mofg;gh gy;fiyf;fofk;DR. M.CHITHAMBARAM, Associate Professor in Tamil, Tamil Research...
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gy;fiyf;fofk; mofg;gh Njrpaj; ju epHzaf; FOtpd; %d;whk; Rw;Wj; ju kjpg;gPl;by; A+(CGPA: 3.64) jFjpAk; kdpjts Nkk;ghl;L mikr;rfk; - gy;fiyf;fof khdpaf;FOtpd; Kjy; jug; gy;fiyf;fofk; kw;Wk; jd;dhl;rpj; jFjpAk; ngw;wJ) fhiuf;Fb - 630003 gp.ypl;. (jkpo); ,uzÊlhkÊ gUtk; 107 22 ed;D}y; - nrhy;yjpfhuk; njhiyepiyf;fy;tp ,af;ffk;
Transcript of mofg;gh gy;fiyf;fofk;DR. M.CHITHAMBARAM, Associate Professor in Tamil, Tamil Research...
gy;fiyf;fofk;mofg;gh Njrpaj; ju epHzaf; FOtpd; %d;whk; Rw;Wj; ju kjpg;gPl;by; A+(CGPA: 3.64) jFjpAk;
kdpjts Nkk;ghl;L mikr;rfk; - gy;fiyf;fof khdpaf;FOtpd; Kjy; jug;
gy;fiyf;fofk; kw;Wk; jd;dhl;rpj; jFjpAk; ngw;wJ)
fhiuf;Fb - 630003
gp.ypl;. (jkpo); ,uzÊlhkÊ gUtk;
107 22
ed;D}y; - nrhy;yjpfhuk;
njhiyepiyf;fy;tp ,af;ffk;
DR. M.CHITHAMBARAM, Associate Professor in Tamil, Tamil Research Centre, Alagappa Government Arts College , Karaikudi-630003
Reviewer : Prof. M. KARMEGAM (Retd) Professor &Head, Department of Tamil Alagappa Govt Arts College, Karaikudi – 630003
Work Order No. AU/DDE/DE1-15/Printing of Course Materials/2020 Dated 5.2.2020 Copies1500
ghlj;jpl;lk;
Nehf;fk;:
kugpyf;fzk; mwpjy; - ed;D}y; nrhy;yjpfhuj;jpy; ngaH> tpid> ,il> cup>
nghJtpaiy tpsf;fp epWj;jw;Fwpfs; ,l Ntz;ba newpKiwfis tpsf;Fjy;.
gpupT – 1
$W 1 - nrhy; nghJtpyf;fzk;
$W 2 - jpiz – ghy; - tof;Fr; nrhw;fs;
$W 3 - ngaHr;nrhy; - nghJ ,yf;fzk; - gpupg;G Kiwfs;
$W 4 - MFngaH
gpupT 2
$W 5 - Ntw;Wik
$W 6 - tpidr;nrhy; - nghJ ,yf;fzk;
$W 7 - tpidr; nrhy;ypd; tiffs;
$W 8 - tpidKw;W tiffs;
gpupT – 3
$W 9 - vr;rk; tif – xopG
$W 10 - ghJtpay; vr;rk;>njhifepiy> njhfhepiyj;
njhlHnkhopfs;>tOtikjp -
$W 11 - nghJtpay; - gpw;gFjp – tpdh - tpil kuG> nghUs;Nfhs;> Nghd;wd
gpupT 4
$W 12 - ,ilr;nrhw;fspd; tif - tpup
$W 13 - cupr;nrhy; tif - tpup
$W 14 - eilKiwj; jkpo; - epWj;jw; Fwpfs; - fhy;> miu> Kf;fhw; Gs;spfs;_
Nkw;Nfhs;> tpag;G> tpdhf; Fwpfs; - NjitAk; newpKiwfSk;
jhs; - 10722
,yf;fzk; - ed;D}y; - nrhy;yjpfhuk;
gpupT – 1 ed;D}y; - ngaupay;
gad;: nrhy; vOj;Jf;fspdhy; Mfp tUTJ vd mwpjy;.
vOj;Jf;fspd; NrHf;if xU nghUis czHj;jpdhy; nrhy; vdg;gLk; vd mwpjy;
nrhy;ypdJ nghJthfpa ,yf;fzj;ij mwpe;J gad;nfhs;sy;
jkpop;y; mike;Js;s %tif nkhopfs; gw;wpAk; mit nghUs; czHj;jp
epw;Fk; tpjk; gw;wpAk; mwpjy;
jpiz gpupg;G Kiwapid njupjy;
jpizf;Nfhl;ghl;bd; mbg;gilapyhd ghy; gpuptpidj; njupe;J gad;nfhs;sy;
tof;F ,d;dnjd;gjidAk; mjd; tiffisAk; mwpjy;
ngaHr;nrhw;fspd; tiffis mwpe;J mit nkhopapy; gapd;W tUk;
jd;ikiaAk; mjd; tifg;ghLfisAk; mwpe;J gad;nfhs;sy;
xU ngaH gpwpnjhd;wpw;F Mfp tUjiyAk; mt;thW Mfp tUk; ngaHfspd;
jd;ikiaAk; MFngaH vd;gjd; top mwpjy;
1
10722 - ,yf;fzk; ed;D}y; - nrhy;yjpfhuk;
$W – 1
ed;D}y; - ngaupay; - nrhy; - nghJ ,yf;fzk;
ed;D}y; nrhy;yjpfhuk; ngaupay;> tpidapay;> nghJtpay;> ,ilapay;> cupapay; vdg;ngWk; Ie;J ,ay;fisj; jd;Dl; nfhz;like;jjhFk;. ngaupay;> tpidapay;> ,ilapay;> cupapay; vd;gd KiwNa mt;tt; ,ay;fspd; ,yf;fzj;ij czHj;jp epd;wd. eLtha; mike;j nghJtpay; Kd;Nd mike;j ngaupaYf;Fk; tpidapaYf;Fk; gpd;tUk; ,ilapay; cupapaYf;Fk; nghJthd ,yf;fzj;ij czHj;jp epd;wJ.
ngaupay; vdg;ngWk; ,t; mjpfhuk; nrhy;ypd;$WghLk; mjd; ,ay;;Gk; czHj;Jjy;Ejypw;W.
xUnkhop> njhlHnkhop> nghJnkhop vd;Dk; ,f;$w;wpdjhfp ,UjpiziaAk; mtw;wpdJ $Wghl;lhd;tUk;;. Mz;ghy;> ngz;ghy;> gyHghy;> xd;wd;ghy;> gytpd;ghy; vdg;ngWk; Ik;ghw;nghUisAk; jd;idAk; jd;ik> Kd;dpiy> glHf;if vd;Dk; %d;wplj;jpDk;tof;fpd;fz;Zk;nra;Aspd;fz;Zk; ntspg;gilahDk; Fwpg;ghDk; tpsf;FtJ nrhy;yhFk;.
Kr;rfk; epow;W KOkjp Kf;Fil
mr;Rjd; mbnjhOJ miwFtd; nrhy;Ny.
,t;tjpfhuk; ahJ czHj;Jjw;fhf vOe;jJ vd;gJ> mjpfhuk; ngaH KiwahNd tpsq;Fk;. Mapd;>,t;tjpfhuk;vd;d ngaHj;Njh vdpd;> nrhy;ypyf;fzk; czHj;jpw;whjyhy; nrhy;yjpfhuk; vd;Dk; ngaHj;J. nrhy;yg;gLjyhw; nrhy;nydf;nfhs;f.Nkyjpfhuj;NjhL ,jw;F ,iaG vd;idNahntdpd;> mJ tUQ;#j;jpuj;jhNdtpsq;Fk;.
,t;tjpfhuj;Js;> Vid Xj;jpdhw; nrhy;ypyf;fzk; czHj;jpdhNdhntdpd;> Itif Xj;jpdhd; czHj;jpdhndd;f.
mtw;Ws;> ,k;Kjy; Xj;J vd;DjypaNjhntdpd;> Xj;JEjypa J}ck;Xj;jpdJ ngaH ciug;gNt tpsq;Fk;. Mapd;>,t;Nthj;Jvd;dngaHj;Njhntdpd;> ngaHr;nrhw;fsJ ,ay;G czHj;jpw;whjyhw;ngaupay; vd;Dk; ngaHj;J.
2
,t; Xj;jpDs;> ,j;jiyr;#j;jpuk; vd;Djypw;Nwh vdpd;> xUrhuhHNtz;Lk; rpwg;Gg;ghapuk; czHj;Jjy; Ejypw;W.
,k;%d;W cyfj;jpYs;s capHfl;nfy;yhk; epoiyg; gz;zhepd;wepiwe;j kjpiag;Nghd;w %d;WFiliaAiladhd Nfby;yhjhDilambfistzq;fpr; nrhy;ypyf;fzj;ij ahd; nrhy;YNtd;.
xUE}Yf;F vLj;Jf;Nfhlw;fz;Nz tzf;fk; nrhy;Yjyd;wpmjpfhue;NjhWk; nrhy;yNtz;baJ ahNjhntdpd;> E}nyhd;NwnadpDk;mjpfhuq;fs; nghUshd; NtWgLjyhDk; Kd;id xUrhuhH xNuhtjpfhuj;ij xUE}yhf;fpg; ghapuKOJk; gfHjyhDk;>MjpAk; me;jKk; eLT kq;fyKk;> Xjpa Kiwikapd; ciug;gH Mapbd;> Vjkpy;yhj ,Uepyf;fpoj;jp jhd; ,d;Gw> ePjpak; gDty;fz; epyTk; vd;gNtvd;g MfyhDk;>fw;wjdha milAk; rpwe;j caHe;j gadhdJ Fw;wkw;WKw;wTzHe;jxUtd; nghw;whs; ,izkyHNghw;wy;vd;gthfyhDk; nrhd;dhnudf;nfhs;f.
nrhy;ypd; nghJ ,yf;fzk;:
xUnkhop njhlHnkhop nghJnkhop vd;wh
,U jpiz Ik;ghy; nghUisAk; jd;idAk;
%tif ,lj;Jk; tof;nfhL nra;Aspd;
ntspg;gil Fwpg;gpd; tpupg;gJ nrhy;Ny
,e;E}w;gh nrhy;ypd;$WghLk; mjdpay;Gk; czHj;Jjy;Ejypw;W.
xUnkhopAk; njhlHnkhopAk; nghJnkhopAk; vd;Dk;,f;$w;wpdjhfp ,UjpiziaAk; mtw;wpd; $Wghl;lhd; tUk;nghUisAk;>jd;idAk; %d;wplj;jpDk; tof;fpd;fz;Zk; nra;Aspd;fz;Zk; ntspg;gilahDk; Fwpg;ghDk; tpsf;FtJ> nrhy;yhFk;.
%tif nkhopfs;:
xUnkhop xU nghUsd Mk; njhlHnkhop
gy nghUsd nghJ ,UikAk; Vw;gd
xUnkhop vdg;gLtJ gFg;gpytha;epd;W xUnghUisczHj;JtdthFk
;. njhlHnkhop vd;gJ ,uz;Lk; gyTkhdnkhopfs;njhifepiytifahDk; njhfhepiytifahDk;
3
njhlHe;J epd;WgynghUisAzHj;Jtd MFk;@nghJnkhop vdg;gLtJ xd;wha; epd;WxUnghUisAzHj;jpAk;> njhlHnkhopaha; epd;W gy nghUisAzHj;jpAk;,Uikf;Fk; nghJtha; epw;gdthFk;
xUnkhop:
ek;gp eq;if
rhj;jd;> rhj;jp
epyk;> ePH
kzp nghd;@
- ngaHr;nrhy;
te;jhd;> te;jhs;>te;jhH>
Nghdhd;> Nghdhs;> NghdhH>
te;jJ> te;jd - tpidr;nrhy;
jpy>; kd;@
- ,ilr;nrhy;
jQ;rk;
jt
- cupr;nrhy;
njhlHnkhop:
njhlHnkhop vdg;gLtJ njhlHe;jnkhop MFk;. njhlUjy; vd;gJ nkhopfs; jk;Ks; nghUs;Nehf;Filathjy;.nghUs;Nehf;Filathjy; vd;gJnjhifepiytifahDk; njhfhepiytifahDk; jk;Kl; nghUs; nfhz;LKw;wy;. mit vt;thW nghUs;nfhz;L Kw;Wk; vdpd;> mil> nghUs;nfhz;L Kw;Wk;@ nghJ>rpwg;Gf;nfhz;LKw;Wk;@ ngaH> tpidAk; ngaUk; tpdhTk; nfhz;L Kw;Wk;@njupepiyKw;Wk; Fwpg;GKw;Wk; nganur;rKk;> ngaHnfhz;LKw;Wk;@tpidnar;rk;> Kw;WtpidAk; nganur;rtpidAk; njhopw;ngaUk;> rpWghd;iktpidnar;rKk; nfhz;L Kw;Wk;@ ,ilr;nrhy;Yk; cupr;nrhy;Yk; cUGfSk;>ngaUk; tpidAk; nfhz;LKw;Wk;. mtw;Ws;> mil
4
nghUs;nfhz;L Kw;WkhWfUq;Ftis vd;gJ. nghJr; rpwg;Gf; nfhz;L Kw;WkhW Nghy mikAk;.
Fd;wf; $if>
nfhy;ahid>
FspHkjp@
fUq;Fjpiu>
ngUq; FspH@
Fapd;nkhop>
kapypay;@
fgpyguzH>
iffhy;@
nghw;nwhb>
GidNfhij
vd;gd njhifepiyj; njhlHnkhopfs;.
nfhw;wid>
nfhw;wdhy;>
nfhw;ww;F>
nfhw;wdpy;>
nfhw;wdJ>
nfhw;wd;fz;@
XzDz;lhd;>
nfhw;whnfhs;>
cz;lrhj;jd;>
cz;Lte;jhd;>
cz;lhD}ud;>
g+zd;nghd;dd;.
5
mJnfhy; Nwhop fhkNehNa
edpNg ijNa eadpy; $w;wk;
te;Njd;te;Njd;
njhfhepiyj; njhlHnkhopfs;.
xUnrhy;Kd; xUnrhy; tUq;fhy; njhifepiy njhfhepiyahfpa,t;tpuz;ld; gFjpfSs; xd;Wgw;wpad;wp thuhnjdf;nfhs;f.
vl;L>
nfhl;L>
nfhz;%>
jhkiu>
Ntq;if>
FWQ;#yp>
Mid tzf;fp
Kad;Nkhtha;>
Kjpahs;$e;jy;>
rpwpahzq;if>
vOe;jpUe;jhd;>
thuh epd;whd;>
ciuj;jpl;lhd;
vd;Dk; njhlf;fj;jd.
