not usually repeat.

For a construction project, there are several standard stages for the holistic

picture and with looking at. The client is involved in all of these stages and outside

appointments may only be made for some of client, depending upon client choice and

expertise. The diagram indicates the main phases of a construction project and the order

in which they come. Figure 1A Construction Project Life Cycle can be refer to the

Appendix 1.

The design and tender stages are included within the pre construction box under

this model. Engineering commissioning is making sure the systems are working in the

building, and client occupation includes fitting out.

Only one or two of these stages are considered by the contractor and designer; Consequently client objectives are not in perspective and there is frequently no overall

strategy for the project which would aid the client.

10•

The client's chief concerns are to meet their business objectives which may, for

example, concern performance, aesthetics, and sustainability, production or sales targets.

This makes the client more active in the beginning and the end stages. In other forms of

procurement s such as design and build, PFI (Private Finance Initiative) and construction

management, the contractor plays a closer role to the client.

The project team should be concerned with the effectiveness as well as the

efficiency of the project. Effectiveness will be enhanced if there is more of an overlap in

the roles played by design and construction so that each individual player may take

action in the light of a greater understanding of client requirements.

2.3 Sequence of Work

Table 2.1c Courtesy: (Chudley and Greeno, 1999) Sequence of work for building construction

NO SEQUENCE OF WORK

SUBSTRUCTURE WORK 1 FOOTING 2 Caisson Excavation 3 Drilling Cassion

- 4 Prefabricated Steel Casing - S Installation Temporary Steel Casing

6 Remove water from Hole - 7 Installation Reinforced Bars

8 Pouring Concrete Work 9 Concrete Vibration

10 FOUNDATION

Table 2.1c: Continued

ii Positioning Formwork 12 Prefabricated Reinforcement Bar 13 Installation Reinforcement Bar 14 Pouring concrete 15 Concrete Vibration 16 Curing Process 17 Striping Concrete Formwork 18 GROUND FLOOR BEAM 19 Positioning Formwork 20 Prefabricated Reinforcement Bar 21 Installation Reinforcement Bar and Plumbing 22 Pouring concrete 23 Concrete Vibration 24 Curing Process 25 Striping Concrete Formwork 26 GROUND FLOOR SLAB 27 Cleaning of Slab Form 28 Positioning Formwork 29 Prefabricated Base Reinforcement Concrete (BRC) 30 Installation of Base Reinforcement Concrete (BRC) 31 Pouring Concrete 32 Concrete Vibration 33 Curing Process 34 Striping Concrete Formwork

SUPERSTRUCTURE 1 GROUND FLOOR COLUMN 2 Prefabricated Steel Cage of Column 3 Installation Steel Cage

- 4 Column Rebaring 5 Column Plumbing 6 Cleaning of Column Form 7 Positioning Formwork 8 Pouring Concrete 9 Concrete Vibration

10 Curing Process 11 Striping Concrete Formwork 12 STAIRCASE CONSTRUCTION 13 1 Positioning Formwork

I

Table 2.1c: Continued

Prefabricated Steel Reinforcement Bar T15 Installation Reinforcement Bar

Poured Concrete

17 Concrete Vibration 18 Curing Process

- 19 Striping Concrete Formwork 20 GROUND FLOOR LEVEL WALL

CONSTRUCTION - 21 Installation of reinforcement bar(wall height more

than3m) 22 Mortar mixed 23 Concrete Block Lying 24 ROOF CONSTRUCTION 25 Prefabricated Roof Trusses at Plant 26 Installation of Roof Trusses 27 Installation of Roof Membrane 28 Installation of Roof Covering

INTERNAL CONSTRUCTION and FINISHES 1 DOOR 2 Prefabricated Door 3 Installation of Door 4 WINDOW 5 Prefabricated Window 6 Installation of Window 7

-PLASTERING

8 Gypsum Mixing 9 Installing the Wall Plaster

- 10 ROOF CEILING - 11 Prefabricated Ceiling

12 Installation of Ceiling 13 PLUMBING

12

13

Table 2.1 c: Continued

GROUND FLOOR COLUMN 15 Prefabricated Pipe for Plumbing Work

Installation of pipe 17 Pipe Fitting 18 ELECTRICAL WORK 19 Prefabricated Electrical Accessory 20 Wiring Work 21 Installation of Electrical Accessory 22 PAINTING 23 Wall painting

For the structure above the ground level, the sequence of work for the

construction process just repeated the super structure work above and the sequence of

work will be repeated until the project complete.

2.4 Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)

Work breakdown structure is a process of dividing the project task into smaller

manageable components for planning purpose. A complex project is made manageable

by first breaking it down into individual component in a hierarchical structure, known as

the work breakdown structure (WBS). The WBS is the structure which defined task,

facilitating resource allocation, assignment of responsibilities and measurement and

control the project. The WBS is widely use by the project manager as a tool in the

planning activity for the construction project (Newitt, 2005).

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The Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) is a key planning tool used to define a

project in terms of its deliverables, while providing a method for breaking down those

deliverables into meaningful work efforts. The WBS enables project managers to clearly

describe the hierarchical nature of work to be performed. The WBS also establishes a

foundation for other elements of the formal project plan. Project managers regularly are

challenged to clearly describe desired project outcomes to all involved, while they also

capture the order and sequence of the work necessary to produce those outcomes. Once

it is complete, the WBS becomes an essential building block and reference point for

other project plan components. (Newitt, 2005).

2.4.1 Use of Work Breakdown Structure (WBS)

Some companies prefer to use WBS to help identify the activities prior to

developing the schedule. This is systematic means of defining the activities so that each

activity can be readily identify by its WBS number. The WBS numbers builds

intelligence into the activity ID number. The numbering system is typically unique for a

company or project. Some prefer to divide the project by the responsible person, firm, or

subcontractor. Others divide the project or break it down according to the building or

area of work. Sometimes it makes sense to break it down according to the divisions in

the specification. A common method is to break down the project according to phases.

(Newitt, 2005).

For example with a building, start with the major phases of the project and number them

accordingly:

Phase I Project Feasibility

Phase 2 Design and Engineering