Hampi (

The endangered archaeological Heritage

A Case Study

By

Mohammed Khalid

Shaheed Khan

Submitted to (

Equations Bangalore

ACIDIOWLDGIDft

Any study undertaken of this magnitude and Importance need not necessarily be the creation of one

individual. There are many that the researchers would llke to place their humble appreciation, but

then due to want of space, the following are being remembered.

Mr. K.T. Suresh, of Equations, for his constant support for without the same this study would not

have seen the Ught of day. He was instrumental in placing us on the right track in a maze

information and people that were made ava.nable to us during the course of the research.

Mr. Krtsbn.a.murtby and Mr. Syed l1yaqath, has helped in the schema of the study, which will go a

long wa.y in helping one to read through the study in an amicable manner. Besides this their inputs

provided were very unique and supported the team.

The sot\-spoken Ms. Aditi Chanchani in her usual simple manner gave the initial leads to the work

that is before you.

Prof. Balasubra.ma.nlya.m, Head, Department of Archaeology, Kannada University, Hampl, a genuine

field Archaeologist placed before the team the various facets of UNESCO and Its contribution to

protection of the Tourist Destination of H&mpi. He also helped in gauging the requirements of the

Destination in a people oriented manner, which makes this study people friendly.

Mr. T.T. Gutti, of the Aspiration Stores, Hampl, threw lot of light on Hampi, for he had seun Hampi

from close quarters for almost 65 summers. The inputs provided by him and his support LO fill up

the Questionnaire Is remembered while this is being keyed.

One group of individuals (without n&m1ng them, for obvious reasons) that the team would like to

thank are, the personnel of the OMce of the AsSistant Com.m.issloner, Hospet Division. Rlp,ht from

the Assistant Commissioner to the clerical cadre, support was provided such that quality (tata ca.n

be generated, which would directly/indirectly help in the cause of H&mpl.

The Archaeological department of the Central and State governments and the oMcerslocatfld In and

around Hampl helped while the fieldwork was being carried out. They did provide informatIOn that

was useful and beneficia.lin the complllng oftha study.

Others to be thanked are, Mr. Ramachart (RetJred Ass1Btant CommiBs1oner), Mr. Saitulla (Assistant

DIrector. Tourism, Hospet). Mr. Syed WahtduDah (Retired Health Dmoer). Mr. S.lt KrlsbnaJ1 Baa. Mr. Upendra Kumar, Mr. Zla.ullah Khazi, Mr. Abdul !hader, Mr. Irfan Ahmed, Mr. Ramesh, Mr.

Rakesh, Mr. Amtt Bal, Mr. Ashraf, the Jlembers of Ule Vlllage Panchayats of Hampi and

KamaJapura.m who were instrumental in many a. way in the study being accomplished.

Any names that have lett out, we wish to say that, we have not done on p\lI1)OSe, but we always

remember you for all the support morally, flnanc1al1y and academlcally that you have provlded.

--

LIST OF TABLES

~---- 0-------------------------

PageSI. List of Tables No.No. 25L Hampi Hotels and Restaurants

302. Abstract Estimate for Rehabilitation of Hampi near Hampi University

3. 31Estimate cost ofAuthorised structures at Hampi Village

4. Probable expenditure to be incurred for shifting and Rehabilitation of Hampi. 33 I

5. 34 IAbstract Estimate for Rehabilitation ofHampi near Hampi University.

37 I6. Tourist visits to Hampi during the year 2001 !7. Tourist visits to Hampi during the year 2002 38

8. Tourist visits to Hampi during the year 2003 38

9. Location of the Respondents. 43 -...-~""".----~- ..-

10. Peoples views on Hampi towards Tourism 44

II. UNESCO'S involvement in functioning of Hampi 46 I Ii 12. Respondents views towards UNESCO'S imbroglio on Hampi

----

47I...._---

i 13 Respondents opinion about Hampi - Anegundi Bridge 48 i- ... ...

14. Pt'ople's opinion towards tourist presence at Hampi --~~

I 49 )5. People's opinion on how tourists are ham -~ the locals - ---- ~

I 16. PC~)ple 's opin ion towards tourist presence, how it benefits to them. _~1 ! Ir ---~--

17. Knowledge about the presence of Hampi Development Area Authority. I 52 i f Ii !

--- - --- --- ;l i

18. People's opinion about the activities of Hampi Development Area Authority. I 53 I

l-19~'~~I~~~pfe~~~Pinion towards rehabilit~tion of Harnpi. ____~~ __~~-_-t--!-54-, I 20. I People's opinion towards involvement of locals for the developn~nt of Hampi. I 55 ' l~- .People's willingness to stay at Harnpi ! 56 ~-!,f rehabilitated, people's preference towards shops and houses toget~er. __..L1-5-7---~ . 23. People's opinion, who should be the members of Hampi Development Area 58

Authority.

24. People's preference towards the tourists stay 59

People's opinion, who should head the Hampi Development Area

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

PageILLUSTRATIONSSL No.No. 431. Location of the Respondents

2. 44

I

!Peoples views on Hampi towards tourism

46UNESCO'S involvement in functioning ofHampi3. I.

474. Respondents views towards UNESCO's imbroglio on Hampi

485. Respondents opinion about Hampi Anegundi Bridge

496. People's opinion towards tourist presence at Hampi

507. People's opinion on how tourists are hampering the locals

518. People's opinion towards tourist presence, how it benefits to them

529. Knowledge about the presence of Hampi Development Area Authority

53People's opinion about the activities of Ha..lllPI Development Area Authority 10. 1

5411. People's opinion towards rehabilitation of the Hampi I 12. People's opinion towards involvement of local for the deVelopment of Hampi 55

13. People's willingness to stay at Hampi 56

14. If rehabilitated, people's preference towards shops and houses together 57 i

58 iIS. People's opinion, who should be the members of Hampi Development Area

Authority

16. People's jJl",fcl"'U\;C;; towards the tourists stay 59

-

17. People's opinion, who should head the Hamp Development Area Authority 60 i ,il_ -"---- ----" - -.----------~--.-~ -_........ --------_...._-_...__........... _-

CONTENTS

Title of the Report .............................................(i)

Acknowledgements ....................... , .................. (ii)

List of Tables ................................................(iii)

List of illustrations .................. '" ... ... . ........ (iv)

Chapter I: Resea rch Design

Chapter Il: (a) History of Hampi and the Vijayanagar Empire 4

(b) Architecture 11

(c) Origin and Development of Vijayanagar

Architecture 13

(d) Recent Excavations 21

Chapter VI: Hampi l)evelOl)ment Area\uthorit) ~9

Chapter VII: Analysis and Interpretation of Bata 4.1

Conclusion and suggestions

Bibliogrnphy

Annexure

Chapter III: Geography and Demograllhy of Hampi 21

Chapter IV: Sodo-Economic Growth of lIampi 28

Chapter V Tourism Development of lIampi 36

CHAPTER I

Research Design

Statement of the Problem:

"Hampi. the endangered archaeological Heritage"

Objectives: I. To assess the damage done to the Historical Monument at Hampi. 2. To study and assess the concept of the World Heritage Site Management as per

the directions of UNESCO and its implementation thereon. 3. To study and analyze the problems faced during the Rehabilitation of the public

from the monument/Historical area of Hampi and the objections from the local population therein.

Methodology: The Research team made use of different tools to collect the relevant and pertinent data. Go\'ernment Offices (Office of the Assistant Commissioner, Hospet; Office of the Tehsildar, Hospet; Office of the Village Accountants of Kamalapuram, Hampi; Office of the Assistant Director-Tourism) and Officers concerned, Non-Governmental Organizations. the Kannada University. Individuals who have had keen interest in the growth and development of Hampi for a long time.

The Team also used a Questionnaire (see annexure) as a formal method to collect datum about the opinion the local's have/had about the problems they have I~lced because of the UNESCO imhroglio.

Type (s) of Datum:

A study of this nature involves much of research and contacting Government Servants who are reluctant to provide information under the garb of confidentiality. However, the team that undertook the study made use of the following resources to hel p in the cause of the research 011 a very important topic thal has been plaguing the Indian archa

2. Map (8) (a) District Planning Map Series-Bellat-y, Karnat:tka of the Survey ofIndia. (b) District Planning Map Series-Raichur, Karnataka of the Survey oflndia. (c) Topo sheet of the District of Bellary, Survey oflndia (d) Map of the Vijayanagar produced by Aspiration Stores, Virupaksha Street, Hampi (e) The Team saw the confidential maps of the Zones in Hampi found in the Office of the Assistant Commissioner, Hospet Division. This map has been recreated on the basis of what was seen during the visit. (f) Tourist Map of Hampi and its environs a World Heritage Site produced by the Archaeological Survey of India, Bangalore Circle. (g) Map of Hampi found in the folder produced by Department of Tourism, Government of Karnataka.

3. Notification (8) (a) List of Villages and Survey Numbers included as per 1988 notification (procured from the Office of the Assistant Commissioner, Hospet) (b) Karnataka Gazette Notification on the Hampi Development Authonty, 2002. (c) Notification No. lTY 137 KMU 84 dated, 22nd 1988, as per this notification the archaeological sites and remains in the said schedule would remain protected in the area ofl-Iampi. (d) The Mysore Ancient and Historical Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1961. (e) The Mysore Ancient and Historical Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Rell1ains Rules, 1965. (f) Karnataka Tourism Policy 2002-2007, Department of Tourism, Government of Karnataka. (g) Handbook of the Panchayat (Kannada: Panchayat Raj Kaipidi), Government of Karnataka. (h) Karnataka Panchayat Raj Act, Government of Karnataka (i)Karnataka Rajya patrika,dated Dec-15 th ,1988,as per this notification the list of monuments by A.S.I.-56.