Nkw;fz;l nrhw;fs; KiwNa> vs;isj;J> nfhs;isj;J>nfhs;is%> jhTfpd;wkiu> Ntfpd;wif> Fwpjhfpa #ypidAilats;> Midiatzf;Fthd;> KaypdJNkhtha;> KjpahsJ $e;jy;> rpwpahshfpa eq;if> vOe;Jgpd;,Ue;jhd;> te;Jgpd; epd;whd;> ciuj;J,l;lhd;> ,t;thW gynghUis czHj;jpdtha;epw;wyhy;nghJnkhopfs;MFk;.
ntw;gd;>nghUg;gd;> Fioad;> fupandd;ww; nwhlf;fj;jd gynghUSzHj;jpd vdpDk;>
6
mit njhlHnkhopfshfhJ gFgjkhFk;.
Nrid>Fohk;> njhW> gy> gyH> rpy> rpyH> te;jhH> te;jd vd;gdTk;nghUs; gyNtDk; nghUspiaghfpa xUnghUis czHj;jpajhd; xUnkhopahk;
,jw;F ,t;thwd;wp> xUnghUisj; jUtdxUnkhop@ gynghUisj; jUtd njhlHnkhop@
xU nghUsjhff;nfhs;sTk;gynghUsjhff; nfhs;sTk; tUtd nghJ nkhopnad;gJk; nghUj;jg;ghL cilajhFk;
mtd;> rhj;jd;>nfhw;wd;> epyk;> ePH@ - ngaHr;nrhy;
te;jhd;> nrd;whd;> te;jJ> epd;wJ- tpidr;nrhy;
jpy;> kd;@ - ,ilr;nrhy;
jQ;rk;> jt– cupr;nrhy;
jdpNaepd;W xUnghUs;je;j xUnkhopfs;
mtHfs;> gyH>rpyH>
mit> gy> rpy>
Nrid> Fohk;> njhW>
te;jd>Nghapd
- vd;gd jdpNaepd;W gynghUs;je;j njhlHnkhopfs;.
nghJnkhop: xU Nehf;fpy; xUnrhy;yha; epd;W xUnghUs; jUtjhfTk; kw;nwhU Nehf;fpy; gy nrhy;yha; epd;W gy nghUs; jUtjhfTk; miktJ nghJnkhop vdg;gLk;.
mtH> murH> te;jhH
- vd;gd xUtiu caHj;Jr;nrhy;ypatopxUnkhopahfTk; gyiuf; Fwpj;jtop njhlHnkhopaha; epw;wypd; jdpNaepd;w nghJnkhopfs;. Ntq;if Gyp – xU nkhop
Ntq;if – Ntk; + if ( NtFk; if) – njhlHnkhop Mifahy; Ntq;if njhlHnkhop jhkiu – xUnkhop jh + kiu – jhTfpd;w khd; - njhlHnkhop Mifahy; jhkiu nghJnkhop
7
Nrud; jpUkzf;Fl;Ltd;> Nrhod; fupfhw;ngUtsj;jhd;> ghz;bad; neLQ;nropad;.
- vd;gd njhlHnkhopaha; epd;W xUnghUs; je;j xUnkhop.
nfhw;wpkfd; cthg;gjpdhd;F> gjpndhd;W
- vd;gd njhlHnkhopaha;epd;W gynghUs;je;j njhlH nkhopj;njhlHnkhopfs;.
vl;L>nfhl;L> nfhz;%> Ntq;if
- vd;gd njhlHnkhopaha;epd;W gynghUs;je;jdTk; xU nkhopaha;epd;W xUnghUs;je;jdTkhf epd;wnjhlHnkhopg; nghJnkhopfs;.
gapw;rp tpdhf;fs;:
1; nrhy;ypd; nghJ ,yf;fzk; Fwpj;J vOJf.
xUnkhop njhlHnkhop nghJnkhop vd;wh
,U jpiz Ik;ghy; nghUisAk; jd;idAk;
%tif ,lj;Jk; tof;nfhL nra;Aspd;
ntspg;gil Fwpg;gpd; tpupg;gJ nrhy;Ny
xUnkhopAk; njhlHnkhopAk; nghJnkhopAk; vd;Dk; ,f;$w;wpdjhfp ,UjpiziaAk; mtw;wpd; $Wghl;lhd; tUk;nghUisAk; %d;wplj;jpDk; tof;fpd;fz;Zk;nra;Aspd;fz;Zk; ntspg;gilahDk; Fwpg;ghDk; tpsf;FtJ> nrhy;yhFk;.
2. njhlH nkhop vd;gjid Rl;b ciuf;f.
njhlHnkhop:
njhlHnkhop vdg;gLtJ njhlHe;jnkhop MFk;. njhlUjy; vd;gJ nkhopfs; jk;Ks; nghUs;Nehf;Filathjy;.nghUs;Nehf;Filathjy; vd;gJ njhifepiytifahDk; njhfhepiytifahDk; jk;Kl; nghUs; nfhz;LKw;wy;. mit vt;thW nghUs;nfhz;L Kw;Wk; vdpd;> mil> nghUs;nfhz;L Kw;Wk;@ nghJ>rpwg;Gf;nfhz;LKw;Wk;@ ngaH> tpidAk; ngaUk; tpdhTk; nfhz;L Kw;Wk;@njupepiyKw;Wk; Fwpg;GKw;Wk; nganur;rKk;> ngaHnfhz;LKw;Wk;@tpidnar;rk;> Kw;WtpidAk; nganur;rtpidAk; njhopw;ngaUk;>
8
rpWghd;iktpidnar;rKk; nfhz;L Kw;Wk;@ ,ilr;nrhy;Yk; cupr;nrhy;Yk; cUGfSk;>ngaUk; tpidAk; nfhz;LKw;Wk;. mtw;Ws;> mil nghUs;nfhz;L Kw;WkhWfUq;Ftis vd;gJ nghJr; rpwg;Gf; nfhz;L Kw;WkhW Nghy mikAk;.
Fd;wf; $if
3.nghJnkhop vd;gjid tpsf;Ff.
nghJnkhop: xU Nehf;fpy; xUnrhy;yha; epd;W xUnghUs; jUtjhfTk; kw;nwhU Nehf;fpy; gy nrhy;yha; epd;W gy nghUs; jUtjhfTk; miktJ nghJnkhop vdg;gLk;.
mtH> murH> te;jhH
vd;gd xUtiu caHj;Jr;nrhy;ypatopxUnkhopahfTk; gyiuf; Fwpj;jtop njhlHnkhopaha; epw;wypd; jdpNaepd;w nghJnkhopfs;.
Ntq;if Gyp – xU nkhop
Ntq;if – Ntk; + if ( NtFk; if) – njhlHnkhop Mifahy; Ntq;if njhlHnkhop jhkiu – xUnkhop
jh + kiu – jhTfpd;w khd; - njhlHnkhop Mifahy; jhkiu nghJnkhop
$W – 2
jpiz – ghy; - tof;Fr; nrhw;fspd; tif
jpiz - ghFghL
kf;fs; NjtH eufH caHjpiz
kw;W capH cs;sTk; ,y;yTk; m/wpiz
kf;fSk; NjtUk; eufUk; caHjpizahFk;@ mtiu xopj;Jepd;wCHtd jto;td> jj;Jtd> elg;gd> gwg;gd> epw;gdthd tpyq;F Mjp capUs;sdTk; ePH> tsp> jP> vd;ww; njhlf;fj;J capupy;ydTkhdfhl;rpKjw;nghUSk;> mZ> capH> Mfhak; vd;Dk;; njhlf;fj;Jf; fUj;JKjw;nghUSk;> NfhL> rpid> Njhy;> g+> nka;> tha>; fz;> %f;F> nrtp>Xir>ehw;wk>; xsp> Rit> Cw;Wj; njhlf;fj;Jf; fhl;rpr; rpidg;nghUSk;> czHjy;>fhz;ly;> nra;jy;> Ja;j;jy;> njhlf;fj;Jf; fUj;Jr;
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rpidg;nghUSkhfpavy;yhg;nghUSk; m/wpizahk; vd;ghH MWKf ehtyH
canud;gJ kpFjp@ jpiz vd;gJ nghUs;@ caHe;j jpiz caHjpiznad tpidj;njhif. caHjpizay;yhj jpiz m/wpiz. ,J gz;Gj;njhif. Mz;ghYk; ngz;ghYk; mlq;Fjw;F kf;fs>; NjtH> eufnudf; fjpNky;itj;J Xjpdhnud;f. Njtiu Kd;itahJ ,t;thW itj;j fhuzk; vd;idNah vdpd;> kf;fSs; gpwe;Nj jhdKk; jtKkpaw;wp thdKk; tPLk; va;jy; rpwg;gpdhd;> Kd;Nd kf;fisAk;> mt;thwy;yJ va;jw;F mUikr;rpwg;gpdhd; mtHgpd;Nd NjtiuAk;>jPtpidahy; tUjypd; ,opgpdhd; mtHgpd;Nd eufiuAk; itj;jhnud;f. ,d;Dk; khdplnkd;gJk;> QhapW> jpq;fs>; nrt;tha;> Gjd;> tpahod;> nts;sp> rdp> fjpH> kjpjpU vd;ww; njhlf;fj;J tha;ghl;lhd; tUk;ngaHfSk; m/wpizKbgpdthk; vd;ww;Fk; mt;thW itj;jhnudf;nfhs;f vd;gJk; MWKf ehtyH ciuahFk;.
kfd;te;jhd;> kfs;te;jhs;> kf;fs;te;jhH@
Njtd; te;jhd;>Njtpte;jhs;> NjtHte;jhH@
eufd;te;jhd;> eufpte;jhs;>eufHte;jhH - caHjpiz.
ahidte;jJ> ahidfs;te;jd@
kuk; tsHe;jJ>kuq;fs;tsHe;jd@ ePHte;jJ> neUg;ngOe;jJ - m/wpiz.–
caHjpiz – ghy; ghFghL
Mz; ngz; gyH vd Kg; ghw;W caHjpiz
Mz;ghYk; ngz;ghYk; gyHghYk; vd;W %d;W ghypid cilj;jhFk; caHjpiz.
MltH>fhisaH Kjypa Mz;gd;ikiaAk;> ngz;bH> kq;ifaH Kjypa ngz;gd;ikiaAk;> kf;fs; mtH Kjypa mt;tpUtH gd;ikiaAk; mlf;fpg; gyHghy; vd;whH . gpd; gytpd;ghy; vd;gJk; mJ.
[
m/wpiz ghy; ghFghL:
xd;Nw gy vd;W ,U ghw;W m/wpiz
10
xd;wd;ghYk; gytpd;ghYk; vd;W ,uz;L ghypid cilj;jhFk; m/wpiz .
m/wpiz As;Sk;> fspW> Nrty; vd;gd Kjypa Mz;ghYk>; gpb> Ngil Kjypa ngz;ghYk; cs vdpDk>; mt; Mz;ghYk; ngz;ghYk;> capH cs;sdtw;Ws;> GO>kuk; Kjypa rpytw;wpw;Fk; kl;;LNk cs;sd. capH ,y;yhjdTk; m/wpizapd;fz; mikAk; vd;gjdhYk; mtw;Ws; Mz;> ngz; gFg;G Kiw ,y;iy vd;gjdhYk; mg;gFg;G xopj;J vy;yhtw;wpw;Fk; nghUe;j xd;wd;ghy; vd;whH ed;D}yhH.
NgL:
ngz;ik tpl;L Mz; mthTt NgL Mz;ghy;
Mz;ik tpl;L my;yJ mthTt ngz;ghy;
,UikAk; m/wpiz md;dTk; MFk;
ngz;ik tpl;L Mz;jd;ik kpf;fpUe;jhy;NgL Mz;ghy; Mz; jd;ikia tpl;L ngz; jd;ik kpf;fpUe;jhy;NgLfs; caHjpiz ngz;ghyhFk; ,t;tpUtifg; NgLfSk; caHjpizahk; md;wp m/wpizia xg;gdTk; MFk; .
ngz;zth ahzpe;j Ngb azpahNsh
- fz;zthj; jf;f fyk;
- vdg; ngz; ,yf;fzk; rpwe;jikapdhNy ngz;ghy;gl;lJ.
Mz;ghy;gl;ljw;Fk;> m/wpizia xj;J epd;wjw;Fk; ,yf;fpak; te;jtopf; fhz;f vd;gH ciuahrpupaHfs;
glHf;ifr; nrhw;fs;:
glHf;if tpidKw;W ehkk; Fwpg;gpd;
ngwg;gLk; jpiz ghy; midj;Jk;;: Vid
,lj;J mtw;W xUikg; gd;ikg; ghNy
glHf;if tpidKw;Wr; nrhy;iyAk; glHf;ifg; ngaHr;nrhy;iyAk; Kd; Fwpj;jhy; ngwg;gLk; jpizghy; midj;Jk;;> mt; ,Utifr; nrhy;Yk; fUtpahf ,UjpizAk; Ik;ghYk; ngwg;gLk;.
Vid ,lj;J (tpidKw;W ehkk; Fwpg;gpd; ) mjhtJ xope;j jd;ik Kd;dpiyfspd; tpidKw;Wr; nrhy;iyAk; ngaHr;nrhy;iyAk; Kd; Fwpj;jhy;> mtw;W xUikg;ghy;
11
gd;ikg;ghy; ngwg;gLk;. gpd; me;ehy;tifr; nrhy;Yk; fUtpahf ,Ujpiz Ik;ghYs; xUikg;ghYk; gd;ikg;ghYk; ngwg;gLk;.
mtd; - Mz;ghy;
mts; - ngz;ghy;
mtH– gyHghy;
mJ– xd;wd; ghy;
mit – gytpd;ghy;
glHf;if tpidKw;Wfs:;- jpiz> ghy; czHj;jy;:
ele;jhd; -Mz;ghy;
ele;jhs;- ngz;ghy;
ele;jhH– gyHghy;
ele;jJ– xd;wd; ghy;
ele;jd – gytpd;ghy;
- glHf;if tpidKw;Wr; nrhy;Yk; glHf;ifg; ngaHr; nrhy;Yk;> Kd;G jk;ik
czHj;jpg; gpd;G ,Ujpiz Ik;ghy; nghUisAk; czHj;jpd.
jd;ik tpid Kw;Wr; nrhw;fs;:
ele;Njd; - xUik
ele;Njk; - gd;ik
jd;ikg; ngaHr;nrhy;
ahd; - xUik
ahk; - gd;ik
Kd;dpiy tpidKw;Wr; nrhy;:
12
ele;jha; - xUik
ele;jPH–gd;ik
Kd;dpiyg; ngaHr;nrhy;:
eP - xUik
ePH–gd;ik
- vd;gd Kd;Nd jk;ik czHj;jpg; gpd;G ,Ujpiz Ik;ghYs; xUikg;ghYk; gd;ikg;ghYk; czHj;jpd.
%tplq;fSs; xd;ww;Fupa tpidKw;Wk; ngaUk; jk;ikAk; nghUisAk; ,g;gb czHj;Jk;. vdNt ,t;tplq;fSf;Fg; nghJthfpa tpidKw;Wf;fSk; ngaHfSk; nghJik ePq;fp Xuplj;jpw;F cupathfpAk;>vr;rtpid KjypadTk; ,ilr;nrhy;Yk; cupr;nrhy;Yk; ngaHtpidfisr; rhHe;Jk;> ,g;gbNa jk;ikAk; nghUisAk; czHj;Jk; vd;gjid mwpf.
%tplk;:
jd;ik Kd;dpiy glHf;if %tplNd
%tplk; jd;ik Kd;dpiy glHf;if vd;gjhFk;.
ahd; - jd;ik
eP– Kd;dpiy
mtd; - glHf;if
te;Njd;- jd;ik
te;jha; - Kd;dpiy
te;jhd; - glHf;if
tof;F ,d;dJ vd;gJ:
,yf;fzk; cilaJ ,yf;fzg;Nghyp
k&c vd;W MFk; %tif ,ay;Gk;
,lf;fulf;fy; kq;fyk; F*cf;Fwp
vDk; Kj; jFjpNahL Mwhk; tof;fpay;
13
,yf;fzKilaJ ,yf;fzg;Nghyp k&c vd;Dk; %tif ,ay;G tof;NfhL,lf;fulf;fy;> kq;fyk>; F*cf;Fwp vDk; %d;W jFjp tof;Fk; NrHj;J tof;fpay; Mwhk;.
,ay;G tof;F:
,yf;fzk; cilaJ vd;gJ ,yf;fznewpahy; tUtJ.. ,yf;fzg;Nghyp vd;gJ ,yf;fzk; ,y;iyahapDk;> ,yf;fzk; cilaJ Nghy; njhd;Wnjhl;L toq;fg;gl;L tUtJ. k&c vd;gJ njhd;Wnjhl;L tUjy; ,d;wp ,ilapNy rpy vOj;Jf; nfl;Lk; rpy vOj;Jj; jpupe;Jk;> rpy vOj;Jj; Njhd;wpAk;> ,yf;fzj;jpy; rpije;J jhNd kUtp toq;FtJ. ,k;%d;Wk;> vg;nghUl;F vr;nrhy; mike;jNjh mg;nghUis mr;nrhy;yhy; $Wjyhy; ,ay;G tof;F vdg;gl;ld.
,yf;fzk; cilaJ:
epyk;> ePH> jP> fhw;W> thdk; - ,yf;fzk; cilad
,yf;fzg;Nghyp:
,y;Kd; - Kd;wpy;
efHg;Gwk; - GwefH
GwTyh - cyhg;Gwk;
Nfhtpy; - Nfhapy;
nghJtpy; - nghjpapy; - ,yf;fzg; Nghyp
k&c.:
mUkUe;jd;dgps;is -mUke;j gps;is
kiyakhdhL - kyhL
NrhoehL - NrhzhL
ghz;badhL - ghz;behL;
kutb - kuhb
Fsthk;gy; - Fshk;gy;; - k&c.
14
jFjp tof;F:
,lf;fulf;fy; vd;gJ> ed;kf;fsplj;Nj nrhy;yj; jfhj nrhy;iy> mt;tha;ghL kiwj;Jg; gpw tha;ghl;lhw; nrhy;tJ.
kyk; foP, tUJk; vd;gijf; fhy;foP, tUJk; vdy;
gP vd;gjid gfutP vd;Wk; gt;tP vd;Wk; $wy;
kq;fyk; vd;gJ kq;fyk; ,y;yhjij xopj;J kq;fykhfr; nrhy;tJ
nrj;jhiuj; JQ;rpdhH vdy;
Xiyiaj; jpUKfk; vdy;
,Lfhl;il ed;fhL vdy;.
F*cf;Fwp vd;gJ> xt;nthU $l;lj;jhH ahjhapDk; xU fhuzk;gw;wp xU nghUspdJ nrhw;Fwpia xopj;J NtnwhU nrhw;Fwpahy; nrhy;tJ.
nghw;nfhy;yH nghd;idg; gwp vdy;
NtlH fs;is> nrhy; tpsk;gp vdy;
ahidg; ghfH Miliaf; fiu vdy;
Nkw;fz;l %d;Wk;> mg;;nghUis mwpjw;F mike;j nrhy;yhy; nrhy;tJ jFjpad;W> NtW xU nrhy;yhy; nrhy;tJ jFjp vd;W epidj;Jf; $Wjyhy;> jFjp tof;F vdg;gl;ld.
nra;As; ,d;dJ vd;gJ:
gy;tifj; jhJtpd;capHf;F cly; Nghy;gy
nrhy;yhy; nghUl;F,ld; Mf czHtpdpd;
ty;NyhH mzpngwr; nra;td nra;As;.
Njhy;> ,uj;jk;> ,iwr;rp> Nkij> vYk;G> kr;ir> RNtjePH vd;Dk; vOtifj; jhJf;fspdhy; capHf;F ,lkhf ,aw;wg;gl;l clk;G Nghy>,aw;nrhy;> jpupnrhy;> jpirr; nrhy;> tlnrhy; vd;Dk; ehy;tifr; nrhw;fshy; nghUSf;F ,lkhf> fy;tpmwptpdhy; nra;As; nra;a ty;ytH myq;fhuk; ngwr;nra;td nra;AshFk; .
vOj;jhy; MdJ nrhy; vdNt> vOj;J> nrhy;>nghUs;> mzp ehd;fpdhYk; cz;lhtJ nra;As; vd;gjhapw;W.
15
"tUq;Fd;w nkhd;Wupj; Njhd;wpy;iy ak;gy td;kyaj;
jpUq;Fd;w thz upsq;nfhb Naapl nua;j nyk;%Hg;
gUq;Fd;w khspif Ez;fs gj;njhsp gha Ek;%Hf;
fUq;Fd;wk; ntz;zpwf; fQ;Rf Nka;f;Fq; fdq;FioNa.
,f; fl;lisf; fypj;Jiw> ,lk; mzpj;njd;Dk; nghUSf;F ,lkhfpj;> jd;ik ctik cUtf mzpfSk; gpwTk; cilj;jha; te;jJ.
mfu Kjy vOj;njy;yhk; Mjp
gftd; Kjw;Nw cyF
,f; Fws; ntz;gh flTs; tho;j;J vd;Dk; nghUSf;F ,lkhfp vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctik mzpAk; eaKk; cilajha; mike;jJ.
ntspg;gil> Fwpg;G:
xd;nwhop nghJr;nrhy; tpfhuk; jFjp
MFngaH md;nkhop tpidf;Fwpg;Ng
Kjy; njhif Fwpg;NghL ,d;d gpwTk;
Fwpg;gpy;; jUnkhop my;yd ntspg;gil
,Ujpiz Mz;ngz;Zs; xd;wid xopf;Fk; nghJr; nrhy;Yk;>typj;jy; Kjyhfpa xd;gJ tpfhur;nrhy;Yk;>%tifj; jFjp tof;Fr;nrhy;Yk;>MFngaHr;nrhy;Yk>; md;nkhopj;njhifr; nrhy;Yk;> tpidf;Fwpg;Gr; nrhy;Yk;> Kjw;Fwpg;Gr;nrhy;Yk>; njhiff;Fwpg;Gr; nrhy;Yk; >,k;Kjy; njhif my;yhj gy topahYk; tUk; Fwpg;Gr;nrhy;Yk; ,it Nghy;td gpwTk; Fwpg;gpdhy; ,UjpizIk;ghy; nghUs;fisj;jUk; nrhw;fshk;. ,it my;yd vy;yhk; ntspg;gilahy; mg;nghUs;fisj; jUk; nrhw;fshk;. mit KiwNa epyk;> ePH> jP> fhw;W vd;gd Nghd;W ntspg;gilahf tUk;.
Mapuk; kf;fs; nghUjhH - kf;fs; vd;Dk; nghJg;ngaUk;>nghUjhH vd;Dk; nghJtpidAk; caHjpizg; ngz;ghiy xopj;J> Mz;ghiyf; Fwpg;ghy; czHj;jpd.
FWj;jhl;g+jk;> kiukyH- ,t;tpfhur; nrhw;fs;> FWe;jhs;> jhkiu vd;gdtw;iwf; Fwpg;ghy; czHj;jpd.
16
fhy;foP, tUJk;> jpUKfk;> gwp - ,j;jFjp tof;Fr; nrhw;fs;> kyq;fOtp tUJk;> Xiy> nghd; vd;gdtw;iwf; Fwpg;ghy; czHj;jpd.
Gspjpd;whd;>fLj;jpd;whd;- ,t;thFngaHfs;> mtw;wpd; goj;ijf; Fwpg;ghy; czHj;jpd.
nghw;nwhb je;jGidkly;> mww; $e;jw;fpy;iy mUs;- ,t; md;nkhopj; njhiffs;> mtw;iwAila kfspiuf; Fwpg;ghy; czHj;jpd.
,td; ,g;NghJ nghd;dd; - nghd;dd; vd;gJ ngaHg;nghUis xopj;J> tpidf;Fwpg;Gg; nghUisf; Fwpg;ghy; czHj;jpw;W.
mwj;jh wpJntd nts;isf; fpopG -,k;Kjw;Fwpg;Gr; nrhw;fs; .'mwj;jh wpJntd Ntz;lh rptpif nghWj;jhNdh ^He;jh dpil vd;Dk; ghl;ilf; Fwpg;ghy; czHj;jpd.
myq;Fisg; Gutp iatnuhL rpid, - ItH vd;Dk; njhiff; Fwpg;Gr;nrhy; ghz;ltiuf; Fwpg;ghy; czHj;jpw;W.
fw;fwpj;J ed;fl;lha;>
ePaPH ngupJkwpjpH
ghah Ntq;if
ctHf;fl yd;d nry;tU KsNu fpzw;W}w; wd;d ePAkhUisNa
gy;rhd;wPNu gy;rhd;wPNu fad;Ks; sd;d eiu KjpH jpiufTl; gadpd; %g;gpw; gy;rhd; wPNu
- ,it Kjyhdit vy;yhk; gy topahYk; tUk; Fwpg;Gr;nrhw;fs;.
,d;d gpwTk; vd;wjdhy;> njupepiytpid> Fwpg;G tpidahyizAk; ngaHfSk;> njupepiy tpidKw;whYk; Fwpg;G tpid Kw;whYk; tUk; vr;rq;fSk;> nra;Ak; vd;Dk; Kw;Wk;> Nfl;Fe Nghy Kjypathf m/wpiz ,lj;Jr; nrhy;yg;gLtdTk;> Mfpa ,it Kjyhdit Fwpg;ghy; nghUs; czHj;Jk; vdf;nfhs;f.
nrhw;ghFghL :
mJNt>
,aw;nrhy; jpupnrhy; ,ay;gpd; ngaHtpid
17
vd ,uz;lhFk:; ,ilcup mLj;J
ehd;Fkhk;:jpirtlnrhy; mZfhtop
Nkw;fhl;ba nrhy; ,aw;nrhy;Yk; jpupnrhy;Yk; vd;Dk; jd;ikiaAila ngaHr;nrhy;Yk; tpidr;nrhy;Yk; vd;W ,uz;lhFk;. ,tw;Wld; ,ilr; nrhy;Yk; cupr;nrhy;Yk; mLj;J ehd;FkhFk.;,tw;Wld; jpirr;nrhy;Yk; tlnrhy;Yk; Nruh ,lj;J.
vdNt> mJNt vdf; Fwpj;J nrhy;> ngaH ,aw;nrhy;> ngaHj; jpupnrhy;>tpid ,aw;nrhy;> tpidj; jpupnrhy;> ,il ,aw;nrhy;> ,ilj; jpupnrhy>; cup ,aw;nrhy;> cupj; jpupnrhy; vd vz;tifg;gLk; vd;gJk;> jpirr;nrhy;Yk; tlnrhy;Yk; NrHe;j ,lj;Jg; gj;Jtifg;gLk; vd;gJk; ngwg;gLk;.
,aw;nrhy;:
nre;jkpo; Mfpj; jpupahJ ahHf;Fk;
jk;nghUs; tpsf;Fk; jd;ika ,aw;nrhy;
nre;jkpo; epyj;J nkhopahfp> jpupnrhy;Nghy; MfhJ fw;NwhUf;Fk; fy;yhNjhUf;Fk; xg;gj; jk;nghUis tpsf;Fk; jd;ikia cila cyftof;Nf ,aw;nrhy;yhFk; .
,aw;nrhy; - ,ay;ghy; nghUs; czUk; nrhy;.
kz;> nghd; - ngaH ,aw;nrhy;.
ele;jhd; > te;jhd; - tpid ,aw;nrhy;.
mtid> mtdhy; - I My; vd;gd ,il ,aw;nrhy;.
moF > md;G - cup ,aw;nrhy;.
nre;jkpo; ehlhtJ ghz;b tsehL@ jkpo; Kdptuhfpa mfj;jpaUf;Fk; jkpio tsHj;j ghz;baHfSf;Fk;> rq;fg; GytHfSf;Fk; ciwtplk; mJthjyhy; vd;wwpf.
jpupnrhy;:
xU nghUs; Fwpj;j gy nrhy;yhfpAk;
gy nghUs; Fwpj;j xU nrhy;yhfpAk;;
mupJzH nghUsd jpupnrhy; MFk;
18
xU nghUisf; fUjpa gynrhw;fshAk>; gynghUs;fisf; fUjpa xU nrhy;yhfpAk;> mupjhff; fw;NwhH mwpAk; nghUsdtha; tUtd jpupnrhy;yhFk;.
mupJzH nghUsd vd;wjdhy;> xU nghUs; Fwpj;j gy nrhw;fs; cs;Sk;> gynghUs; Fwpj;j xU nrhw;fs; cs;Sk;> ,aw;nrhy; xopaf; nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;.
jpupnrhy;>>,aw;nrhy;ypd; NtWgl;l nrhy;> jpupjy;- NtWgLjy;> NtWgLjy; vd;wJ ,aw;nrhy;Nghy ,ay;ghy; czug;glhJ mupjpd; czug;gLjiy.
fps;is> Rfk;> jj;ij - fpsp vd;Dk; xU nghUs; Fwpj;j gyngaHj; jpupnrhy;.
thuzk; - ahidAk;>NfhopAk;>rq;Fk; Kjyhfpa gy nghUs; Fwpj;j xU ngaHj; jpupnrhy;
glHe;jhd;>nrd;whd; vd;gd Nghapdhd; vd;Dk; xUnghUs; Fwpj;j gy tpidj; jpupnrhy;. tiue;jhd;> vd;gJ ePf;fpdhd;> nfhz;lhd; vd;Dk; gy nghUs; Fwpj;j xU tpidj; jpupnrhy;.