4. Meeting (8) (a) Meeting under the Chairmanship of Ms. Minja Yang, Deputy Director, WHC, UNESCO held on 4.5.2003 (b) Meeting held under the Chairmanship of Assistant Commissioner, Hospet Division on 25.8.2003.

5. Table (8) (a) See the Final Data analyzed in the Study enclosed on Page No.43 to.60 (b) Statistics of the tourist arrivals provided by the Office of the AS5istant Director, Department of Tourism, HospeL

(c) Statistics pertaining to the population of Hampi from the Taluk Office, HospeL

2

6. News Paper (s) and Magazine (s) (a) Deccan Herald. UNESCO for more steps to preserve Hampi, 06.05.2003 (b) Deccan Herald, Hampi to remain on list of heritage sites, says Inamdar, 03.05.2003 (c) Deccan Herald. UNESCO team satisfied with conservation efforts at Hampi. 04.05.2003 (d) The Hindu, UNESCO seeks people's help to protect Hampi, 06.05.2003 (e) The Hindu, UNESCO suggests temporary solution, 06.05 2003 (I) Deccan Herald, UNESCO for more steps to preserve Hampi, 06.05.2003 (g) Times of India, Hampi to be preserved as a world heritage site. 06.05.2003 (h) Times of India, Who says Hampi is endangered, 03.06.2003 (i) Deccan Herald, Will Hampi be retained on list of World Heritage Sites? 01.05.2003 (j) Indian Express, UNESCO team's visit to Hampi raises hopes, 07.05.2003 (k) Hospet Times. (Kannada) UNESCO oppigge padeda hampiyalli pravasa sankirana nirmisali,30.07.2003 (I) Hospet Times. (Kannada) Hampi abhivriddige pradhikaradinda aagabekaada kelasagalu, 21.07.2003 (m) Karmavcera (Deepa\'ali Issue). Mooru vishishta kavyagalli Hampe, 2000.

CHAPTER II (a) History of Hampi and the

Vijayanagar Empire (b) Architecture (c) Origin and Development of

Vijayanagar Architecture

(d) Recent Excavations

HISTORY OF HAM!'I AND THE VI.JAYANAGAR EMPIRE

From the medieval times Hampi, which was the second capital of the Vijayauagar

dynasty (Iirst being Anegundi (Koppal District Kamataka), third being J}enukonaa

(Ar:anthapur district, Andhra Pradesh), fourth capital Chandragiri (Chittor district,

Andhra Pradesh), and the fifth being: Veflore (VeHore District, Tamil Nadu).

If legendary history and local tradition were credited, there was a town on this site

many centuries before the Vijayanagar kings selected it for their capital. Some of the

most dramatic scenes in the great epic of thc Ramayana occurrcd at a place called Kish

kindha, and it is asserted by the local Brahmans and generally acknowledges by the

learned in such matt~rs that this Kishkindha was close to Hampi. It was ruled in those

early days, says the Ramayana, by two brothers of the monkey race called Bali and

Sugriva. They quarreled and Sugriva was driven out by his brotlter and Oed with

IIndmall, the famous monkey-chief of the poem, who had been one of his ministers, of

the woods of the hill Rishayamuka, on the bank of the Pampa near the dwelling place of

thc holy rishi Matanga on the mountain called Matanga Parvatam. Here he was safe from

Va:i, for thc rishi, furious at finding closc to his heritage the putrefying body of a

rnkshasa, or dClllon that Bali had killcd ;:md Oung thcre, had pronounced a wonderful

course upon him if ever he should again cnter that region.

Rama, the hero of the Ramayana accompanied by his brother Lakshmana, is

journeyil1g south in search of his lovely wife Sita, who has becn carried ofT by Ravana,

the ten-headed demon king of Lanka, whell he is informed that Sligriva can give him

news of her. I Ie goes to Rashyamuka and mcets Sugriva and IIanuman. The formcr tells

him how saw Sita being carried through tilt! air by Ravana and how he had rctailH.:d tilese

lattcr in a cavc_ He brings them and sows them to Rama in proof of the truth of his story_

Rama in his gratitude for this clue slays Bali with his arrow, bums his huge body 011 a

fun:ral pyre and replaces Sugriva in the throne. While Rama waits on Prasravana, a part

of the Malyavanta hill close by, IlumHn searches for Sita, finds her in Lanka, brings back

tokens from her to reassure Rama and finally organizes the monkey arllly which builds

1644, and numbered six kings. It was from a member of this line that the English

received in A.D. 1639 a grant of the site of Madras.

Sangama Dynasty, A.D. 1336-1478 Of Sangama's five sons, the eldest, called according to tradition Hakka, assumed

the name of Harihara, and was the first king of the new empire. Kampa of Kampanna

became ruler of a kingdom in the east, in the direction of Nellore, and had Sayana, the

commentator on the Vedas brother of Madhava, as his minister. Bukka succeeded

Harihara on the throne and was the most distinguished of the brothers.

The Vijayanagar kings had Virupaksha for their family god and their crest was the

Varaha or Bora. Which had been that of the Chalukyas before them. Their capital was

probably at first situated at Anegundi on the northern bank of the Tungabhadra nearly

opposite thepresent hamlet of Hampi. As the empire grew it retained itself as a fortified

suburb or outpost. Bukka Raya, whom Harihara appointed as his Yuvaraja, was famous.

With the assistance of Vidyatirthamuni he became very great " having freed from

enemies a hundred royal cities, counting from Dorasamudra, ruled an empire perfect in

its seven parts". Through the establish of the capital is attribute to Harihara, and his

naming it Vidyanagiri after vidyaranyagripada, the building of the city and the

transformation of its name to Vijayanagar or city of victory, are said to have been the

work of Bukka Raya.

Harihara II, Bukka Raya's son by Gaurambika, succeeded him on Throne. But he

also had other sons - Virupanna Odeyar, who was ruling in the south of Mysore.

Harihara H is principally praised for making the sixteen great gifts at vanous scared

places, localities that show that his dominions extended from the Krisr.na at Kurnool to

Kumbhakonam in the Tanjore district or even farther south. But server struggles were

going on with the Sultans of the Bahmani kingdom of Gulbarga, which was founded in

1347 or only eleven years after Vijayanagar. Thus, in1380, when the tprrushkas were

swarming over the Adavani hill-fort and kingdom, Mallappa dom, and handed them to

Harihara. In 1384 the Turushkas are saide to have come and attacked Kottakonda when

6

http:Krisr.na

the army had gone to the Orangal country. 1937 we are informed of the exploits of the

general Gunda, "into the flames of whose valour the Yavanas, Turuksha and Andhras fell

like moths." He conquered the Keralas, Taulavas, Andhras and Kutakas, sized their

wealth and gave the spoils to the king. He set up pillars of victory in all the fifty six

countries and restored the tower at the get way of the Belur temple in Mysore, which

Ganga Salar. the lurushka from Gulbarga had came and burnt. Harihara \vas a cultivator

of Karnataka learning. He died on the 30lh of August 1404.

Ik had a son by Pampa Devi, who appears to have reigned next, under the name

of Tmmadi Bukka Raya or Bukka Raya II. But the reign was a very short one, of little

more than a year. Deva Raya or Pampa Deva Raya. Harihara's son by Mela Devi, of the

family of Rama Deva, then succeeded. He also had the sons Chikka Raya Odeyar, ruling

in Agra in the hil.1 country to the west and Virupanna or Virupaksha, who conquered the

eastern countries down to Ceylon, and in 1404 appears top have beenrulling in

Vijayanagar. Perhaps he was a candidate for the throne on the death of his father. But

Pratapa Dcva Raya gained it. and was crowned on the i h November 1406.

Vijaya Raya succeeded Deve Raya, his son by Demambika but the history is not

\'cry clear at this period and Vijaya Raya's regin was a short one. His son Deva Raya II,

also called Praudha Deva Raya, who had the special title Gajabentekara or elephant

hunter, followed him. His mother was Narayanambika and one inscription describe him

as having received the throne from his elder sister, which may perhaps refer to the

princess married in to the Bhamani family. He died on the 24th of May 1446. he had a

brother Parvvati Raya Odeyar, who in 1425 ruled the Terakanambi kingdom, in the south

of Maysore district.

Deva Raya's son Mallikarjuna also called Immadi Deva Raya next came to the throne.

and Virupaksha. the SOil of Deva Raya by Simhala Devi, followed him. These were

reigns wanting in vigour.

7

Saluva Dynasty, A.D. 1478-1496

Saluva Nrisimha, also called Narasinga Raya Odeyar, the most powerful nobel in

Karnatka and Telingana. He was general of the armies of Vijayanagar and successfully

defended it against the Muhammadans. But the influence he thus gained enabled him in

1478, in the reign of Virupaksha, to usurp the throne. When he was thus king, the

Bahmani Sultan again invaded the Vijayanagar territories and was of Malur (Kolar

district). Narisimha took to flight, but afterwards came rot terms with the sultan, who

nevertheless was succeeded by his son Immadi Narisimha or Immadi Narasinga Odeyar,

for whom the earliest date seems to be 1493.

Narasinga Dynast)', A.D. 1496-1567

The general Narasa or Narasinga however, murdered this king in 1496. He was of

Tuluva descent, and became the founder of the Narasinga Dynasty of Vijayanagar.

Narasa is said in several inacriptions to have conqured Chera, Chola and Pandya,

as well as the proud lord of madhura, the fierce Turushka, the Gajapathi king and others,

from the bank of the Ganges to Lanka (Ceylon) and from the eastern to the western

mountains. he imposed his commands upon all kings. In Ramesvaram and other scared

places he from time to time bestowed thc sixteen great gifts. He died in 1503.

Achutya Raya's son. perhaps an infant, was crowned as king, but in a short time.

Sadasiva Raya, the son of Ranga a deceased brother of Achyuta by the same mother, was

then raised to the throne by the great minister Rama Raja (who was is brother-in-law) and

the councilors. He is said to have subdued all his enemies in Suragiri, and brought the

whole land into subjection to his comm~l\ds, while the Kamboja, Bhoja, Kalinga.

Karahata and other kings acted as servapts for his female apartments. But RamC1 Raja

himself wielded the chief pO\ver in the s:ate, and is called the ruler of the great Karnataka

Kingdom. Through possessed of commanding .~'Jilities, so great was his arrogance that

the Mussalman states of Bijapur. Galkonda, Ahmdanagar and Bidar were provoked to

combine in an attack on Vijayanagar as their common enemy. In the battle of Talikota.

8

near Raichur, on the 23 rd of January 1565, Rama Raja was slain, on which Hindu anny

fled panic, and the royal family escaped to the fort at Penukonda. Thus fell this once great

and populous capital, the ruins of which are still a source of wonder and admiration to

visitors.

Karnata Dynasty, A.D. 1567-1644

From Rama Raja was descended the last Vijayanagar dynasty, styling themselves

kings of Kamata. Their capital was first at Penukonda, which was attacked in 1577 by the

Mohammedan, but successfully defined by Jagadeva Raya, whose daughter was married

to the king and who became chief of Channapatna. In 1585 the capital was removed to

Chandragiri and later still to Chingleput. These were, however captured by the forces of

Golkonda and the king fled to the protection of Sivappa Nayak, the chief of Bednur in the

west of Mysore. The line eventually merged into that of the chiefs of Anegundi, who

were subdued by Tipu Sultan.

Mohammedan influence

The Mohammedan mvaSlOn and especially the employment of Mohammedan

troops by the Vijayanagar kings led to Saracenic features being adopted in some of the

buildings in tier capital, producing an Indian version of that style, known as Indo

Saracenic. Example of buildings in this style is dealt with in part II.

The chronicle of Ferino Nuniz, a Portuguese traveler who visited Vijayanagar

during the reign of Krishna Deva Raya, records that the king requested the Governor of

Goa to depute some Portuguese stone masons to come to Vijayanagar to superintendent

the building of a large water reservoir that he desired to construct near Hospet, and that

the Governor sent him Joao della Ponte "a great worker in stone." Nuniz relates that

when this engineer requested the king to have a large quantity of lime prepared for the

work, "the king laughed much, for in his country "when they build a house they do not

understand hoe to use lime." If this statement ofNuniz is correct, the Hindus of Southern

India are indebted to the Portuguese for the introduction of the use of a very valuable

9

building material. It is certainly a fact that very few traces of the earlier buildings at

Vijayanagar except in those building which have been repaired at a later date.

But the Hindu certainly understood the use of mortar in the treatment of

brickwork long before they came in contact with the Potuguese. However, they do not

seem to have made use of their knowledge of this valuable material when erecting

building in stone prior to the sixteenth century. It may be that as a rule, the blocks of

atone used in constructing the temples. basements of places and many other buildings at

Vijayanagar were so large and heavy, and so beautiful dressed and accurately fitted

together, that no cementing material was considered necessary.

10

ARCHITECTURE

The mountains in the ruined city of Vijayanagar and its environs have a particular

attraction to the student of architecture. Since Vijayanagar had been an imperial capital

for over two centuries, it is no wonder that some of the finest specimens of the period are

found, through in a ruinous state, in the heart of this city. While a considerable proportion

of the buildings were due to the liberal patronage of Krishnadeva Raya, the structures in

the city range l1'om the time of the carly rules like Harihara II to that of Sadasiva. The

mountains consist mainly of religious, civil and military buildings.

i) RELIGIOUS ARCHITECTURE

PRE-VIJAYANAGAR PERIOD - while the bulk of the buildings belong to the

Vijayanagar period and style, a small proportion may to pre-Vijayanagar times. These

mountains, being found side by side with the later Vijayanagar ones, are founds in or near

the village of Hampi. The so-called Jaina temples on the Hemakutam hill, the two Devi

shrine and numerous other structure in the Virupaksha are a few instances of the

mountains assignable to the pre-Vijayanagar period. The earliest among these are

probably some of the small temples to the north of Virupaksha temple; which may date

back to ahout the ninth-tenth century A.D. at the earliest. Most of these monuments are of

the Chalukyan style. The neat-looking stone temples on the Hemakutam hill their stepped

pyramidal vimanas from a class by themselves. It is interesting to note that all the

structure of this type in and around the village of Hampi are Saiva shrines, while one

further east 011 the southern bank of the Tungabhadra is a Vaishnava shrine, and those in

the south eastern part of the city are all Jaina shrines.

Vl.JAYANAGAR PERIOD - In the realm of fine arts Vijayanagar had made an

outstanding contribution by the development of a style of temple-architecture. This style

was morc or less coterminolls with the history of the dynasty and roughly covered the

period from A.D. 1350 to 1600. It was evolved Ollt of Pandya and later Chalukyan

11

elements. Through ornate and magnificently exuberant, it was not cloyingly florid like

the later Chalukyan and Hoysala schools. The material used was hard granite.

The plan of the typical Vijayanagar temple exhibits most of the characteristic

reature~ of the temples of the Tamil country. Invariably there is a separate shrine for the

goddess slightly to the rear of the main sanctum of the God, as is found in temples in the

Tamil area. Often the Shrine of the goddess in the Vaishnava temples at Vijayanagar

contains another sub shrine. Most of the Vijayanagar temples at Hampi have acovered

and pillared Pradakshina-pralara round the Garbhagriha and Antarala. The Garbhagriha

and Antarala have a continuous Adhishthana, which starts at a level lower than the

covered Prakara. The exterior wall surfaces of the covered Prakara are decorated with

Adhishathna mouldings, wall pilasters. It is most profusely embellished part of a

Vijayanagar temple, being rivaled only by the kalyana-mandapa.

fhe kalyana-mandapa is one of the highlights of the Vijayanagar style. This is

usually an open pillared mandapa often with a raised platform In the center, over which a

pitha was placed for seeing the deity and his consort during the annual kalyana (marriage)

festival of the God. The ceiling was also carved. Originally these mandapas appear to

have been painted and were often the most ornate of the structures in the temple

complex.

The florid and exquisite Vijayanagar pillar contribute not a little to the peculiar

charm or the style. The pillars are of the various types both ordinary and composite. Otten the position of a pillar in a structure determined its particular type. Generally the

pillars in the interior of mandappa are of the ornate cubical variety having pushpapodigai

corbels with or without joining bands (the soil ones without bands being earlier in style).

The composite pillars are of the Aniyottikal type and consist of a main pillar shaft of the

ordinary ornate cubical type with an attached shaft where an infinite variety is introduced.

Thus the attached shaft may have slender columnettes, yalis (either ordinary or gaja

yalis) rearing horses iconographic sculpture. The slender columnettes may be solidly

attached to the main shaft attached by delicate cutwork or detached from it; and their

12

number may vary from a single one to as many as fifteen. The yah pillars also mayor

may not have intricate cutwork. The composite pillars thus range from the plain and

simple type of main shaft with a single attached columnelle to elaborate monoliths

measuring several meters across each pillar constituting a variable temple sculpture

group. The I1wlwn1andapa of the ViUhala temple at Hampi contains the most massive and

the 1110st striking specimens of such fantasies in stone.

The mandapas often have large elephant balusters flanking the entrance steps.

The pillars along the outer edge of the mandappa are various composite types. Generally

the pairs at he center of each side are of the gaja-yaU type. Corner and angle pillars

usually have main shafts with slender calumniates the corner of the mandappa is of the

cyma recta type often highly ornate, with simulated woodwork below, usually there are

rings at the corners with hanging stone chains.

The Vijayanagar emperors created out of chaos a new empire and it was not

storage that they developed a new architecture a new architecture was also composite

architecture.

Vijayanagar architecture was of three types: religious, dealing with their temples,

civil, concerning their non-religious structure, secular relating to Hindu-Islamic structure

and military, pertaining of their forts and fortified towns and cities.

Origin and Development of Vijayanagar Architecture

The Vijayanagar type of architecture includes various types of building SOI11I;; of which

were Saivile. some Vaisl1avile and some Jaina but none Buddhist, since Buddhism had

disappeared as a religious creed by the commencement of the 14th cent1lry in Southern

India.

The beginning of Vijayanagar architecture can be traced in the Hemakuta Hill temple

where its pillars are almost plain with little or negligible ornamentation. This structure on

13

the Hemakunta Hill must have been built shortly after the establishment of the empire in

A.D. 1346. A typical example of this type of architecture can be found in the Sangila

mandapa built by the famous minister and general of Bukka Raya II, lrugappa

Dandanayaka built it in Parabhava namely, thirty one years after the establishment of the

empire, at the instance of his Jaina preceptor Puspasena and in the bargain he had also

had that mandappa paved with granite. Although the Vijayanagar craftsman had so many

models of architecture. most of which have already been noticed, they choose to build

SLich a type of vimana shallow bricks "chapels" containing atucco relief of deities and

mythical scenes.