NrWk;> tUJk; - Wk;> Jk; vd;Dk; tpFjpfs;> jd;ikg; gd;ik vjpH fhyk; vd;Dk; xU nghUs; Fwpj;j gy ,ilj; jpupnrhy;>
nfhy; - IaKk; mirepiyAkhfpa gynghUs; Fwpj;j XH ,ilj; jpupnrhy;.
rhy cW> jt> edp> $H> fop - kpFjp vd;Dk; xU nghUs; Fwpj;j gy cupj; jpupnrhy;
fb - fhg;G> $Hik> mr;rk;> fupg;G> tpsf;fk;> rpwg;G>kzk; Kjypa gynghUs; Fwpj;j XH cupj;jpup nrhy;
jpirr;nrhy;:
nre;jkpo; epyk;NrH gd;dpU epyj;jpDk;
xd;gjpw;W ,uz;by; jkpnohop epyj;jpDk;
jk; Fwpg;gpdNt jpirr;nrhy; vd;g
nre;jkpo; epyj;ijr; NrHe;j gd;dpuz;L nfhLe;jkpo; epyq;fspYk;>gjpndz; nkhopfSs;Ns jkpo;epyk; ePq;fyhf Vida epyq;fspYk; cs;NshH>jk;Fwpg;gpdtha; mj;jpirfspdpd;Wk;
19
nre;jkpo; epyj;J te;J toq;Ftd jpirr;nrhy; vd;W nrhy;YtH GytH.
nfhLe;jkpo;ehL gd;dpuz;ilAk;
njd;ghz;b Fl;lq; Flq;fw;fh Ntz;g+op
gd;wp aUth tjd;tlf;F - ed;wha
rPj kyhL GddhL nre;jkpo;NrH
Vjkpy; gd;dpUehl; nlz;.
vd;Dk; ntz;ghthy; mwpayhk;. Gdy; ehnld;gJ NrhoehlhFk;.
,tw;Ws;> nre;jkpo;g; ghz;behl;Lf;Fj; njd;jpirapYs;s njd;ghz;behl;lhH Mtpidg; ngw;wk; vd;Wk; Nrhw;iwr; nrhd;wp vd;Wk;>
Fl;l ehl;lhH jhiaj; js;is vd;Wk;>
Fl ehl;lhH je;ijia mr;rd; vd;Wk;>
fw;fhehl;lhH tQ;riuf; ifaH vd;Wk>;
Ntzhl;lhH Njhl;lj;ijf; fpohH vd;Wk;>
g+opehl;lhH rpWFsj;ijg; ghop vd;Wk>;
mUth ehl;lhH nra;iar; nrW vd;Wk;> rpWFsj;ijf; Nfzp vd;Wk>;
mUth tljiyahH Gspia vfpd; vd;Wk>;
rPjehl;lhH Njhoid vYtd; vd;Wk;> Njhopia ,Fis vd;Wk; toq;FtH .
,dpj; jkpo;epyj;ijr; #o;e;j gjpNdo; epyj;ijAk;>
"rpq;fsQ; NrhdfQ; rhtfQ; rPde; JSf;Flfq;
nfhq;fzq; fd;dlq; nfhy;ye; njYq;fq; fypq;fk; tq;fq;
fq;f kfjq; flhuq; fTlq; fLq;Frye;
jq;Fk; Gfo;j;jkpo; #o;gjp Ndo;Gtp jhkpitNa
vd;gjdhy; mwpayhk;.
20
me;Njh vd;gJ rpq;fsr; nrhy;.
vUj;ijg; ghz;by; vd;gJ njYq;Fr; nrhy;
khkuj;ijf; nfhf;F vd;gJ JStr;nrhy;.
tlnrhy;:
nghJ vOj;jhDk;; rpwg;G vOj;jhDk;
<H vOj;jhDk; ,iatd tlnrhy;
Mupaj;jpw;Fk; jkpopw;Fk; nghJntOj;jhYk; Mupaj;jpw;Nf cupa rpwg;G vOj;Jj; jpupe;j vOj;jhYk; ,t; ,uz;L vOj;jpdhYk;>nre;jkpo;r; nrhy;iy xg;gdthfp tljpirapy; ,Ue;J nre;jkpo; epyj;J te;J toq;Ftd tl nrhy;yhFk;.
mkyk>; fkyk;> NkU> fhuzk;> fhupak; - nghJ vOj;jhy; mike;jd.
Rfp> Nghfp> Rj;jp - rpwg;ngOj;jhy; te;jd.
mud;> mup>fbdk;> ryk; - <nuOj;jhYk; ,iae;jd.
gapw;rp tpdhf;fs;:
1; jpizg;ghFghL Fwpj;J vOJf.
kf;fs; NjtH eufH caHjpiz
kw;W capH cs;sTk; ,y;yTk; m/wpiz
kf;fSk; NjtUk; eufUk; caHjpizahFk;@ mtiu xopj;Jepd;wCHtd jto;td jj;Jtd elg;gd gwg;gd epw;gdthd tpyq;fhjp capUs;sdTk; ePH tsp jP vd;ww;nwhlf;fj;J capupy;ydTkhdfhl;rpKjw;nghUSk;> mZ> capH> Mfhankd;Dk;; njhlf;fj;Jf; fUj;JKjw;nghUSk;> NfhL rpid Njhy; g+ nka; tha; fz; %f;Fr; nrtp Xirehw;wk; xsp Rit Cw;Wj; njhlf;fj;Jf; fhl;rpr; rpidg;nghUSk;> czHjy; fhz;ly; nra;jy; Ja;j;jw; njhlf;fj;Jf; fUj;Jr; rpidg;nghUSkhfpavy;yhg;nghUSk; m/wpizahk;vd;ghH MWKf ehtyH
21
2.glHf;ifr; nrhw;fisr; Rl;bAiuf;f.
glHf;ifr; nrhw;fs;:
glHf;if tpidKw;W ehkk; Fwpg;gpd;
ngwg;gLk; jpiz ghy; midj;Jk;;: Vid
,lj;J mtw;W xUikg; gd;ikg; ghNy
glHf;if tpidKw;Wr; nrhy;iyAk; glHf;ifg; ngaHr;nrhy;iyAk; Kd; Fwpj;jhy; ngwg;gLk; jpizghy; midj;Jk;;> mt; ,Utifr; nrhy;Yk; fUtpahf ,UjpizAk; Ik;ghYk; ngwg;gLk;.
Vid ,lj;J (tpidKw;W ehkk; Fwpg;gpd; ) mjhtJ xope;j jd;ik Kd;dpiyfspd; tpidKw;Wr; nrhy;iyAk; ngaHr;nrhy;iyAk; Kd; Fwpj;jhy; > mtw;W xUikg;ghy; gd;ikg;ghy;ngwg;gLk;. gpd; me;ehy;tifr; nrhy;Yk; fUtpahf ,Ujpiz Ik;ghYs; xUikg;ghYk; gd;ikg;ghYk; ngwg;gLk;.
mtd; - Mz;ghy;
mts; - ngz;ghy;
mtH– gyHghy;
mJ– xd;wd; ghy;
mit – gytpd;ghy;
glHf;if tpid Kw;Wfs:;- jpiz> ghy; czHj;jy;.
ele;jhd; -Mz;ghy;
ele;jhs;- ngz;ghy;
ele;jhH– gyHghy;
ele;jJ– xd;wd; ghy;
ele;jd – gytpd;ghy;
- glHf;if tpidKw;Wr; nrhy;Yk; glHf;ifg; ngaHr; nrhy;Yk;> Kd;G jk;ik
czHj;jpg; gpd;G ,Ujpiz Ik;ghy; nghUisAk; czHj;jpd.
22
3.tof;F vd;gJ Fwpj;J tpsf;Ff.
tof;F:
,yf;fzk; cilaJ ,yf;fzg;Nghyp
k&c vd;W MFk; %tif ,ay;Gk;
,lf;fulf;fy; kq;fyk; F*cf;Fwp
vd;Dk; Kj; jFjpNahL Mwhk; tof;fpay;
,yf;fzKilaJ ,yf;fzg;Nghyp k&c vd;Dk; %tif ,ay;G tof;NfhL ,lf;fulf;fy;> kq;fyk>; F*cf;Fwp vDk; %d;W jFjp tof;Fk; NrHj;J tof;fpay; Mwhk;.
,ay;G tof;F
,yf;fzk; cilaJ vd;gJ ,yf;fznewpahy; tUtJ.,yf;fzg;Nghyp vd;gJ ,yf;fzk; ,y;iyahapDk;> ,yf;fzk; cilaJ Nghy; njhd;Wnjhl;L toq;fg;gl;L tUtJ. k&c vd;gJ njhd;Wnjhl;L tUjy; ,d;wp ,ilapNy rpy vOj;Jf; nfl;Lk; rpy vOj;Jj; jpupe;Jk;> rpy vOj;Jj; Njhd;wpAk;> ,yf;fzj;jpy; rpije;J jhNd kUtp toq;FtJ. ,k;%d;Wk;> vg;nghUl;F vr;nrhy; mike;jNjh mg;nghUis mr;nrhy;yhy; $Wjyhy; ,ay;G tof;F vdg;gl;ld.
,yf;fzk; cilaJ:
epyk;> ePH jP> fhw;W> thdk; - ,yf;fzk; cilad
,yf;fzg;Nghyp:
,y;Kd; - Kd;wpy;
efHg;Gwk; - GwefH
GwTyh - cyhg;Gwk;
Nfhtpy; - Nfhapy;
nghJtpy;- nghjpapy; - ,yf;fzg; Nghyp
k&c.:
mUkUe;jd;dgps;is -mUke;j gps;is
kiyakhdhL - kyhL NrhoehL- - NrhzhL
23
ghz;badhL - ghz;behL;
kutb - kuhb
Fsthk;gy; - Fshk;gy;; - k&c.
jFjp tof;F:
,lf;fulf;fy; vd;gJ> ed;kf;fsplj;Nj nrhy;yj; jfhj nrhy;iy > mt;tha;ghL kiwj;Jg; gpw tha;ghl;lhw; nrhy;tJ
kyk; foP, tUJk; vd;gijf; fhy;foP, tUJk; vdy;
gP vd;gjid gfutP vd;Wk; gt;tP vd;Wk; $wy;
kq;fyk; vd;gJ kq;fyk; ,y;yhjij xopj;J kq;fykhfr; nrhy;tJ
nrj;jhiuj; JQ;rpdhH vdy;
Xiyiaj; jpUKfk; vdy;
,Lfhl;il ed;fhL vdy;.
F*cf;Fwp vd;gJ> xt;nthU $l;lj;jhH ahjhapDk; xU fhuzk;gw;wp xU nghUspdJ nrhw;Fwpia xopj;J NtnwhU nrhw;Fwpahy; nrhy;tJ .
nghw;nfhy;yH nghd;idg; gwp vdy;
NtlH fs;is nrhy; tpsk;gp vdy;
ahidg; ghfH Miliaf; fiu vdy;
Nkw;fz;l %d;Wk;> mg;;nghUis mwpjw;F mike;j nrhy;yhy; nrhy;tJ jFjpad;W> NtW xU nrhy;yhy; nrhy;tJ jFjp vd;W epidj;Jf; $Wjyhy;> jFjp tof;F vdg;gl;ld.
4.nra;Aspd; ,yf;fzj;ijj; jUf.
nra;Aspd; ,yf;fzk;:
gy;tifj; jhJtpd;capHf;F cly; Nghy;gy
nrhy;yhy; nghUl;F,ld; Mf czHtpdpd;
24
ty;NyhH mzpngwr; nra;td nra;As;.
Njhy;> ,uj;jk;> ,iwr;rp> Nkij> vYk;G> kr;ir> RNtjePH vd;Dk; vOtifj; jhJf;fspdhy; capHf;F ,lkhf ,aw;wg;gl;l clk;G Nghy>,aw;nrhy;> jpupnrhy;> jpirr; nrhy;> tlnrhy; vd;Dk; ehy;tifr; nrhw;fshy; nghUSf;F ,lkhf> fy;tpmwptpdhy; nra;As; nra;a ty;ytH myq;fhuk; ngwr;nra;td nra;AshFk;.
vOj;jhy; MdJ nrhy; vdNt> vOj;J> nrhy;>nghUs;> mzp ehd;fpdhYk; cz;lhtJ nra;As; vd;gjhapw;W.
"tUq;Fd;w nkhd;Wupj; Njhd;wpy;iy ak;gy td;kyaj;
jpUq;Fd;w thz upsq;nfhb Naapl nua;j nyk;%Hg;
gUq;Fd;w khspif Ez;fs gj;njhsp gha Ek;%Hf;
fUq;Fd;wk; ntz;zpwf; fQ;Rf Nka;f;Fq; fdq;FioNa.
,f; fl;lisf; fypj;Jiw> ,lk; mzpj;njd;Dk; nghUSf;F ,lkhfpj;> jd;ik ctik cUtf mzpfSk; gpwTk; cilj;jha; >te;jJ.
mfu Kjy vOj;njy;yhk; Mjp
gftd; Kjw;Nw cyF
,f; Fws; ntz;gh flTs; tho;j;J vd;Dk; nghUSf;F ,lkhfp vLj;Jf;fhl;L ctik mzpAk; eaKk; cilajha; mike;jJ.
5.xd;nwhop nghJr;nrhy; tpsf;fpAiuf;f.
,Ujpiz Mz;ngz;Zs; xd;wid xopf;Fk; nghJr; nrhy; xd;nwhop nghJr;nrhy; vdg;gLk;.
Mapuk; kf;fs; nghUjhH - kf;fs; vd;Dk; nghJg;ngaUk;>nghUjhH vd;Dk; nghJtpidAk; caHjpizg; ngz;ghiy xopj;J> Mz;ghiyf; Fwpg;ghy; czHj;jpd
6.nrhy;ypd; ghFghLfis tptup.
nrhw;ghFghL :
mJNt>
,aw;nrhy; jpupnrhy; ,ay;gpd; ngaHtpid
vd ,uz;lhFk:; ,ilcup mLj;J
25
ehd;Fkhk;: jpirtlnrhy; mZfhtop
Nkw;fhl;ba nrhy; ,aw;nrhy;Yk; jpupnrhy;Yk; vd;Dk; jd;ikiaAila ngaHr;nrhy;Yk; tpidr;nrhy;Yk; vd;W ,uz;lhFk;. ,tw;Wld; ,ilr; nrhy;Yk; cupr;nrhy;Yk; mLj;J ehd;FkhFk.;,tw;Wld; jpirr;nrhy;Yk; tlnrhy;Yk; Nruh ,lj;J.
vdNt> mJNt vdf; Fwpj;J nrhy;> ngaH ,aw;nrhy;> ngaHj; jpupnrhy;>tpid ,aw;nrhy;> tpidj; jpupnrhy;> ,il ,aw;nrhy;> ,ilj; jpupnrhy>; cup ,aw;nrhy;> cupj; jpupnrhy; vd vz;tifg;gLk; vd;gJk;> jpirr;nrhy;Yk; tlnrhy;Yk; NrHe;j ,lj;Jg; gj;Jtifg;gLk; vd;gJk; ngwg;gLk;..