These vimana were adorned with scenes in their tiers from either Jaina or Hindu

scriptures. In the case of the sangila Mandappa vimana there are illustrations from the

life of Agnila. There is a peculiarity in this style of construction of a vimana and that is of

a miniature empty door in the center of it was duplicate as the vimana tapered upwards.

Growing smaller and the central door too in the process along with the standing figures.

On the top of the third tiel'. namely the roof it was crowned with four vases.

In the 151h century such mandapams were more ornate and imposing. The images, cared

between the pedestal and the flowering corbel, stand precisely like the ten Nayaka statues

in the r)lIdli Manlappa at Madl/rai. These deities are of equal size but their vehicles are

not seen. Through these images have been left without any roof, the reason not being

recorded or precisely known, they have still survived the vicissitudes of five centuries.

In the period the Vijayanagar craftsmen to adopt the Hoysala model for architecture,

which they had at first not followed, as will be noticed soon, as through for a change. In

161hthe century this model developed further into more ornate structures. The most

famous of such shrines is probably the Vilhalasvami temple begun in A.D. 1513 by

Krishna Deva Raya and considered "incomplete" through without much justification.

The most striking feature of this structure is the immense hall with fifty six pillars, each

twelve feet in height, each a complete sculpture group, adorned with a typical motif if

rearing. stallions trampling on some foes or evil spirits other fantastic monsters. The entire

14

structure is housed in a rectangular compound or courtyards, 500 feet long and 310 feet

wide, comprising two mandapas and a garbhagrha, 230 feet in length and 25 feet in

height.

The Material for Architecture

The material employed by the Vijayanagar craft men, about whom more will be said, was

especially in the capital and also to get a great extent in their provinces, the local granite

which is still largely obtained in that locality and was required to be imported or

transported. Blue and black stone were obviously imported from places not in the

ncighborhood of thc city or the provincial capitals even later 011. Some of the existing

tcmple~ revcal how the view of this rather unyielding and rough material, the Vijayanagar

craftsmen could not produced the effects of smoothness, precision and detail seen in other

type of architecture like that of the Hoysalas and sculpture of many other schools in

India. Sometimes these artists used the dark green chlorite stone especially during the

r(.!ign of Krishna Oeva Raya in the capital and this type of stone can be in the frame work

of certain front and western parts of the House of Victory in the metropolis itself.

The Ground Plan

The Vijayanagar craftsmen immediately alerted the very ground plan of the Hoysala

temple. The garbhagrha was suddenly made square and an example of this innovation can

be found in the small Visnupada temple at Vijayanagar.

The pradaksina pada evidently on the Management Pal vat, which is one of the sites

where one, could trace some of the beginning of Vijayanagar architecture. The single

square of pavilions like the Sasiva Kallu Mandapa and all those structures on the

Hemakula hill. Later on developed into a real temple when the sukhanasi, navaranga,

prakara and praaksina came to be added in course oftip'e.

15

For example in the Under temple or the Prasanna Virupaksha temple, a shrine of siva,

has a pradaksina which was not employed by the Hoysalas but which, nevertheless, was

utilized by the Chalukyas and the Palla vas and probability of its Buddhist origin.

The Acywa Raya's temple has two prakaras. To the prakara is an entrance over which

was er~cted a huge gOl/pro or tower, much larger than the viman over the garbhagrha.

The second prakara has entrances on all sides, expecting on the side behind the shrine and

all these groups the remains of hat, which is in front reveal that it must have been the

large (if all these three towers. The temple now itself is a complete shrine with the

garbhagrha, slikhanasi. navaranga and even the ardhamandaapa. All these vestibules,

including the navoranga were sheltered with a roof. This roof was of one level and over

the garbhagraha was raised the vimana, which is quit small, in striking contrast to the

practice.

In the .:ainu ha.mtiis of the earliest type in Vijayanagar, surviving on the Hemakuta Hill,

\\'c tine what have been styled the triple called eith super structure of the peculiar stepped

pyramids verities. Most of them hardly have been any icons in the garbhagrha. All of

them have common ardhamandapa, a front porch and walls with large rectangular slabs,

adorned with a central horizontal strip. Their ground is identically square and originally

they arc suspected to have been "undoubtedly Saivo Temples".

The Gateways of Temple

The Gateways of the temple in Vijayanagar art be considered art maybe considered. The

cntranc

The gateway of the prakara of the temple had over it the gopuram and the entrance door

was in Vijayanagar, in many cases, carved of its jambs and lintel with seated or standing

figures of ditties and there is a fine specimen of it in the northern gateway of the inner

l:ourtyard of Acyuta Raya's temple. The door itself was in Vijayanagar shrines carried

upward in the gopura almost to the top.

The Group in Vijayanagar Architecture

The gateway of the prakara of the temple had usually over it the gopura in Vijayanagar

temples it was quit large. These gopurams were not completely of stone but were built of

bricks \Nork carved or inlaid with stucco. The brickwork was adopted probably as it was

lighter that the heavy granite of the locality.

Over the gopuram in Vijayanagar art, the stupi was not found. But larger with two horn

like projections on either side. These gopuram were sometimes over the ardhamandapa

as in the krsna temple at Vijayanagar. Sometimes stupi in Vijayanagar architecture was

made round and this too was after the Pallava style as can be seen in the Dharma Raja

Ratha. Specimens of this type of !ilupi are found in the vimans of the krsna or the

Pallabhi Rama temple. Between the two horn like ornaments of the cupola in

Vijayanagar is visible only a single kalasa.

Jaina Architecture

In view of the toleration of the Vijayanagar emperors to the Jaina religion, it survived and

it still does in Tuluva to tnis day and its basadis or bastis flourished from time to time.

One or the earliest .Iaina monuments in the Vijayanagar period is a shrine found on the Kampili roa al Kamalapw'Lim built by Irugappa. the minister of Bukka II. in A.D. 138.

This Jaina temple, facing the north has a garbhagrha, antrala, ardhamandapa and

17

mahamandapa. It has an attached small temple facing the east. Most of the Jaina basadis

face tbe north.

On the Hemakuta Hill were still some trikutacala or the triple called bastis survive, the

three shrines face the east, west and north, with a common ardha-mandapa, a front porch,

walls with large rectangular slabs, neatly dressed.

It may, therefore, be noted how in the early Jaina shrines at Vijayanagar and elsewhere

the elements present were the garbhagrha, antrala, andhamandapa, sukhnasi, navaranga

and the unfailing dip male or manas/ambha. These features disclose that the Jaina after

all ol1ly followed Hindu tradition in their architecture. They had certain types of structure:

groups of besides and tombs. with peculiar roofs, interiors and pillars.

The Gmund Plan of the Bastis

The plan of the Jaina basstis was more or les identical. In term the garbhagrha was

square with a large navaranga and small sukhanasi, flanked on all sides by a spacious

porch. Occasionally each of these four faces of the basti was contracted at the same time

with the images of the twenty-four lirlhankaras together with those of Brahma and

Padmavati. These two deities in Jaina mythology are two demy-gods who attend

invariably on the tir/hankaras.

The Jaina has/is have no ubatiam but commence from the ground at once and hence the

Tribhuwma Tilaka Jialliaya at Mudubidri looks so low. Just below the up man there is a

flat slab serving as a base, which in the shrine, is fully adorned, with various floral

design. The unman above it is plain. Jaina bas/is especially of Tuluva the kUllludam is

missing but there is a kandam abnormal with the uninterrupted series of standing

/irthankaras. Above this at once commence the akrapattiyal, which was the floor for the

worshippers for walk upon. This too was adorned with a series of inverted padmam,

which were carved to walk upon.

18

ii) Civil Architecture

Most of the civil buildings at Hampi are constructed in the citadel area.

Unfortunately they are mostly ruined of the gorgeous multi storied painted

and giBed places and mansion of Vijayanagar extolled contemporary writers,

there is hardly anything left except a few basements, since the brick and

timber superstructure have all disappeared now. Compared to the original

state of the city, the extent-ruined specimens are only a handful and represent

in all likelihood the minor edifices such as the elephant stables. To this class

of monuments may also be added some of the long and broad ancient bazaars

of the city.

For civil architecture, stone was used for the base while various materials.

Like stone. wood, metal and brick. were employed in the superstructure. The

pillars were timber or stone. Somclimes pillars with a stone core were covered

v,ith brick and mortar and linished with plaster. The lotus and rampant yali

were most common. Often the superstructure above place building had a

number of diminishing tiers of kapotas capped by a sikhara resembling a

tcmple-vimana. The buildings were originally painted and glied

iii) Military Architecture

Nature has endowed the terrain of Vijayanagar with great strengths and

strategic importancc. The rules of Vijayanagar were not slow to make use of

the natural advantages present and linking up the perennial and unaffordable

Tungabhadra, the gigantic boulders and steep and un climbable hills, by

means of massive lines of fortification. The southernmost line of the

Cortification runs aboLlt three kilometers to the southwest of Hospet.

Of the extent fortification the most prominent and interesting features are the

massive walls and the strong gateways. As usual the walls are built blocks of

19

dressed stone without any commenting material. The method of construction

is increasing. The gateway range from simple types, which serve as mere

entrance, to strong and elaborate with guardrooms such as the massive

Bhima's gate the southwest gate with the Hanuman Temple.

All the entrance and gateway were high enough to enable elephants to pass

through and many of them had ornate embellishments. The gateways were

t1anked by Shrines to the respective guardian deities and sometimes and figure

of Bhima or Hanuman or a chieftain or a linga in relief carved their walls.