,aw;nrhy;:
nre;jkpo; Mfpj; jpupahJ ahHf;Fk;
jk;nghUs; tpsf;Fk; jd;ika ,aw;nrhy;
nre;jkpo; epyj;J nkhopahfp> jpupnrhy;Nghy; MfhJ fw;NwhUf;Fk; fy;yhNjhUf;Fk; xg;gj; jk;nghUis tpsf;Fk; jd;ikia cila cyftof;Nf ,aw;nrhy;yhFk; .
,aw;nrhy; - ,ay;ghy; nghUs; czUk; nrhy;.
kz;> nghd; - ngaH ,aw;nrhy;.
ele;jhd;> te;jhd; - tpid ,aw;nrhy;.
mtid> mtdhy; - I My; vd;gd ,il ,aw;nrhy;.
moF> md;G - cup ,aw;nrhy;.
nre;jkpo; ehlhtJ ghz;b tsehL@ jkpo; Kdptuhfpa mfj;jpaUf;Fk; jkpio tsHj;j ghz;baHfSf;Fk;> rq;fg; GytHfSf;Fk; ciwtplk; mJthjyhy; vd;wwpf
jpupnrhy;:.
xU nghUs; Fwpj;j gy nrhy;yhfpAk;
gy nghUs; Fwpj;j xU nrhy;yhfpAk;;
mupJJzH nghUsd jpupnrhy; MFk;
xU nghUisf; fUjpa gynrhw;fshAk>; gynghUs;fisf; fUjpa xU nrhy;yhfpAk;> mupjhff; fw;NwhH mwpAk; nghUsdtha; tUtd jpupnrhy;yhFk;.
26
mupJzH nghUsd vd;wjdhy;> xU nghUs; Fwpj;j gy nrhw;fs; cs;Sk;> gynghUs; Fwpj;j xU nrhw;fs; cs;Sk;> ,aw;nrhy; xopaf; nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;.
jpupnrhy;>>,aw;nrhy;ypd; NtWgl;l nrhy;> jpupjy; - NtWgLjy;> NtWgLjy; vd;wJ ,aw;nrhy;Nghy ,ay;ghy; czug;glhJ mupjpd; czug;gLjiy.
'fps;is> Rfk;> jj;ij - fpsp vd;Dk; xU nghUs; Fwpj;j gyngaHj; jpupnrhy;.
thuzk; - ahidAk;>NfhopAk;>rq;Fk; Kjyhfpa gy nghUs; Fwpj;j xU ngaHj; jpupnrhy;
glHe;jhd;>nrd;whd; vd;gd Nghapdhd; vd;Dk; xUnghUs; Fwpj;j gy tpidj; jpupnrhy;> tiue;jhd; vd;gJ ePf;fpdhd;> nfhz;lhd; vd;Dk; gy nghUs; Fwpj;j xU tpidj; jpupnrhy;.
NrWk;> tUJk; - Wk;> Jk; vd;Dk; tpFjpfs;> jd;ikg; gd;ik vjpH fhyk; vd;Dk; xU nghUs; Fwpj;j gy ,ilj; jpupnrhy;>
nfhy; - IaKk; mirepiyAkhfpa gynghUs; Fwpj;j xH ,ilj; jpupnrhy;.
rhy cW> jt> edp> $H> fop - kpFjp vd;Dk; xU nghUs; Fwpj;j gy cupj; jpupnrhy;
fb - fhg;G> $Hik> mr;rk;> fupg;G> tpsf;fk;> rpwg;G>kzk; Kjypa gynghUs; Fwpj;j XH cupj;jpup nrhy;.
jpirr;nrhy;:.
nre;jkpo; epyk;NrH gd;dpU epyj;jpDk;
xd;gjpw;W ,uz;by; jkpnohop epyj;jpDk;
jk; Fwpg;gpdNt jpirr;nrhy; vd;g
nre;jkpo; epyj;ijr; NrHe;j gd;dpuz;L nfhLe;jkpo; epyq;fspYk;>gjpndz; nkhopfSs;Ns jkpo;epyk; ePq;fyhf Vida epyq;fspYk; cs;NshH>jk;Fwpg;gpdtha; mj;jpirfspdpd;Wk; nre;jkpo; epyj;J te;J toq;Ftd jpirr;nrhy; vd;W nrhy;YtH GytH.
nfhLe;jkpo;ehL gd;dpuz;ilAk;
njd;ghz;b Fl;lq; Flq;fw;fh Ntz;g+op
27
gd;wp aUth tjd;tlf;F - ed;wha
rPj kyhL GddhL nre;jkpo;NrH
Vjkpy; gd;dpUehl; nlz;.
vd;Dk; ntz;ghthy; mwpayhk;.. Gdy; ehnld;gJ NrhoehlhFk;.
,tw;Ws;> nre;jkpo;g;ghz;behl;Lf;Fj; njd;jpirapYs;s njd;ghz;behl;lhH Mtpidg; ngw;wk; vd;Wk; Nrhw;iwr; nrhd;wp vd;Wk;>
Fl;l ehl;lhH jhiaj; js;is vd;Wk;>
Fl ehl;lhH je;ijia mr;rd; vd;Wk;>
fw;fhehl;lhH tQ;riuf; ifaH vd;Wk>;
Ntzhl;lhH Njhl;lj;ijf; fpohH vd;Wk;>
g+opehl;lhH rpWFsj;ijg; ghop vd;Wk>;
mUth ehl;lhH nra;iar; nrW vd;Wk;> rpWFsj;ijf; Nfzp vd;Wk>;
mUth tljiyahH Gspia vfpd; vd;Wk>;
rPjehl;lhH Njhoid vYtd; vd;Wk;> Njhopia ,Fis vd;Wk; toq;FtH.
,dpj; jkpo;epyj;ijr; #o;e;j gjpNdo; epyj;ijAk;>
"rpq;fsQ; NrhdfQ; rhtfQ; rPde; JSf;Flfq;
nfhq;fzq; fd;dlq; nfhy;ye; njYq;fq; fypq;fk; tq;fq;
fq;f kfjq; flhuq; fTlq; fLq;Frye;
jq;Fk; Gfo;j;jkpo; #o;gjp Ndo;Gtp jhkpitNa
vd;gjdhy; mwpayhk;
me;Njh vd;gJ rpq;fsr; nrhy;.
vUj;ijg; ghz;by; vd;gJ njYq;Fr; nrhy;
khkuj;ijf; nfhf;F vd;gJ JStr;nrhy;.
tlnrhy;:
28
nghJ vOj;jhDk;; rpwg;G vOj;jhDk;
<H vOj;jhDk; ,iatd tlnrhy;
Mupaj;jpw;Fk; jkpopw;Fk; nghJntOj;jhYk; Mupaj;jpw;Nf cupa rpwg;G vOj;Jj; jpupe;j vOj;jhYk; ,t; ,uz;L vOj;jpdhYk;>nre;jkpo;r; nrhy;iy xg;gdthfp tljpirapy; ,Ue;J nre;jkpo; epyj;J te;J toq;Ftd tl nrhy;yhFk;.
mkyk>; fkyk;> NkU> fhuzk;> fhupak; - nghJ vOj;jhy; mike;jd.
Rfp> Nghfp> Rj;jp - rpwg;ngOj;jhy; te;jd.
mud;> mup>fbdk;> ryk; - <nuOj;jhYk; ,iae;jd.
$W: 3
ngaHr;nrhy; - nghJ ,yf;fzk; - tpsf;fk;
ngaHr;nrhy;:
,LFwp fhuzk; kuNghL Mf;fk;
njhlHe;J njhopyy fhyk; Njhw;wh
Ntw;Wikf;F ,ldha;jpizghy; ,lj;njhd;W
Vw;gJk; nghJTk; Mtd ngaNu
ngaH ,LFwpahfNth fhuzg;ngauhfNth kugpidAk; Mf;fg;ghl;bidAk; cilajha; tUk;. tpidahyizAk; ngaH ePq;fyhfg; gpw ngaHfs; fhyk;fhl;lhJ. vl;LNtw;WikAk; rhHjw;F ,lkhfp,U jpizapYk; Ik;ghypYk; %tplj;jpYk; xd;wid Vw;gdTk;> gytw;wpid Vw;gdTk; Mfp tUk;.
kuk>; tps> gid - ,LFwp kuG.
mtd;>mts;> tpyq;F> gwit - fhuzf;Fwp kuG.
nghd;NghYk; fs;spg; nghwpgwf;Fq; fhdypNy
vd;Ngij nry;yw; fpiae;jdNs - kpd;NghYk;
29
MdNtd; Kl;ilf;F khwha njt;tHNghq;
fhdNtd; Kl;ilf;Fq; fhL
vd;Dk; ngha;ahnkhopg; GytH ghl;by; Ntl;Ltf; Fkud; jd;ngaH Kl;il vd;wJ ,LFwpahf;fk; .
nghd;dd;> g+zd;>kiykfs; kfNd khw;NwhH $w;Nw vd;gd fhuzf; Fwpahf;fk;.
ele;jtid> ele;Njhid vd;gd tpidahyizAk; fhuzf;Fwp - fhyk; fhl;bd.
kuk;> gid Kjyhfpa ,LFwpg; ngaUk;> mtd>; mts; Kjyhfpa fhuzg; ngaUk;>mt; ,yf;fzq;fNshL Njhd;wpa nghUs;fSf;F vy;yhk; njhd;Wnjhl;L kuG gw;wp tUtd>Kl;il Kjyhfpa ,LFwpg;ngaUk>; nghd;dd; Kjyhfpa fhuzg; ngaUk;> kuG Nghyj; njhd;W njhl;L tUjy; ,d;wp eLtpNy xUtuhy; Mf;fg;gl;L tUtd MFk;.
caHjpiz – Mz;ghw;ngaHfs;:
caHjpizg;ngaH>Mz;ghw;ngaH> ngz;ghw;ngaH> gyHghw;ngaH vd;Dk; %d;W tifg;gLk;. mtw;Ws; ,e; E}w;gh Mz;ghw; ngaHfis czHj;jp epd;wJ.
mtw;Ws;>
fpis vz; F*c Kjy; gy; nghUs; jpiz Njk;
CH thd; mfk; Gwk; Kjy epyd; Mz;L
,UJ kjp ehs; Mjpf; fhyk;
Njhs; Foy; khHG fz; fhJ Kjy; cWg;G
msT mwpT xg;G tbT epwk; fjp
rhjp Fb rpwg;G Mjpg; gy;Fzk;
Xjy; <jy; Mjpg; gy;tpid
,it mil Rl;L tpdh gpw kw;NwhL
cw;w dt;<W ek;gp M^c
30
tpliy Nfh Nts; Fuprpy; Njhd;wy;
,d;dd Mz; ngaH MFk; vd;g>
NkNy Mz;ghw; ngaH vdf; Fwpf;fg;gl;ltw;Ws;fpis vz; FOc Kjy; gy;nghUNshL Ie;jpizAk; NjaKk; CUk; thDk; mfKk; GwKk; Kjypadthfpa ,lq;fNshLk;> tUlKk; gUtKk; khjKk; ehs;kPDk; Kjyhfpa fhyq;fNshLk;> GaKk; kapUk; khHGk; fz;Zk; fhJk; Kjyhfpa mtatq;fNshLk;> msTk; mwpTk; xg;Gk; tbTk; epwKk; ehw;fjpAk; rhjpAk; FbAk; rpwg;Gk; Kjyhfpa gyFzq;fNshLk; XJjYk; nfhLj;jYk; Kjyhfpa gynjhopy;fNshLk;> ,tw;iw mile;j Rl;Lk; tpdhTk; gpwTk; kw;Wk; Mfpa ehd;fNdhLk; nghUe;jpa dfunka; <w;Wg; ngaHfSk;>ek;gp> M^c> tpliy> Nfh> Nts>; Fuprpy>; Njhd;wy; Kjyhfr; nrhy;yg;gl;l ,g;ngaHfSk; ,it Nghy;td gpwTk;> caH jpiz Mz;ghy; ngaHfshFk;.
nghUshy; tUngaHfshtd :-
jkd;> ekd;> Ekd;> vkd; - fpisahy; tU ngaH.
xUtd; - vz;zhy; tUngaH.
mitaj;jhd;> mj;jpNfhrj;jhd; - F*cthy; tUngaH.
nghUsd;> nghd;dd;> Kbad; - Kjy; vd;wjdhy; tUngaH.
,lj;jhy; tU ngaHfshtd :-
ntw;gd;> nghUg;gd; - FwpQ;rpj; jpizahy; tUngaH.
kwtd;> vapdd; - ghiyj; jpizahy; tUngaH.
,ilad;> Mad; - Ky;iyj; jpizahy; tUngaH.
Cud;> kfpo;ed; - kUjj; jpizahy; tUngaH.
NrHg;gd;> Jiwtd; - nea;jy; jpizahy; tUngaH.
Nrhopad;> nfhq;fd; - Njaj;jhy; tUngaH.
fUt+uhd;> kJiuahd;- Cuhy; tUngaH.
thdj;jhd;> mfj;jhd;> Gwj;jhd; - thd; Kjypa %d;whYk; tUngaH.
kz;zfj;jhd;> ghjyj;jhd; - Kjy; vd;wjdhy; tUngaH.
31
fhyj;jhy; tUngaHfshtd :
%thl;ilahd; > gpugtd; - tUlj;jhy; tUngaH.
Ntdpyhd;> fhuhd; - gUtj;jhy; tUngaH.
ijahd;> khrpahd; - khjj;jhy; tUngaH.
Mjpiuahd;> Xzj;jhd; - ehs;kPdhy; tUngaH.
neUeyhd;> fhiyahd; - Mjp vd;wjdhy; tUngaH.
rpidahy; tUngaHfshtd :-
jpzpNjhsd;>nrq;FQ;rpad;> tiukhHgd>; nrq;fz;zd;>Fiof;fhjd; - Njhs;Kjypa Ie;J cWg;ghYk; tUngaH.
FWe;jhsd;> neLq;ifad; - Kjy; vd;wjdhy; tUngaH.
Fzj;jhy; tUngaHfshtd :-
ngupad;> rpwpad; - msthy; tUngaH.
mwpQd;> Gytd; - mwpthy; tUngaH.
nghd;ndhg;ghd;> kzpaidahd; - xg;ghy; tUngaH.
$dd;>Fwsd; - tbthy; tUngaH.
fupad;> nra;ad; - epwj;jhy; tUngaH.
khDld;>Njtd; - fjpahy; tUngaH.
me;jzd;> Ntshsd; - rhjpahy; tUngaH.
Nrud;> Nrhod;> ghz;bad; - Fbahy; tUngaH.
Mrpupad;>gilj;jiytd; - rpwg;ghy; tUngaH.
ey;yd>; jPad; - Mjpnad;wjdhy; tUngaH.
njhopyhy; tUngaHfshtd :-
XJthd;><thd; - Xjy; Kjyhfpa ,uz;lhYk; tUngaH.
fzf;fd;> jr;rd; - Mjp vd;wjdhy; tUngaH.
Rl;lhy; tUngaH Kjyhdit :-
mtd>; ,td;> ctd; - Rl;L ,ilr;nrhy;yhy; tUngaH.
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vtd;> Vtd;>ahtd; - tpdh ,ilr;nrhy;yhy; tUngaH.
gpwd;> kw;iwahd; - gpw kw;W vd;gtw;why; tUngaH.
ek;gp Kjyhfpa VO ngaHfSk; ciuf;fpilapy; fhz;f :
,d;dd vd;wjdhy;>
tpy;yp> thsp> fps;sp> nrd;dp> Ve;jy;>nrk;ky;>Vdhjp>fhtpjp>FLkp>mz;zy; vd caHjpiz Mz;ghy; nghUs; Fwpj;J tUtd vy;yhk; nfhs;f.
Rl;L> tpdh> gpw> kw;W vd;Dk; ,e;ehd;F ,ilr;nrhy;iyAk; gw;wp tUk; ngaHfs;> nghUs; Mjp MwDs;Ns> nrhy;Ythd; Fwpg;gpd;gb xd;wpy; mlq;Fk;.
caHjpiz – ngz;ghy; ngaHfs;;:
fpis Kjy; Mff; fpse;j nghUs;fSs;
st;nthw;W ,fuf; F Vw;w <w;wTk;
Njhop nrtpyp kf^c eq;if
ijaNyhL ,d;dd ngz;ghy; ngaNu
Nkiyr; #j;jpuj;Jf; fpis Kjyhfg; gFj;Jr; nrhy;yg;gl;l mWtifg; nghUs;fSs;> sfunka;Ak; ,fucapUk; nghUe;Jjw;F Vw;w mt; ,uz;L <w;Wg; ngaHfSk;> Njhop> nrtpyp> kf^c> eq;if> ijaNyhL ,it Nghy;td gpwTk;> caHjpizg; ngz;ghy; ngaHfshk;.
nghUshy; tUngaH@-
jks;> eks;> Eks;> vks;>
xUj;jp
mitaj;jhs;> mitaj;jp -
nghd;dhs;> nghd;dp
,lj;jhy; tUngaH:-
Fwj;jp> vapw;wp> Ma;r;rp> coj;jp> guj;jp
kiyahl;b> Nrhopr;rp fUt+uhs;> fUt+up
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thdj;jhs;> thdj;jp
mfj;jhs;> mfj;jp
Gwj;jhs;> Gwj;jp;
kz;zfj;jhs;> kz;zfj;jp;.
fhyj;jhy; tUngaH:-
%thl;ilahs;
Ntdpyhs;
ijahs;
Mjpiuahs;
neUeyhs;
rpidahy; tUngaH:
jpzpNjhshs;> jpzpNjhsp
Rup Foyhs;> RupFoyp
neLkhHghs;> neLkhHgp
jlq;fz;zhs;> jlq;fz;zp
Fiof;fhjhs;. Fiof;fhjp
FWe; jhshs;> FWe;jhsp
Fzj;jhy; tUngaH :-
ngaupas;
Gyikas;
nghd;ndhg;ghs;
$ds;> $dp
fupas;
khDlj;jp
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ghHg;gpdp
gilj;jiytp
ey;ys;;.
njhopyhy; tUngaH :-
XJths;
<ths;
jr;rpr;rp;.
Rl;lhy; tUngaH Kjyhdit :-
mts;> ,ts;> cts;>
vts;> Vts;> ahts;
gpws;>
kw;iwahs;;.
Njhop Kjypa Ie;JngaUk; ciuf;fpilapw; fhz;f :-
,d;dd vd;wjdhy;>
Ngij> ngJk;ig> ,Fis> kle;ij> khJ> ghq;fp> ngz;L> ngz;lhl;b vd caHjpizg; ngz;ghy; Fwpj;J tUtd vy;yhk; nfhs;f.
fpse;j fpis Kjy; cw;w u <w;wTk;
fs; vd; <w;wpd; Vw;gTk; gpwTk;
gy;NyhH ngaupd; gFjp MFk;
Kd;Nd nrhy;yg;gl;l Rw;wk; Kjyhfpa mWtifg; nghUisAk; nghUe;jpa ufunka; <w;Wg; ngaHfSk;> fs; vd;Dk; tpFjpia <whfTila ngaHfSs; ,t; ,lj;Jf;Fg; nghUe;jp tUtdTk;>,it Nghy;td gpwTk;> caHjpizg; gyHghy; ngaHfshk;.
„fs;;‟ tpFjp m/wpizg; gd;ikf;Fk; tUjyhy;> Vw;gTk; vd;whH.
jkH> ekH> EkH> vkH> ,UtH> %tH vdg; nghUshjp MwNdhLk; xl;Lf.
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Nfhf;fs;> kDf;fs; vd;wy; njhlf;fj;jd gFjpg;nghUs; tpFjp <w;Wg; ngaHfs;.
jkHfs;> ekHfs; vd;wy; njhlf;fj;jd tpFjpNky; tpFjp <w;Wg; ngaHfs;.
gpw vd;wikahy;>
khe;jH> kf;fs;> kfhH> rpwhH> NtspH vdg; gyHghiyf; Fwpj;J tUtd vy;yhk; nfhs;f.
m/wpiz – xd;ww;ghw; ngaH:
tpdh Rl;LlDk;; NtWk; Mk; nghUs;
Mjp cW J Rl;L miz Ma;jk;
d;W vd; vz; ,d;dd xd;wd; ngaNu
tpdhtpYk; Rl;bYk; kiwe;J mtw;W cldhfpAk; NtWk; Mk; tpdhtTk; Rl;lTk; glhJ NtwhfpAk; tUk; nghUshjp MwidAk; nghUe;jpa Jt;tpFjp <w;Wg; ngaUk;> xd;W vd;Dk; vz; MF ngaUk;>,it Nghy;td gpwTk;>m/wpizxUikg;ghy; ngauhFk;.
vJ> VJ> ahJ
mJ> ,J> cJ
vdTk; tpdhtpYk; Rl;bYk; kiwe;J mtw;W cldhfpg; nghUshjp MiwAk; nghUe;jpa Jt;tpFjp <w;Wg; ngaHfs; tUk;.
FioaJ> epyj;jJ> %yj;jJ> Nfhl;lJ> FwpaJ> MlyJ vd tpdhtTk; Rl;lTk; glhJ Ntwhfpg; nghUshjp MiwAk; nghUe;jpa Jt;tpFjp <w;Wg; ngaHfs; tUk;.
m/J> ,/J> c/J vdr; Rl;NlhL $ba Ma;jj;ijg; nghUe;jpa Jt;tpFjp <w;Wg; ngaHfs; tUk;.
xd;W vd vz; MFngaH tUk;.
,d;dd vd;wikahy;>
gpwpJ> kw;iwaJ vd m/wpiz xUikg; nghUs; Fwpj;J tUtd vy;yhk; nfhs;f.
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m/wpiz – gd;ikg; ngaH:
Kd;dH mt;nthL tUitat;Tk;
Rl;L,W tt;Tk; fs; ,W nkhopAk;
xd;Wmy; vz;Zk;; cs;s ,y;y
gy;y rpy;y cs ,y gy rpy
,d;d ck; gytpd; ngaH MFNk
Kd;Nd nrhy;yg;gl;l tpdhr;Rl;LlDk; NtWkhk; nghUshjp MwNdhLk; Vw;wgb tUk; it tpFjp <w;Wg; ngaHfSk; mfu <w;Wg; ngaHfSk; tfunka; <w;Wr; Rl;Lg;ngaHfSk; fs; ,W nkhopAk; fs; vd;Dk; gFjpg;nghUs; tpFjp <w;Wg; ngaHfSk;,uz;L Kjyhfpa vz; MFngaHfSk; cs;s ,y;y gy;y rpy;y cs ,y gy rpy vd;gdthfpa Fwpg;Gtpidahy; mize;j vl;Lg;ngaHfSk; ,it Nghy;td gpwTk; m/wpizg; gd;ikg;ghy; ngaHfshFk;.
vit> Vit> ahit
mit>,it> cit
nebait> fupait - it tpFjpg; ngaHfs; tUk;.
nghUs> nghUsd@
mfj;j> mfj;jd@
%yj;j> %yj;jd@
Nfhl;l>Nfhl;ld@
fupa fupad@
XJt> XJtd
- vd md; rhupia ngw;Wk; ngwhJk; mfutpFjpg; ngaHfs; tUk;.
mt;> ,t;> ct; vd tfu nka; <w;Wr; Rl;Lg; ngaHfs; tUk;.
ahidfs;> Fjpiufs; vdf; fs; tpFjpg; ngaHfs; tUk;.
,uz;L> %d;W> gj;J> E}W vd vz; MFngaHfs; tUk;.
cs;s Kjyhfpa vl;Lk; ciuf;fpilapy; fhz;f.
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,d;dTk; vd;wikahy;>
ah> gpw> kw;iwa vd m/wpizg; gd;ikg; nghUs; Fwpj;J tUtd vy;yhk; nfhs;f.
,t; Ik;ghy; ngaHfSs;>
Mz;ghy;ngaHf;F dt;tPW - md;> Md;> kd;> khd;> d; ,t; Ie;Jk;@
ngz;ghy; ngaHf;F st;nthw;W - ms;> Ms;> s; ,k;%d;Wk;@
gyHghy; ngaHf;F ut; tPw;W - vdNt> mH> MH> khH> H ,e;ehd;Fk;> mlq;Fk;.
m/wpiz ,Ughw; nghJg;ngaH:
ghy; gfh m/wpizg; ngaHfs; ghy; nghJika
m/wpizg; ngaHfSs; ,g;gbg; ghy; gFf;fg;glhj ngaHfs; midj;Jk;> m/wpiz ,Ughw;Fk; nghJg; ngaHfshFk;.
ghy;gfh m/wpizg; ngaH vdpDk; m/wpiz ,aw;ngaH vdpDk; xd;Nwahk;.
gwit te;jJ> gwitfs; te;jd.
kuk; tsHe;jJ> kuq;fs; tsHe;jd.
,it> gwit> myup vdg; gFgjKk;> kuk;> gid vdg; gfhg;gjKkhf tUk;.
nghJg;ngaH:
Kjw;ngaH ehd;Fk; rpidg;ngaH ehd;Fk;
rpidKjw;ngaH xU ehd;Fk; Kiw ,uz;Lk;
jd;ik ehd;Fk; Kd;dpiy Ie;Jk;
vy;yhk; jhk; jhd; ,d;dd nghJg; ngaH
Kjy; ngauhfpa ehd;F ngaUk;> rpidg;ngauhfpa ehd;F ngaUk;> rpid Kjw;ngauhfpa ehd;F ngaUk;> Kiwg; ngauhfpa ,uz;L ngaUk;> jd;ikg; ngauhfpa ehd;F ngaUk;> Kd;dpiyg; ngauhfpa Ie;JngaUk;> vy;yhk.; jhk;> jhd;> vd;Dk; %d;W ngaUk;> ,it Nghy;td gpwTk; ,Ujpizf;Fk; nghJg;ngaHfshFk;.
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,d;dd vd;wikahy;>
#upad; cjpj;jhd;> #upad; cjpj;jJ.
re;jpud; cjpj;jhd;> re;jpud; cjpj;jJ.
- vd xUnghUisNa caHjpizg; nghUshf;fpAk; m/wpizg; nghUshf;fpAk; $Wk; nghJg;ngaH KjyhditAk;@
Cik te;jhd;> Cik te;jhs; vd caHjpiz ,UghiyAk; czHj;Jk; nghJg;ngaH KjyhditAk; jd;ik Kd;dpiy tpidahyizAk; ngaHfSk;> gpwTk; tUk; vd;gJ njupatUfpwJ.
Kjw;ngaH Kjypa ehd;F:
Mz;ik ngz;ik xUik gd;ikapd;
Mk;: me; ehd;ikfs; Mz; ngz; Kiwg;ngaH
Mz;ik Kjyhfpa ,e;ehd;F ghYk; fhuzkhf> mk;Kjw;ngaH rpidg;ngaH rpid Kjw;ngaH vd;Dk; %d;Wk; xt;nthd;W ee;ehd;fhFk;> Mz;ik ngz;ik vd;Dk; ,UghYk; fhuzkhf Kiwg;ngaH ,uz;lhFk;.
rhj;jd; - Mz;ik Kjw; ngaH>
rhj;jp - ngz;ik Kjw; ngaH.
Nfhij - xUikKjw;ngaH>
Nfhijfs;- gd;ik Kjw;ngaH.
Kltd; - Mz;ikr; rpidg;ngaH.
Klj;jp - ngz;ikr; rpidg;ngaH.
nrtpapyp- xUikr; rpidg;ngaH.
nrtpapypfs; - gd;ikr; rpidg;ngaH.
Klf;nfhw;wd; - Mz;ikr; rpidKjw; ngaH.
Klf;nfhw;wp - ngz;ikr; rpid Kjw;ngaH.
nfhLk;Gw kUjp - xUikr;rpidKjw; ngaH.
nfhLk;GwkUjpfs; - gd;ikr; rpidKjw; ngaH.
je;ij - Mz;ik Kiwg;ngaH
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jha; - ngz;ik Kiwg; ngaH.
mtw;Ws;>
xd;Nw ,U jpizj; jd; ghy; Vw;Fk;
Kjw;ngaH Kjyhfr; nrhy;yg;gLk; ,Ugj;jhWk; gpwTkhfpa nghJg;ngaHfSs; xt;nthd;Nw ,UjpizapYk; jd;jd; ghy;fis Vw;WtUk;.
Mz;ikg; nghJg;ngaH caHjpiz Mz;ghiyAk; m/wpiz Mz;ghiyAk;>ngz;ikg; nghJg;ngaH caHjpizg; ngz;ghiyAk; m/wpizg; ngz;ghiyAk;> xUikg; nghJg;ngaH caHjpiz Mz; xUik ngz; xUikfisAk; m/wpiz xUikiaAk;> gd;ikg; nghJg;ngaH caHjpizg; gd;ikiaAk; m/wpizg; gd;ikiaAk; Vw;Fk;.