20

RECENT EXCAVATIONS

Excavations started by A.S'! from 1981, before that excavations were also done. The

major areas. where the excavations were conducted are:

.:. Royal Enclosure

.:. The Mint Enclosure

.:. In front of Hazara Rama temple .

:. Nobel Man's Quarters area .

:. Virupaksha Bazaar.

.:. Eastern Valley.

Roval Enclosure and Mint area: Many buildings were unearthed and it throws light on the

civic architecture or Hampi.

Nobel Man's Quarters: More than 21 places were excavated in this area. Generally these

places are oriented to that East or North side.

The palaces consists of several plat form, on the top most platform there is a central room

with a passage around it and in some structure there are some adjacent rooms.

The f\dhisthana tallies with the Adhisthana of the temples. The places were constructed

out of mud mortar and having lime plaster. They have wooden ceiling. sometimes they

use bricks and lime water. There is a provision for water through canals and wells.

Enclosure "valls enclose each palces. Most of the structures tallies with above said

features.

Virupaksha Bazaar: The eastern end of the Virupaksha Bazaar was excavated, the stone

pavement of the bazaar street was exposed, on either side of the bazaar. the basement of

the Mantapas were also exposed. The fallen columns and beams, the decorated ceilings

were also unearthed. The fallen columns and the beams, the decorated ceilings were also

unearthed. After the excavation. the mantapas were conserved by using the old columns

21

and were ever it is unnecessary the new columns and beams were used. The whole

Mantapa was reconstructed as in the hay days of Vi jay ana gar Empire.

During excavation at Royal Enclosure, Mint Enclouser, Nobel man's quarters and

Eastern valley many antiquities were recovered. They throw light on the life of the

people, the technical skill, their economic status of the people of Vi jay ana gar.

In front and to the North of Hazara Rama, Several structures as explained in Nobel man's

Quarter were unearthed. To the North of Hazara rama temple, the excavations have

revealed the locality of the Elephant stables. In the excavation, the Directorate of

Archeology and Museums in Karnataka and the A.S.! are rigorously participating and

keep exposing the structures of Vi jay ana gar period.

S'ollrce.'- An inlerview wilh prof. BalaSllbramallilim ofHampi University ([I his

residence, kamaiapllr on 2t" sept. 2003,

CHAPTER III

Geography and

Demography of

Hampi

GEOGRAPHY AND DEMOGRAPHY OF HAMPI

Located on the south bank of the River of Tungabhadra, Hampi has attracted people from

far and wide. Nicolo Dei Conti, on reaching Bizenegalia, remarks, "the great city of

Bizenegalia is situated near very steep mountains. The circumference of the city is sixty

miles; its walls are carried up to the mountains and enclose the valleys at their foot, so

that its extent is thereby increased. In this city there are estimated to be ninety thousand

men fit 10 bear arms." This statement clearly meant that, the city of Vijayanagar was one

city that was top in the medieval times.

I-lampi lies in the Deccan heartland in the Hospet taluk of Bellary district on the right

bank or the TUl1gabhadra.The whole area of Hampi is covered with huge rocky granite.

Geographically Hampi is in Karnataka, which is located Southwest part of India between

7540' and 77"4' east longitudes.

HAMP]- GRAMA

As per 1991 CenSllS:

Total population : 1594 - Males: 802, Females: 792

SC : Males:70, Females- 72

ST :Males: 1 09, Females- 99

Literatures :Males - 424 , Female - 268

Cultivators : Males - 249 , Female - 50

Agriculture labours Males - 169 , Female - 189

House holds : 334

As per 2001 Census:

Total population : 2132

Males - 1083 , Female - 1049

Below () years : 281

Males - 137 . Female 144

Literates : 1236

Males - 730, Female - 506

23

Literacy rate:

1971 31.4%

1981 39.05%

1991 52.62%

2001 65.76%

Source: Hampi Grama panchayat, Population census: Govt. of Karnataka - High power

commiHee for redressal of regional imbalance final report - 2002(June).

HOTELS

.:. Guest Houses - 46 (with restaurants)

.:. Hotels - 20

.:. Trolley hotels - 9

.:. Kirani shops - 31

.:. Petty shops - 66

.:. Bakeries -2

.:. Others - 36

Source. Grama Panchayat. Hampi

24

HAMPI HOTELS AND RESTAURANTS

,--------

Gutst House

-

Guest House Restaurants Hotels (With restaurant (Without attached) restaurant) Rahul Manju Hampi Trisula Ranjana Gowri Geeta Padma Virupaksha Venkateshwar

f--Om Ganesha Moon Vicky Sri Rama lodge Mango

with guest house 1---

Rocky Ravi Ravi 1----

Puspak Suresh Megha guest house New shambhu attach with Shiva Restaurant

1--

Vishnu - r--

Shambhu I---

Santosh I---

Oeva I---

Pawana I---

Rama Shanti (this shanthi guest house IS mostly preferred by tourist & IS very famous) Raj Sudha

----;-River garden

25

VIRUPAPURA GADDA

1. Shanti guetst house with restaurant.

2. Mogali guesthouse.

3. Raju guesthouse.

4. Ravi Chandra guesthouse.

5. Vijayanagar Guest house with restaurant.

6. Goa restaurant.

7. Hanumanahalli restaurant.

8. Shankara guest house with restaurant.

9. Island Bakery.

10. Kishkinda Resort. (It is near bus station, Owner - H.G. Ramulu (M.P..

TRAVELS

1.VLR Travels.

2.Krishna Travels.

3.S.M.S. Travels.

4.Shanthi Travels.

(The above declared hotels & restaurants are very popular and many small hotels are

also present which the researcher have nOltaken into account).

26

KAMALAPURAM

Total area: 21,935 acres

Cultivable land: 7,175 acres

Irrigated land: 3,211 acres (Tank, Canal etc.,)

Dry area 3,964 acres

Forest area: 7,360 acres

Main crop (s): sugarcane, paddy, jowar, cotton, and banana

Population: 10,942 males (2001 ) 10,880 females

21,822

Monuments under the Archaeological Survey of India

1. Annesalu, Vantesalu 2. Mahanavami Dibba 3. Queens bath 4. Underground temple 5. Hazara Rama temple 6. Pattibirama temple 7. Ganigitti temple 8. Saraswati temple 9. Lotus Mahal

Monuments under the State Archaeology department

1. Malevantha Raghunath Swamy temple 2. Chandrashekhar temple 3. Chittaranjini Mahal

(Details provided by Mr. Kottrappa, Village Accountant, Kamalapur.)

27

CHAPTER IV

Socio-Economic

Growth of Hampi

SOCIO ECONOMIC GROWTH OF HAMPI

Tourism has contributed to the growth of Hampi in a very big way, as it has help in the

increase of the general standard of living. But there are still some who have not at all

been impacted by tourism, and are not worried about the same. As per the reports of the

Committee of Kannada University, a majority of the population has migrated from

various parts of the state as well as the country. These have come in search of livelihood.

Spread over an area of 345.50 hectares, the area has provided succor to a large population

in the llampi village. Clearly, the people have become an eyesore, as they have occupied

the medieval structures of the ancient township.

If we are to go through the survey that the team conducted, on can establish the fact, that,

many of the respondents have said that, tourism, has detinitely contributed to the increase

of the Standard of living of the people. A look into the pertinent points of the Research

would help you to gauge better.

The main occupation of a majority population is business, which includes hotels,

restaurants, lodges and petty shops. In contrast to other villages, nearly 40 % of labour

force is engaged in non-agricultural activities in Hampi. Under non-agricultural

activities, the tertiary sector activities dominate the economy. According to a survey

conducted by Hampi University, hospitality business is flourishing in the area. The

businesses include:

1. Providing restaurant facilities

2. Providing boarding and lodging facilities

3. Providing only Lodging facilities by sparing rooms meant for the residential

purpose. (This also helps the international tourists, to gauge the cultural

happenings of the area, besides helping in understanding Hampi)

28

Social Problems

1. Education improvement

(Specially female education has improved)

2. Health improvement

(Malaria, cholera etc. decreased, totally epidemic diseases were decreased).

3. Drug trafficking is limited in the area.

4. No prostitution and no noted areas.

5. Standard of living has increased.

6. Employment has increased - Hotels have increased. There are nearly 30 to 40

tourist guides, who are self employed

7. No child labour.

(In the evening times / part time basis children sells the books, tourist guides, maps,

etc., to the tourists and they earn commission)

29

ABSTRACT ESTIMATE FOR REHABILITATION OF HAMPI NEAR HAMPI

UNIVERSITY IN HOSPET T ALUK

Site Development Quantity Amount (in Lakhs) Itl. NO I. Fonnationof road with metalling and 13.50 CD works at Rs. 3.00 Lakhs/Km.

4.50 Km

i 2. Un-authorised houses @ Rs. 30,0001 35.40 each

3

118 Nos.

15.00 Buildings Requirements -10 Nos. Construction of Higher primary School 10 Nos.

I Size 18' x 24' with 6' varanda @ Rs. 1.50 Lakhs for each class rooms

4, 4.50 (each Rs. 1.5 Lakhs) Construction of Anganawadi buildings 3 Nos.

i

5, 15.00

6

Construction of P.H.C. Building 1 Nos. Construction of Medical Officers 4.00 Quarters

1 Nos.

i 7. Construction of Veterinary Hospital 5.001 Nos. Development of Park area 3.00 Construction of Gram Panchayath

8. L.S. 4.00

building

10,

L.S.