Kjw;ngaH ehd;F:-
rhj;jd; ,td;> rhj;jd; ,t; vUJ - Mz;ik Kjw;ngaH ,Ujpiz Mz;ghw;Fk; nghJthapw;W.
rhj;jp ,ts;> rhj;jp ,g;gR - ngz;ik Kjw;ngaH ,Ujpizg; ngz;ghw;Fk; nghJthapw;W.
Nfhij ,td;> Nfhij ,ts;> Nfhij ,J - xUik Kjw;ngaH ,Ujpiz xUik %d;ww;Fk; nghJthapw;W.
Nfhijfs; ,tH> Nfhijfs; ,it - gd;ik Kjw;ngaH ,U jpizg; gd;ikf;Fk; nghJthapw;W.
rpidg;ngaH ehd;F :-
Kltd; ,td;> Kltd; ,t; vUJ - Mz;ikr;rpidg; ngaH ,Ujpiz Mz;ghw;Fk; nghJ Mapw;W.
Klj;jp ,ts;> Klj;jp ,g;gR - ngz;ikr; rpidg;ngaH ,Ujpizg; ngz;ghw;Fk; nghJthapw;W.
nrtpapyp ,td;> nrtpapyp ,ts;> nrtpapyp ,J - xUikr; rpidg;ngaH ,Ujpiz xUik %d;ww;Fk; nghJthapw;W.
nrtpapypfs; ,tH> nrtpapypfs; ,it - gd;ikr; rpidg;ngaH ,Ujpizg; gd;ikf;Fk; nghJthapw;W.
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rpid Kjw;ngaH ehd;F:-
Klf;nfhw;wd; ,td;> Klf;nfhw;wd; ,t; vUJ - Mz;ikr; rpidKjw;ngaH ,Ujpiz Mz;ghw;Fk; nghJthapw;W.
Klf;nfhw;wp ,ts;> Klf;nfhw;wp ,g;gR - ngz;ikr; rpidKjw;ngaH ,Ujpizg; ngz;ghw;Fk; nghJthapw;W.
nfhLk;GwkUjp ,td;> nfhLk;GwkUjp ,ts;>nfhLk;GwkUjp ,J - xUikr; rpidKjw;ngaH ,Ujpiz xUik %d;ww;Fk; nghJthapw;W.
nfhLk;GwkUjpfs; ,tH> nfhLk;GwkUjpfs; ,it - gd;ikr; rpidKjw;ngaH ,Ujpizg; gd;ikf;Fk; nghJthapw;W.
Kiwg;ngaH ,uz;L:-
je;ij ,td;> je;ij ,t; vUJ - Mz;ik Kiwg; ngaH ,Ujpiz Mz;ghw;Fk; nghJthapw;W.
jha; ,ts;> jha; ,g;gR - ngz;ik Kiwg;ngaH ,Ujpizg; ngz;ghw;Fk; nghJthapw;W.
jd;ikg;ngaH ehd;F:-
ahd; ek;gp> ahd; eq;if> ahd;g+jk; - ahd; vd;Dk; jd;ikg;ngaH ,Ujpiz xUik %d;ww;Fk; nghJthapw;W. ehd; vd;gjNdhLk; ,t;thW xl;Lf.
ahk; kf;fs;> ahk;g+jq;fs; - ahk; vd;Dk; jd;ikg;ngaH ,Ujpizg; gd;ikf;Fk; nghJ thapw;W ehk; kf;fs;> ehk; G+jq;fs; vd;Wk; tUk;.
Kd;dpiyg;ngaH Ie;J :-
eP ek;gp> eP eq;if> ePg+jk; - eP vd;Dk; Kd;dpiyg; ngaH ,Ujpiz xUik %d;ww;Fk; nghJthapw;W.
ePHkf;fs;> ePHg+jq;fs; - ePH vd;Dk; Kd;dpiyg; ngaH ,Ujpizg; gd;ikf;Fk; nghJ thapw;W. vy;yPH> ePapH> ePtpH vd;gtw;NwhLk; ,t;thW NrHj;Jf; nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;.
vy;yhk;> jhk;> jhd;:-
mtH vy;yhk;> mit vy;yhk; - vy;yhk; vd;gJ ,Ujpizg; gd;ikf;Fk; nghJthapw;W.
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mtHjhk;> mitjhk; - jhk; vd;gJ ,Ujpizg; gd;ikf;Fk; nghJthapw;W.
mtd; jhd;> mts; jhd;> mJjhd; - jhd; vd;gJ ,Ujpiz xUik %d;wpw;Fk; nghJthapw;W.
jd;ik> Kd;dpiy> glHf;ifg; ngaHfs;:
jd;ik ahd; ehd; ahk; ehk>; Kd;dpiy
vy;yPH ePapH ePtpH ePH eP
my;yd glHf;if: vy;yhk; vdy; nghJ
jd;ikg;ngaH ehd;fhtd ahd;> ehd>; ahk;> ehk; vd;gdthk;> Kd;dpiyg;ngaH Ie;jhtd vy;yPH> ePapH> ePtpH> ePH> eP vd;gdthk;. ,t; xd;gJk; my;yhj ngaHfs; vy;yhk; glHf;if ,lj;jpw;F cupadthFk;. mtw;Ws; vy;yhk; vd;Dk; ngaH xd;Wk; %tplj;jpw;Fk; cupj;jhFk;.
vy;yhk; vd;gJ %tplj;Jk; tUkhW :-
ahk; vy;yhk;> ePH vy;yhk;> mtH vy;yhk;> mit vy;yhk; vd tUk;.
tpidapd; ngaNu glHf;if tpidahy;
mizAk;ngaNu ahz;Lk; MFk;
tpidg;ngaHfs; glHf;if ,lj;jpw;Nf cupathFk;> tpidahyizAk; ngaHfs; jdpj;jdp %tplj;jpw;Fk; cupathFk;.
tpidg;ngaH vdpDk; njhopw;ngaH vdpDk; xd;Nwahk;.
ahd; czy;> eP czy;> mtd; czy; vdTk;
cz;Nlid> cz;lhia> cz;lhid - vdTk; tUk;.
tpidahyizAk; ngaNu ahz;LkhFk; vd;wJ tpidahyizAk; ngaUf;F>„my;yd glHf;if‟ vd;wjdhy; va;jpaJ tpyf;fp ,lk; tFj;jJ.
tpidapd; ngaNu glHf;if vd;wJ> rpy tpidg; ngaUf;F „my;yd glHf;if’ vd;wjdhy; va;jpa ,lk; ,q;Nf ahz;LkhFk; vd;gjdhy; ,fe;Jglhky; fhj;jJ.
,q;Nf tpidapd; ngaH vd;wJ vy;yhtpidg; ngaiuAk; md;W> ahd; czy;> eP czy;> mtd; czy; vd;gjd;top> tUk; tpidg;
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ngaH. ahDz;Nld;> ePAz;lha;> mtDz;lhd; vd tUk; Kw;W tpidNghd;W> ahd;> eP> mtd; vd;Dk; %tplg; ngaHfSf;Fg; gad; epiyahfp mt;tg; ngaNuhLk; xd;Wgl;L epw;gjpdhy; mt; ,lj;jpw;F cupathk; vdf; nfhs;sy; mikAk;. Mjyhy; ,t;tpidg; ngaUf;F va;jpa ,lk; ,fe;JgLk; vd;gjhy; ,fe;J glkhy; fhf;f Ntz;bajhapw;W. vdJzy;> epdJzy;> mtdJzy; vd;Wk;>czy;vd;Wk;> NtWgl;L epw;Fk; tpidg;ngaHfl;F va;jpa ,lk; ,fe;JgLjy; ,y;iy vd;gij mwpjy; Ntz;Lk;.
jhd; ahd; ehd; eP xUik> gd;ik jhk;
ahk; ehk; vyhk; vyPH ePapH ePH ePtpH
jhd;> ahd;> ehd;> eP vd;Dk; ehd;Fk; ,Ujpiz Kf;$w;W xUikg; ngaHfshk;> jhk;> ahk;> ehk>; vy;yhk;> vy;yPH> ePapH> ePH> ePtpH vd;Dk; vl;Lk; ,Ujpiz ,U$w;Wg; gd;ikg; ngaHfshk;.
,Ujpiz Kf;$w;W xUik vd;wJ caHjpiz Mz; xUik> caHjpizg; ngz; xUik> m/wpiz xUikfisNa Fwpf;Fk;.
,Ujpiz ,U$w;Wg;gd;ik vd;gJ caHjpizg; gd;ik m/wpizg; gd;ikfis>
xUtd; xUj;jpg; ngaH Nky; vz;zpy
xd;W vd;Dk; vz;zhy; xUtd; xUj;jp vd;W tUNk md;wp mjw;F Nky; thuhJ> mjhtJ ,Utd;> ,Uj;jp> %td;> Kj;jp vd;gd Nghd;W thuhJ.
xUtH vd;gJ caH ,U ghw;wha;
gd;ik tpid nfhSk; ghq;fpw;W vd;g
xUtH vd toq;Fk; nrhy; caHjpiz Mz;> ngz; ,t; ,Ughw;Fk; nghJtha;> mj;jpizg; gd;iktha;ghl;L tpidiaf; nfhz;LKbAk;.
MltUs; xUtH mwj;jpd;top epw;ghH@ ngz;bUs; xUtH nfhOed;top epw;ghH vd tUk;. ,q;Nf> xUtH epw;ghd; epw;ghs; vdg; gFjpf;Nfw;g xUikr; nrhy;iyf; nfhs;shJ. xUtH epw;ghH vd tpFjpf; Nfw;gg; gd;ikr; nrhy;iyNa nfhz;LKbAk;.
ciuapw;Nfhly; vd;gjhy;> caHj;jy; nghUl;L MH vd;Dk; ,ilr; nrhy;iy <w;wpy; ngw;w ,Ujpizg; nghJg;ngaUk;> ghy;gfh m/wpizg;ngaUk; rpWghd;ik caHjpizg; ngaUk; gd;ikr; nrhy;NyhL KbAk;.
43
rhj;jdhH te;jhH>
KltdhH te;jhH>
Klf;nfhw;wdhH te;jhH>
je;ijahH te;jhH>
-vd ,Ujpizg; nghJg;ngaHfs; gd;ikr; nrhy;nyhL Kbe;jd.
eupahH te;jhH vdg; ghy;gfh m/wpizg; nghJg;ngaH gd;ikr; nrhy;nyhL Kbe;jJ.
ek;gpahH te;jhH>
eq;ifahH te;jhH>
,iwtdhH te;jhH>
mfj;jpadhH te;jhH>
njhy;fhg;gpadhH te;jhH>
- vd caHjpizg; ngaHfs; gd;ikr; nrhy;nyhL Kbe;jd.
gapw;rp tpdhf;fs;:
1.ngaHr;nrhy;ypd; nghJ ,yf;fzj;ij tpsf;Ff.
ngaHr;nrhy;
,LFwp fhuzk; kuNghL Mf;fk;
njhlHe;J njhopyy fhyk; Njhw;wh
Ntw;Wikf;F ,ldha;jpizghy; ,lj;njhd;W
Vw;gJk; nghJTk; Mtd ngaNu
ngaH ,LFwpahfNth fhuzg;ngauhfNth kugpidAk; Mf;fg;ghl;bidAk; cilajha; tUk;..tpidahyizAk; ngaH ePq;fyhfg; gpw ngaHfs; fhyk;fhl;lhJ> vl;LNtw;WikAk; rhHjw;F ,lkhfp,U jpizapYk; Ik;ghypYk; %tplj;jpYk; xd;wid Vw;gdTk;> gytw;wpid Vw;gdTk; Mfp tUk;.
kuk>; tps> gid - ,LFwp kuG.
mtd;>mts;> tpyq;F> gwit - fhuzf;Fwp kuG.
nghd;NghYk; fs;spg; nghwpgwf;Fq; fhdypNy
44
vd;Ngij nry;yw; fpiae;jdNs - kpd;NghYk;
MdNtd; Kl;ilf;F khwha njt;tHNghq;
fhdNtd; Kl;ilf;Fq; fhL
vd;Dk; ngha;ahnkhopg; GytH ghl;by; Ntl;Ltf; Fkud; jd;ngaH Kl;il vd;wJ ,LFwpahf;fk; .
nghd;dd;> g+zd;>kiykfs; kfNd khw;NwhH $w;Nw vd;gd fhuzf; Fwpahf;fk; .
ele;jtid> ele;Njhid vd;gd tpidahyizAk; fhuzf;Fwp - fhyk; fhl;bd.
kuk;> gid Kjyhfpa ,LFwpg; ngaUk;> mtd>; mts; Kjyhfpa fhuzg; ngaUk;>mt; ,yf;fzq;fNshL Njhd;wpa nghUs;fSf;F vy;yhk; njhd;Wnjhl;L kuG gw;wp tUtd>>Kl;il Kjyhfpa ,LFwpg;ngaUk>; nghd;dd; Kjyhfpa fhuzg; ngaUk;> kuG Nghyj; njhd;W njhl;L tUjy; ,d;wp eLtpNy xUtuhy; Mf;fg;gl;L tUtd MFk;.
2.caHjpiz Mz;ghw; ngaHfs; Fwpj;J vOJf.
caHjpiz – Mz;ghw;ngaHfs;:
caHjpizg; ngaH> Mz;ghw;ngaH> ngz;ghw;ngaH> gyHghw;ngaH vd;Dk; %d;w tifg;gLk;. mtw;Ws; ,e; E}w;gh Mz;ghw; ngaHfis czHj;jp epd;wJ.
mtw;Ws;>
fpis vz; F*c Kjy; gy; nghUs; jpiz Njk;
CH thd; mfk; Gwk; Kjy epyd; Mz;L
,UJ kjp ehs; Mjpf; fhyk;
Njhs; Foy; khHG fz; fhJ Kjy; cWg;G
msT mwpT xg;G tbT epwk; fjp
rhjp Fb rpwg;G Mjpg; gy;Fzk;
Xjy; <jy; Mjpg; gy;tpid
45
,it mil Rl;L tpdh gpw kw;NwhL
cw;w dt;<W ek;gp M^c
tpliy Nfh Nts; Fuprpy; Njhd;wy;
,d;dd Mz; ngaH MFk; vd;g.