Providing water supply scheme. 8.00L.S. 9.0011. Add miscellaneous unforeseen items L.S.

81.00 LakhsTotal

30

ESTIMATE COST OF AUTHORISED STRUCTURES AT HAMP) VILLAGE

SI. NI Type of Construction Number Estimate i: lakh)

I Mantapas infront of Virupaksha temple

a) Pucca House I. ResidentiallNon-residential 29 Nos. 145.00

b) :Semi pucca House

I. ResidentiallNon-residential 26 Nos. 73.70 Total 55 Nos.

i 2 Un-authorized inhabitants in front of Virupakash temple I a). Residential 73 Nos.

Residential/Commercial 45 Nos. 35.40 Total 118 Nos.

e Incentive/Rehabilitation package grants for families at Rs. 22000.00/- per family. 173 Nos. 38.c)6 b). One Adult Rs. 22000/- per Adult

. '-'" 38.06

I 4. Transportation of Materials at

Rs. 1000.00, 173 Families 17.30

5. Land Valuation 30 l~Acers 35.52

~~ Site Development charge Total Rs. 81.00

464.04

31

PROBABLE COST OF ACQUISITION OF LANDS FOR REHABILITATION OF

HAMPI VILLAGE

1). No. of Houses to be provided at R.H. Center

2). No, of Houses to be constructed in one acre area

3). Probable area of land be acq~ired (27.16 acres for

house and other area for Civic Amenities

4). Land value at Rs. 80,0001- p.a. (as per guiding rates

30.00 X 80.00)

5). Solulion @ 30% on (4)

6) Addl. Market value at 12% on (4) for one and half year

Total cost of acquisition

489

018

30-00 acres

:- Rs. 24,00,0001

:- Rs. 07,20,0001

:- Rs. 04,32,0001

Rs. 35,52,000/

32

PROBABLE EXPENDITURE TO BE INCURED FOR SHIFTING AND

REHABILITATION OF HAMPI VILLAGE

As perUKP guidelines

I As per Sea birdSI. No. guidelines

489 families provided. No. Of free House sites to be 489 families 1.

2.' 1,07,58,0001- (at Rs. of the family Rehabilitation grant to the Head 2,44,50,0001

22,0001- per head) head) (At Rs. 50,0001- per

i

81,90.0001- (at Rs. . 25.74.0001- (at Rs. ! 70,0001- per head)

R.ll. Grant 117 adull children J." 22,0001- per head)

4 R.B.Grant for 2 Adult sons in 94 41,36,0001- (at Rs. families (limited to 2 adult sons

1,31,60,0001- (at Rs. 22,0001- per head)

only) (94x2x70, 0001- or 22,000)

5

70,0001- per head)

Transportation grant 4,89,0001- (at Rs. 5000/- per head) 24,45,0001- (at Rs.

10001- per head)

G. Total 1,79,57,000/4,82,45,000/

33

ABSTRACT ESTIATE FOR REHABILITATION OF HAMPI NEAR HAMPI

UNIVERSITY IN HOSPET T ALUK

SL No. Site Development Quantity Amount (in lakhs)

l. Formations of road with metalling and 4.50 13.50 CD works at Rs. 3.00 lakhs/KM

2. Construction of residential building in 489 908.95 30' x 40' site plinth area 7.00 units (-)118 Cost of each unit is Rs. 35,0001Excluding patta holders (l18 Nos.) 317

i 3. Construction of higher Primary school 10 Nos. 15.00 Buildings

4 Constructions of Anganawadi 3 Nos. 4.50 buildings (each Rs. 1.50 lakhs). -

5 Constructions of P.H.C. Buildings I Nos. 15.00 6. Constructions of Medical Officers 1 Nos. 4.00

.Quarters t7. - . f 5.00ConstructIOns 0 Ventuary Hospital I Nos.

S. Development of Park area L.S. 3.00 9 Construction of Gram Panchayath L.S. 4.00

Building 10. Providing water supply scheme L.S. 8.00 11 Providing electrification of layout. L.S. 9.00

Total 989.95

I I

I

i

I

I

I

34

REHABILITATION OF HAMPI

Kadrirampur is proposed to be allotted for Residential purpose. Survey No :- 106,107 and 108 -Construction for the Facilitation Center by CPWD have Started.

Anegundi Bridge According to UNESCO, Bypass Road has to be built. & the Bridge has to be opened after

construction of the new bridge. The broken constructed bridge, only pedestrial, i.e., light

vehicles can be allowed.

By pass road:

Hospet-7 Kampli Road -7 via -7 Venkatapura village to Anegundi

This is to be the new bridge that is to be constructed as per the UNESCO directions.

FACILITATION CENTER

LOCATION: Behind Sri Krishna Temple (near MP Prakash nagar turning, Kadrirampur, towards Hampi)

AREA: Survey number: 106, 107 and 108 (acquired land 10.71 acres)

(As per the information of Assistant Commissioner, Hospet)

FACILlTIES/INFRASTRUCTUREIBUILDINGS: Cyber Center, Fax, Phones, guidance center for tourist etc.,

ESTIMATED COST: Rs. 5 crores (Rs. 100 lakhs has been released by Department of Tourism, Government of India)

CENTER DESIGN AND PLAN: Designed by Mr. Ramesh Kumar Safaya, Chief Architect, HUDCO, New Delhi.

nlllLDl~R: CPWD

35

CHAPTER V

Tourism

Development of

Hampi

TOURISM DEVELOPMENT OF HAMPI

Hampi has seen a great development in the field of tourism and thereby attracted visitors from far and wide. When the team spoke of this aspect as when did the tourism activity start in Hampi, some retorted that, the earliest of visitors were Domingo Paes, Nuniz and others. Hence, tourism was prevailing from times immemorial. The tourism departments oflndia and Karnataka, believed in the fact, that, tourism as an activity in Hampi started in the late 60's and grown to great heights today, despite many a confusion. As of today Hampi is an important destination in Indian tourism, so much so that, it has been called as the world's largest open museum. Even the Government of India, Ministry of Tourism, has been keen to develop Hampi as a benchmark destination in promoting quality tourism The UNESCO has also pooled in to help in the calise. besides a host of individuals and NGO's.

Statistics of Hampi has been a recent phenomenon and hence we cannot say much about

the number of visitors visiting Hampi. However, the team has enclosed statistics about

Hampi for the benefit of the readers, which is current in nature. The increase in hotels in

the Hospet area is a clear indicator that tourism has grown leaps and bounds, as tourists

use Hospet a base camp to proceed towards Hampi. Now off course, the presence of

Government run hotels in the Hampi area has prompted visitors to stay in the Hampi

itself and enjoy the archaeological treasure.

36

Tourist visit to Hampi during the year 200~

MonthFnili- :r--....

Jan. 2002 Feb.2002

I March 2002 April 2002 May 2002 June 2002 July 2002

I Aug. 2002 Sept. 2002 Oct. 2002 Nov. 2002 Dec 2002

Virupaksha Vittala Temple Zanana Enclosure Swami Temple Indians Foreigners Indians Foreigners 83400 17125 473 16166 541 38665 7514 594 7497 455 15677 5737 433 5435 455 38204 i 7613 109 6665 161 25335 13230 31 11760 24 15531 7825 14 8021 20 13965 5673 79 6925 49 21069 7325 241 5636 184 13619 6159 104 6382 104 ..

: 20608 7829 254 11901 209 19623 4268 328 7519 209

---~ _ ..... -55303 10545 488 12761 553

i.

360999 100843 3148 I 106668 2964

The information is collected from different agencies i.e. ticket sold at Virupaksha

temple Hampi and ASI counter at Vittala Temple and Zananas Enclosure.

37

Tourist visit to Hampi during the year

2001

I Month Virupaksha Vittala Temple Zan ana Enclosure I Swami Temple Indians Foreigners I Indians Foreigners I

IJan. 2001 62471 2036 791 17823 1021 Feb.2001 23276 10299 801 9595

. March 2001 13176 4101 597 4354 523

I AEril 2001 29218 5991 159 4999 185 May 2001 22786 7492 97 I 6932 71

June 200 I 14214 5042 55 I 3342 44 July 2001 11992 3940 99 3157 94 Aug. 2001 20308 4235 243 3479 190

i Sept. 2001 17353 346 101 348 80 i Oct. 2001 20308 4276 186 8080 175

Nov. 2001 17734 3740 385 5559 386 Dec. 2001 46960 12829 614 16,672 624

2,99,868 64,327 4,188 84,340 4,283

i

The information is collected from different agencies i.e. ticket sold at Virupaksha

temple Hampi and ASI counters at Vittala Temple and Zananas Enclosure.

Tourist Visits to Hampi During the Year 2003

Virupaksha Vittala Temple Zan ana Enclosure

Month Swami

Temple Foreigners

Jan. 2003

Indians Foreigners Indians 18(;3360211 1018

Feb.2003

160771063

124923251 9576 8288996 ..._-_..

758 !

April 2003 March 2003 20616 46015209 605

24632816 23727647 170 -109May 2003 i 27851 10710

June 2003

8325 148

62 i21830 972: 921296

38

CHAPTER VI

Hampi

Development

Area Authority

HAMPI DEVELOPMENT AREA AUTHORITY

Indian administration has witnessed the presence of development authorities in order

bring about the development of an area or a region. The government too, once Hampi

was given the World Heritage Status envisaged a role for a development authority, which

was christened as the Hampi Development Authority (HDAA). Government Order no.

SKD 97 KMU 98 (PU), Bangalore, dated: 21.03.2002 clearly specifies the Objectives of

the Development Authority, which run as follows:

I. To provide for the conservation of the cultural heritage and natural environs of Hampi and its surroundings.

2. To provide for the preservation of the historical and cultural identity ofl-lampi as a World Heritage Center.

3. To provide for preventing unauthorized development and commercial exploitation of the area.

4. To arrange for sustained development of the area conducive to the above objectives.

5. To increase public awareness of and interest in the World Heritage Site and to promote the educational and cultural value of the landscape.

6. To ensure that new development within this area is of high quality and reflects the area's significance as a World Heritage Site.

7. To liaise with other stakeholders of the World Heritage Site. 8. To encourage active community involvement in the management of the World

Heritage Site and 9. To provide for matters incidental thereto.

Clearly the mandate given by the State Government of Karnataka is good and one should

consider that it would benefit the Destination, if implemented with lot of cmotion, lest it

just become another vestigial organ of the establishment.

Going further one has to assess and analyze the Powers and Functions of the Authority

that run as follows:

1. To carry out a survey of the Heritage Area and prepare reports on the surveys so carried out.

') To prepare development plan of the Heritage Area for proper protection, conservation and enrichment of heritage.

3. To cause to be carried out such works as are contemplated in the development plan.

39

4. To formulate as many schemes as are necessary for implementing the development plan of the Heritage area.

5. To secure and coordinate execution of the town planning schemes and development of the Heritage area in accordance with the said schemes.

6. To raise finances for any project or scheme for the development of the Heritage area and to extend assistance to the local authorities in the Region for the execution of such project or scheme.

7. To do such other acts and things as may be entrusted by the state Government or as may be necessary for or incidental or conducive to any matters, which are necessary for furtherance of the objects for which, the authority is constituted.

8. To entrust to any local authority or other agency the work of execution of any development plan or town planning scheme or development of the Heritage area.

9. To coordinate the activities of the local authorities and the Urban Development Authority, if any, constituted under the Karnataka Urban Development Authorities Act, 1987 exercising jurisdiction within the limits of the Heritage area and the Karnataka Urban Water Supply and Drainage Board, the Karnataka Slum Clearance Board, the Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation, the Karnataka Industrial Area Development Board, the Karnataka State Road Transport Corporation and such other bodies as arc connected with the development activities in the Heritage area.

10. To supervise and review the progress of expenditure incurred under the plan and performance of various development departments and local bodies with reference to the plan.

11. To preserve the special charter and setting of the World Heritage Site and wherever appropriate, to enhance it.

12. To look after the land management and management of river Tungabhadra within the boundaries of the World Heritage Site.

13. To aim at the highest standard of presentation, interpretation of the World Heritage Site and to this end support a tourism identity by providing appropriate and clear information including that in foreign languages.

14 To raise local, regional, national and international awareness about the significance of the World Heritage Site.

15. To ensure the highest standard of environmental managemenl of the World Heritage Site.

16. To promote and encourage and encourage proper research to understand the arc,1aeological, historical and environmental values of the World Heritage Site.

17. To perform such other functions as may be prescribed.

The authority to be located at Hampi, will discharge the duties through a Commissioner, v:ho would be an officer of the rank of the Karnataka Administrative Services (KAS) Senior Scale Level.

40

GOVERNMENT ORDER NO.SKD 97 KMU 98 (P-II)

BANGALORE, DATED 21-3-2002.

In these circumstances Government is pleased to constitute

The Hampi World Heritage Area Management Authority with the following composition:

I) The Deputy Commissioner, Bellary District Chairperson.

2) The Deputy Commissioner, Koppal District - Vice Chair person

3) The Director of Archaeology and Museums.

4) The Director of Town Planning, Bangalore.

5) The Director of Tourism , Bangaiore.

6) The Superintendent of Police, Bellary.

7) The Superintendent of Police, Koppal.

8) The Superintendent Archaeologist, A.S.I.,Bangalore circle.

9) The Superintendent Archaeologist, A.S.I.,Dharwad circle.

10) The Chief Executive Officer, Zilla Panchayat, Bellary.

II) The Chief Executive Officer, Zilla Panchayat, Koppal.

12) The Deputy Conservator of Forest, Bellary.

13) The Deputy Conservator of Forest, KoppaL

14) The Commissioner, Hospet Urban Development

Authori ty,Hospet. 15) The Superintending Engineer, Bellary Circle, Bellary. 16) The Deputy Environment Officer, Bellary. 17) The Executive Engineer, Irrigation Dept.,Munirabad. 18) The Head of the Department of Archaeology, Kannada

University, Hampi. 19) The Executive Officer, Sri Virupaksheswara and other allied

temples, Hampi. 20) The Commissioner of the Authority, who shall be the Member

Secretary.

41

Panchayat Act and Powers:

The Panchayat Act of Karnataka based on the 72lld Constitution (Amendment) Bill, 1991

has provided for a three tier form of administration, which would in providing a grass

root level contact to the people at the levels of Grama (village), Taluk (group of villages)

and Zilla (district). In fact, the Karnataka Panchayat Raj Act, 1993 [Karnataka Act No.

14 of 19931

The salient features of the Karnataka Panchayat Raj Act of 1993 are as follows:

1. Establish a three-tier panchayat system in the state based on the population as ascertained at the last preceding census of which the figures have been published. It envisages elected bodies at all the three levels.

2. It provides for reservation of seats in favour of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in proportion of their population and for reservation of one-third seats of women at all levels.

3. It also provides for reservation of seats and offices of chair persons at all levels for the persons belonging to Backward classes of citizens.

4. It also provides for reservation of offices of chair persons at all levels in favour of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes and women.

5. It also envisages constitution of State Election Commission, the Finance Commission and District Planning Committee.

42

CHAPTER VII

Analysis and

Interpretation of

Data

Table 1 : Location of the Respondents

Location Respondents

Hospet 2

Hampi 40

, Kamalapuram 8

Anegundi 0

Virupapura

I Gadda o i

Illustration 1:

Location

80%

o Hospet . Hampi

o Kamalapuram Anegundi

. Virrappapur

Observations:

From the table and figure, one can establish that 40 respondents were from Hdmpi, 8

respondents were from Kamalapur, 2 were from Hospet, because the study was

performed at Hampi village and no respondent were willing to answer from Anegundi

and Virupapura Gadda.

43

Table 2 : Peoples Views on Hampi Towards Tourism

Variable Respondents

Increase in number of tourist 48

Increase in number of Hotels 40

Betterment of Roads 4

Increase of bus frequency 34 .

Facilities of train 2

B tt t f . fe ermen 0 communlca Ion

Interaction with outsiders

Increase in the standard of

living of local population.

I

I

I

18

32

30

Government concern about

! Hampi

Illustration 2:

Peoples Views on Hampi Towards

Tourism ::1 o Batterrrent of Roads

: 0 Increase of bus . frequency Facilities of train

till Batterrrent of i Cornrunication

1 ' Interaction w ~h iI;

outsiders o Increase in the local Variables Ropulation Governrrent concern

00 fl)

40 20 20 10 0

44

Observations:

From the table and figure, one can establish that the variables were preferred as

important, these were 48 of the respondents expressed that there was increase in number

of tourists, 40 of the respondents expressed that there was increase in the number of

hotels, 34 of the respondents expressed that there was increase of bus frequency from

other parts of state, 32 of the respondents expressed that interaction with outsiders was

good, 30 of the respondents expressed that there was increase in standard of living of the

local people of Hampi.

The respondents preferred least for the infrastructure development. I 8 of the respondents

expressed that the Government concern towards Hampi is non-existant.

45

Table 3 : UNESCO's involvement in functioning of Hampi

1 Variable Respondent

Yes 46 I

I No 6 I

Illustrations 3:

UNESCO's involvement in functioning of Hampi

12%

88%

: ----- -----l I

I Yes I

.No

Obsen'ations:

From the table and figure, one can establish that there were 46 of the respondents

supponed UNESCO's involvement in the functioning of Hampi and only 6 of the

respondents disagreed on UNESCO's involvement at Hampi.

46

Table 4 : Respondents Views Towards UNESCO's imbroglio on Hampi

Variable Respondent

Problem for Hampi 2

I Unnecessary publicity in world wide 4

Development of Hampi and its environs 4

Its not a problem 40

No Response 2

Illustration 4:

Respondents Views Towards UNESCO's imbroglio on Hampi 0 Problem for Harrpi

Unnecessary publicity in world wide

o Development of Han-pi and its environs

o Its not a problem

4% 4%

76% No Response

Observa tions:

From the table and figure, one can establish that there were 40 of the respondents

expressed that it is not a problem to the UNESCO imbroglio on Hampi. 2 of the

respondents expressed that it has created more of a problem for Hampi, 4 of the

respondents expressed that Humpi has received unnecessary publicity world wide and

also the development of Hampi and its environs has reached standstill and no response

from remaining 2 of the respondents.

47

Table 5 : Respondents Opinion about Hampi Anegundi Bridge

Variable Respondent

6People of this need this

. Connectivity between Hospet and Gangavathi

Taluks 8

Development of backward place like Anegundi 14

Betterment of transport in the area 6

It is not required at all 34

Eyesore to the Historical heritage of Hampi 24

Others 12

Illustration 5:

Respondents Opinion about Hampi - Anegundi Bridge o People of this need this

. Connectivity betw een Hopet and Ganagvathi Taluks

12% 6% 8% o [Rveloprrent of backw ard

23% place

; 0 Betterrrent of transport

It is not required

El Historical heritage of Han,,! 32%

Others

Observations:

From the table and figure, one can establish that there were 34 of the respondents who

expressed that Hampi-Anegundi bridge is not at all required to them, 24 of the

respondents expressed that the bridge will be eyesore to the historical heritage of Hampi,

14 of the respondents expressed that it will lead to the development of backward place

like Anegundi, 12 of the respondents falls under category of others and they expressed

their own views, 8 of the respondents expressed that it will help in better connectivity

between Hospet and Gangavathi taluks, and 6 of the respondents expressed that people

need this bridge and also it will lead to betterment of transport in the area.

48

Table 6: Peoples Opinion towards Tourist Presence at Hampi

Variable Respondent I j

Yes 18

No 34

Illustration 6:

Peoples Opinion towards Tourist Presence at Hampi

DYes

.No

Observations:

From the table and figure, one can establish that there are 34 respondents who expressed

that the presence of tourists there is no problem for the local population. 35% of the

respondents said that the tourists and the activity of tourism was grave concern Lo the area

of Hampi as it brought in many problems associated with tourism.

49

Table 6 (a) : Peoples Opinion on how tourists are hampering the locals

Ir-:-:

Table 6 (b) : Peoples Opinion Towards Tourist Presence, how it benefits

! Variables . Respondents I It brings a foreign exchange 44

!

It provides employment for the locals 44

!! It leads to infrastructure development 28

Other 2

Illustration 6 (b):

Peoples Opinion Towards Tourist Presence, how it benefits

50

- 40 c VI .It provides.g 30 employment for c o the locals

o It leads to ~ 20 Q) infrastructurea::

development10 o Other

o

Observations:

From the table and figure, one .::an establish that there are 44 of the respondents expressed

that it brings in foreign exchange and also provides employment to the locals, so the

hospitality business is increased in the area. 28 of the respondents expressed that it also

leads to infrastructure development.

Slnefits

51

Table 7: Knowledge about the presence of Hampi Development Authority

Variables Respondents

Yes 42 J I No I

10 I

Illustration 7:

Knowledge about the presence of Hampi Development Authority

50

Respondents

o

42 10

Observations:

From the table and figure, on can establish that there are 42 of the respondents have

heard about Hampi Development Area Authority (HDAA) and 10 of the respondrnts

don't know about the Hampi Development Authority_

52

Table 8 : Peoples opinion about the activities of Hampi Development Authority

~e~ariahle,-!~eSponde~t: i . No 361

No \.lO.O"'I"\"'

Table 9 : Peoples Opinion towards rehabilitation of Hampi

I Variables Respondents I

i Provide alternative accommodation 20

i Shift them to a place of their choice 42

Provide them money for survival 26

Others 2

Illustration 9:

Peoples Opinion towards rehabilitation of Hampi

.. E;J Provide alternative accomodation50

shift them to a40 place of their

30 choiceRespondents o Prollide them 20 money for survival 10 o Others o

Observations:

From the table and figure, one can establish that t!1ere are 42 of the respondents expressed

that shifting have to be done to the place of thf.;r choice, 26 of the respondents expressed

that Government should provide them with money fr .. survival, 20 of the respondents

expressed that they need to provide alternative accommodation, and 2 of the respondents

expressed their own views.

54

Table 10: Peoples opinion towards involvement of locals for the development of

Hampi

Variables Respondents I Yes 52 I

No 0 !

Illustrations 10:

Peoples opinion towards involvement of locals for the development of Hampi

60

40 Respondents

20

o

Observations:

From the table and figure, one can establish that all the 52 of the respondents expressed

that the locals should have a major role in the development of Hampi.

yes No

Varibles

55

Table It : Peoples willingness to stay at Hampi

Variables Respondents

To stay in the same place 46

After restoration, whether they want to stay

in the same place.

Once for all moving out of Hampi I-

Any other, would you like to mention?

No Response

40

4

2

2

!

I I

:

~..

Illustration 11:

Peoples willingness to stay at Hampi

o To stay in the sarre place

After restortio, whether they want to stay?

o Once for all roving out of Ha~i

oAny other, would you like to rrention?

No Response

Observations:

From the table and figl,re, one can establish that there are 46 of the respondents who

wants to stay in the sume place, 40 of the respondents expressed that after restoration of

Mantapas, they want to stay in the same place, 4 of the respondents expressed once for all

moving out of Hampi, 2 oLne respondents expressed their own views by saying that they

will stay near by Hampi and 2 of the respondents did not respond any view.

I/)... t: Q) -0 t: 0 c.. iii Q)

c:::

50

40

30

20

10

0

56

Table 12: If rehabilitated, peoples preference towards shops and houses together

Illustration 12:

If rehabilitated, peoples preference towards shops and houses together

8

Observations:

From the table and figure, one can establish that there are 42 of the respondents who

wants the shops and the houses together if they rehabilitates, 8 of the respondents

expressed that they do not want the shops and houses together and 2 of the respondents

did not respond any view.

57

Table 13 : Peoples opinion who should be the members of Hampi Development

Area Authority

Variables Respondents

Nominated by the government 6

Including NGO's in the Authority 36

Including the prominent residents of Hampi 20

UNESCO 36

Illustrations 13:

Peoples opinion who should be the members of

Hampi Development Authority

13 UNESCO

13 Including the prorrinent 100 residents of Harrpi

Respondents 50 Including NOO's in the Authority

o 13 Nominated by the government

Obsen'ations: ..

From the table and figure, one can establish that there are 36 of the respondents who

incluLed NGO's in the Authority as members, 20 of the respondents also included the

prominent residents of Hampi as members, 36 of the respondents also wants UNESCO as

a member in the Authority, and 6 of the respondents wants nomination by the

Government.

58

Table 14 : People preference towards the tourists stay

I Variables Respondents

Hampi 48

Hospet 4

Kamalapur 0

Illustration 14:

People preference towards the tourists stay

8% 0%

92%

Hampi

Hopet

Kamalapur

Observations:

From the table and figure, one can establish that there are 48 of the respondents who

wants tourists to stay at Hampi, and 4 of the respondents wants tourists to stay at Hospet.

59

Table 15 : Peoples opinion, who should head the Hampi Development Authority

Variables

D.C.

Respondents

6 i

Independent Officer 44

2Others

Illustration 15:

Peoples opinion, who should head the Hampi Development Authority

4% 12%

84%

rnD.C .

. Independent Officer

o Others

Observations:

From the table and figure, one can establish that there are 44 of the respondents who

wants Hampi Development Area Authority should be headed by an Independent officer,

6 of the respondents wants District Commissioner (D.C.) to head the Authority and 2 of

the respondents did not respond any view. This is for the simple reason that, the DC is

burdened with other developmental works that occupy a greater part of his/her time and

hence they are not able to dedicate to the cause of the authority. But then appointing any

other individual will not help in the progress because of the fact that, better Coordination

is possible only if the DC is the helm of affairs. But then one has to pause and ponder

over this very pertinent issue.

60

Conclusion

&

Suggestions

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS

In conclusion it can be said that, the UNESCO intervention has created a situation wherein the respective Governments are on their toes to see to it that the mandate that has been provided to help in the protection of Hampi as a tourist destination is done to the best possible limits. Whether it is the tylon bridge (see annexure) or the rehabilitation of the masses out the medieval structures, it can be seen that, UNESCO has put its foot down and seen to it that, the tourism system acts for the benefit of promoting quality tourism. It will not be wrong to say that; the Federal and State governments will have to adhere to the norms of the International Community, which has been rightly considered as property of the World Community, and one should not loose out the benefits that can be got out of the same.

One aspect that the research team would like to highlight is that, the administration of the Hampi should not done without the concurrence of the locals, and any external intervention would lead to more chaos and ultimately a quagmire would envelop the issue. From the research it can be clearly seen that the local want an independent officer to administer the Hampi arena, rather than have a Collector, who is as it is burdened with lot of imrortant portfolios.

One thing is very clear we have to see to it that, the Hampi area is cleared of the nuisances that it has engulfed itself in then it can become a model destination for the Indian tourism system to pursue and promote.

Suggestions

1. UNESCO'S threat to wi thdraw recognition as one of the world heritage centers s~uld

definitely avoided as this would lead lot of negative publicity.

2. Removal of certain structures including Talavaragatta - Anegundi bridges as suggested

by the UNESCO authorities.

3. Unauthorized structures, business establishments and illegal encroachments that had

become an obstruction to original scenery of ancient Hampi has to be removed.

4. Safety of 700 monuments within the notified area should be maintained.

5. Prevention to convert by lands to wet lands.

6. Preservation of historical value of the old inscription relating tu Vijayanagar Dynasty,

wonderful irrigation system, temples and mantapas with great architectural value.

7. Elimination of illegal drug trafficking and others illegal activities.

8. Check further deterioration of hygienic and environment conditions in general around

monuments.

9.To convert Hampi as an International Tourist Center.

10 Land grabbling should be stopped, the tendency of land grabbling slowly but surely

will lead to the disappearance ofI-Iampi

II The Hampi Planning Authority should create awareness need for planning, keeping in

view the importance of the world heritage spot

12 Huge concrete structures are corning up In the core zone of Hampi; the

construction of concrete buildings in the vicinity of the zone should be stopped.

13 The task before the government is to halt all works till the master plan IS

implemented, for a greater understanding of Hampi.

14 Exploration work is to be carried out; the authority should decide on the areas

where the work is to be carried out, and action shot1N be taken to acquire such lands.

15 The Master plan should cover the ar