NkNy Mz;ghw; ngaH vdf; Fwpf;fg;gl;ltw;Ws;fpis vz; FOc Kjy; gy;nghUNshL Ie;jpizAk; NjaKk; CUk; thDk; mfKk; GwKk; Kjypadthfpa ,lq;fNshLk;> tUlKk; gUtKk; khjKk; ehs;kPDk; Kjyhfpa fhyq;fNshLk;> GaKk; kapUk; khHGk; fz;Zk; fhJk; Kjyhfpa mtatq;fNshLk;> msTk; mwpTk; xg;Gk; tbTk; epwKk; ehw;fjpAk; rhjpAk; FbAk; rpwg;Gk; Kjyhfpa gyFzq;fNshLk;) xJjYk; nfhLj;jYk; Kjyhfpa gynjhopy;fNshLk;> ,tw;iw mile;j Rl;Lk; tpdhTk; gpwTk; kw;Wk; Mfpa ehd;fNdhLk; nghUe;jpa dfunka; <w;Wg; ngaHfSk;>ek;gp> M^c> tpliy> Nfh> Nts>; Fuprpy>; Njhd;wy; Kjyhfr; nrhy;yg;gl;l ,g;ngaHfSk; ,it Nghy;td gpwTk;> caH jpiz Mz;ghy; ngaHfshFk;.
nghUshy; tUngaHfshtd :-
jkd;> ekd;> Ekd;> vkd; - fpisahy; tU ngaH.
xUtd; - vz;zhy; tUngaH.
mitaj;jhd;> mj;jpNfhrj;jhd; - F*cthy; tUngaH.
nghUsd;> nghd;dd;> Kbad; - Kjy; vd;wjdhy; tUngaH .
,lj;jhy; tU ngaHfshtd :-
ntw;gd;> nghUg;gd; - FwpQ;rpj; jpizahy; tUngaH .
kwtd;> vapdd; - ghiyj; jpizahy; tUngaH .
,ilad;> Mad; - Ky;iyj; jpizahy; tUngaH.
Cud;> kfpo;ed; - kUjj; jpizahy; tUngaH.
NrHg;gd;> Jiwtd; - nea;jy; jpizahy; tUngaH .
Nrhopad;> nfhq;fd; - Njaj;jhy; tUngaH .
fUt+uhd;> kJiuahd;- Cuhy; tUngaH .
46
thdj;jhd;> mfj;jhd;> Gwj;jhd; - thd; Kjypa %d;whYk; tUngaH.
kz;zfj;jhd;> ghjyj;jhd; - Kjy; vd;wjdhy; tUngaH.
fhyj;jhy; tUngaHfshtd :
%thl;ilahd; > gpugtd; - tUlj;jhy; tUngaH.
Ntdpyhd;> fhuhd; - gUtj;jhy; tUngaH .
ijahd;> khrpahd; - khj;jjhy; tUngaH.
Mjpiuahd;> xzj;jhd; - ehs;kPdhy; tUngaH.
neUeyhd;> fhiyahd; - Mjp vd;wjdhy; tUngaH .
rpidahy; tUngaHfshtd :-
jpzpNjhsd;>nrq;FQ;rpad;> tiukhHgd>; nrq;fz;zd;>Fiof;fhjd; - Njhs;Kjypa Ie;J cWg;ghYk; tUngaH.
#We;jhsd;> neLq;ifad; - Kjy; vd;wjdhy; tUngaH.
Fzj;jhy; tUngaHfshtd :-
ngupad;> rpwpad; - msthy; tUngaH .
mwpQd;> Gytd; - mwpthy; tUngaH .
nghd;ndhg;ghd;> kzpaidahd; - xg;ghy; tUngaH.
$dd;>Fwsd; - tbthy; tUngaH .
fupad;> nra;ad; - epwj;jhy; tUngaH .
khDld;>Njtd; - fjpahy; tUngaH.
me;jzd;> Ntshsd; - rhjpahy; tUngaH.
Nrud;> Nrhod;> ghz;bad; - Fbahy; tUngaH.
Mrpupad;>gilj;jiytd; - rpwg;ghy; tUngaH .
ey;yd>; jPad; - Mjpnad;wjdhy; tUngaH.
njhopyhy; tUngaHfshtd :-
XJthd;><thd; - Xjy; Kjyhfpa ,uz;lhYk; tUngaH.
47
fzf;fd;> jr;rd; - Mjp vd;wjdhy; tUngaH.
.Rl;lhy; tUngaH Kjyhdit :-
mtd>; ,td;> ctd; - Rl;L ,ilr;nrhy;yhy; tUngaH .
vtd;> Vtd;>ahtd; - tpdh ,ilr;nrhy;yhy; tUngaH.
gpwd;> kw;iwahd; - gpw kw;W vd;gtw;why; tUngaH.
ek;gp Kjyhfpa VO ngaHfSk; ciuf;fpilapy; fhz;f :
,d;dd vd;wjdhy;>
tpy;yp> thsp> fps;sp> nrd;dp> Ve;jy;>nrk;ky;>Vdhjp>fhtpjp>FLkp>mz;zy; vd caHjpiz Mz;ghy; nghUs; Fwpj;J tUtd vy;yhk; nfhs;f.
3.caHjpizg; ngz;ghw; ngaHfs; Fwpj;J tptup.
caHjpiz – ngz;ghw; ngaHfs;;:
fpis Kjy; Mff; fpse;j nghUs;fSs;
st;nthw;W ,fuf; F Vw;w <w;wTk;
Njhop nrtpyp kf^c eq;if
ijaNyhL ,d;dd ngz;ghy; ngaNu
Nkiyr; #j;jpuj;Jf; fpis Kjyhfg; gFj;Jr; nrhy;yg; gl;l mWtifg; nghUs;fSs;> sfunka;Ak; ,fucapUk; nghUe;Jjw;F Vw;w mt; ,uz;L <w;Wg; ngaHfSk;> Njhop>nrtpyp> kf^c> eq;if> ijaNyhL ,it Nghy;td gpwTk;> caHjpizg; ngz;ghy; ngaHfshk;.
nghUshy; tUngaH@-
jks;> eks;> Eks;> vks;>
xUj;jp
mitaj;jhs;> mitaj;jp -
nghd;dhs;> nghd;dp
,lj;jhy; tUngaH:-
Fwj;jp> vapw;wp> Ma;r;rp> coj;jp> guj;jp
48
kiyahl;b> Nrhopr;rp
fUt+uhs;> fUt+up
thdj;jhs;> thdj;jp
mfj;jhs;> mfj;jp
Gwj;jhs;> Gwj;jp;
kz;zfj;jhs;> kz;zfj;jp;.
fhyj;jhy; tUngaH:-
%thl;ilahs;
Ntdpyhs;
ijahs;
Mjpiuahs;
neUeyhs;
rpidahy; tUngaH:
jpzpNjhshs;> jpzpNjhsp
Rup Foyhs;> RupFoyp
neLkhHghs;> neLkhHgp
jlq;fz;zhs;> jlq;fz;zp
Fiof;fhjhs;>Fiof;fhjp
FWe;jhshs;> FWe;jhsp
Fzj;jhy; tUngaH :
ngaupas;
Gyikas;
nghd;ndhg;ghs;
$ds;> $dp
fupas;
khDlj;jp
49
ghHg;gpdp
gilj;jiytp
ey;ys;;.
njhopyhy; tUngaH :-
XJths;
<ths;
jr;rpr;rp;.
Rl;lhy; tUngaH Kjyhdit :-
mts;> ,ts;> cts;>
vts;> Vts;> ahts;
gpws;>
kw;iwahs;;.
Njhop Kjypa Ie;JngaUk; ciuf;fpilapw; fhz;f :-
,d;dd vd;wjdhy;>
Ngij> ngJk;ig> ,Fis> kle;ij> khJ> ghq;fp> ngz;L> ngz;lhl;b vd caHjpizg; ngz;ghy; Fwpj;J tUtd vy;yhk; nfhs;f..
4.,Ujpizg; nghJg;ngaHfs; Fwpj;J tptup.
Kjw;ngaH ehd;Fk; rpidg;ngaH ehd;Fk;
rpidKjw;ngaH xU ehd;Fk; Kiw ,uz;Lk;
jd;ik ehd;Fk; Kd;dpiy Ie;Jk;
vy;yhk; jhk; jhd; ,d;dd nghJg; ngaH
Kjy; ngauhfpa ehd;F ngaUk;> rpidg;ngauhfpa ehd;F ngaUk;> rpid Kjy;ngauhfpa ehd;F ngaUk;> Kiwg; ngauhfpa ,uz;L ngaUk;> jd;ikg; ngauhfpa ehd;F ngaUk;> Kd;dpiyg; ngauhfpa Ie;JngaUk;> vy;yhk.; jhk;> jhd;> vd;Dk; %d;W
50
ngaUk;> ,it Nghy;td gpwTk;>,Ujpizf;Fk; nghJg;ngaHfshFk;.
,d;dd vd;wikahy;>
#upad; cjpj;jhd;> #upad; cjpj;jJ@
re;jpud; cjpj;jhd;> re;jpud; cjpj;jJ
- vd xUnghUisNa caHjpizg; nghUshf;fpAk; m/wpizg; nghUshf;fpAk; $Wk; nghJg;ngaH KjyhditAk;@
Cik te;jhd;> Cik te;jhs; vd caHjpiz ,UghiyAk; czHj;Jk; nghJg;ngaH KjyhditAk; jd;ik Kd;dpiy tpidahyizAk; ngaHfSk;> gpwTk; tUk; vd;gJ njupatUfpwJ.
Mz;ik ngz;ik xUik gd;ikapd;
Mk;: me; ehd;ikfs; Mz; ngz; Kiwg;ngaH
Mz;ik Kjyhfpa ,e;ehd;F ghYk; fhuzkhf> mk;Kjw;ngaH rpidg;ngaH rpid Kjw;ngaH vd;Dk; %d;Wk; xt;nthd;W ee;ehd;fhFk;> Mz;ik ngz;ik vd;Dk; ,UghYk; fhuzkhf Kiwg;ngaH ,uz;lhFk;.
rhj;jd; - Mz;ik Kjw; ngaH>
rhj;jp - ngz;ik Kjw; ngaH.
Nfhij - xUikKjw;ngaH>
Nfhijfs;- gd;ik Kjw;ngaH.
Kltd; - Mz;ikr; rpidg;ngaH.
Klj;jp - ngz;ikr; rpidg;ngaH.
nrtpapyp- xUikr; rpidg;ngaH.
nrtpapypfs; - gd;ikr; rpidg;ngaH.
Klf;nfhw;wd; - Mz;ikr; rpidKjw; ngaH.
Klf;nfhw;wp - ngz;ikr; rpid Kjw;ngaH.
nfhLk;Gw kUjp - xUikr;rpidKjw; ngaH.
nfhLk;GwkUjpfs; - gd;ikr; rpidKjw; ngaH.
51
je;ij - Mz;ik Kiwg;ngaH
jha; ngz;ik Kiwg; ngaH.
mtw;Ws;>
xd;Nw ,U jpizj; jd; ghy; Vw;Fk;
Kjw;ngaH Kjyhfr; nrhy;yg;gLk; ,Ugj;jhWk; gpwTkhfpa nghJg;ngaHfSs; xt;nthd;Nw ,UjpizapYk; jd;jd; ghy;fis Vw;WtUk;.
Mz;ikg; nghJg;ngaH caHjpiz Mz;ghiyAk; m/wpiz Mz;ghiyAk;>ngz;ikg; nghJg;ngaH caHjpizg; ngz;ghiyAk; m/wpizg; ngz;ghiyAk;> xUikg; nghJg;ngaH caHjpiz Mz; xUik ngz; xUikfisAk; m/wpiz xUikiaAk;> gd;ikg; nghJg;ngaH caHjpizg; gd;ikiaAk; m/wpizg; gd;ikiaAk; Vw;Fk;.
Kjw;ngaH ehd;F:-
rhj;jd; ,td;> rhj;jd; ,t; vUJ - Mz;ik Kjw;ngaH ,Ujpiz Mz;ghw;Fk; nghJthapw;W.
rhj;jp ,ts;> rhj;jp ,g;gR - ngz;ik Kjw;ngaH ,Ujpizg; ngz;ghw;Fk; nghJthapw;W.
Nfhij ,td;> Nfhij ,ts;> Nfhij ,J - xUik Kjw;ngaH ,Ujpiz xUik %d;ww;Fk; nghJthapw;W.
Nfhijfs; ,tH> Nfhijfs; ,it - gd;ik Kjw;ngaH ,U jpizg; gd;ikf;Fk; nghJthapw;W.
rpidg;ngaH ehd;F :-
Kltd; ,td;> Kltd; ,t; vUJ - Mz;ikr;rpidg; ngaH ,Ujpiz Mz;ghw;Fk; nghJ Mapw;W.
Klj;jp ,ts;> Klj;jp ,g;gR - ngz;ikr; rpidg;ngaH ,Ujpizg; ngz;ghw;Fk; nghJthapw;W.
nrtpapyp ,td;> nrtpapyp ,ts;> nrtpapyp ,J - xUikr; rpidg;ngaH ,Ujpiz xUik %d;ww;Fk; nghJthapw;W.
nrtpapypfs; ,tH> nrtpapypfs; ,it - gd;ikr; rpidg;ngaH ,Ujpizg; gd;ikf;Fk; nghJthapw;W.
rpid Kjw;ngaH ehd;F:-
52
Klf;nfhw;wd; ,td;> Klf;nfhw;wd; ,t; vUJ - Mz;ikr; rpidKjw;ngaH ,Ujpiz Mz;ghw;Fk; nghJthapw;W.
Klf;nfhw;wp ,ts;> Klf;nfhw;wp ,g;gR - ngz;ikr; rpidKjw;ngaH ,Ujpizg; ngz;ghw;Fk; nghJthapw;W.
nfhLk;GwkUjp ,td;> nfhLk;GwkUjp ,ts;>nfhLk;GwkUjp ,J - xUikr; rpidKjw;ngaH ,Ujpiz xUik %d;ww;Fk; nghJthapw;W.
nfhLk;GwkUjpfs; ,tH> nfhLk;GwkUjpfs; ,it - gd;ikr; rpidKjw;ngaH ,Ujpizg; gd;ikf;Fk; nghJthapw;W.
Kiwg;ngaH ,uz;L:-
je;ij ,td;> je;ij ,t; vUJ - Mz;ik Kiwg; ngaH ,Ujpiz Mz;ghw;Fk; nghJthapw;W.
jha; ,ts;> jha; ,g;gR - ngz;ik Kiwg;ngaH ,Ujpizg; ngz;ghw;Fk; nghJthapw;W.
.jd;ikg;ngaH ehd;F:-
ahd; ek;gp> ahd; eq;if> ahd;g+jk; - ahd; vd;Dk; jd;ikg;ngaH ,Ujpiz xUik %d;ww;Fk; nghJthapw;W. ehd; vd;gjNdhLk; ,t;thW xl;Lf.
ahk; kf;fs;> ahk;g+jq;fs; - ahk; vd;Dk; jd;ikg;ngaH ,Ujpizg; gd;ikf;Fk; nghJ thapw;W ehk kf;fs;> ehk; G+jq;fs; vd;Wk; tUk;.
Kd;dpiyg;ngaH Ie;J :-
eP ek;gp> ePeq;if> ePg+jk; - eP vd;Dk; Kd;dpiyg; ngaH ,Ujpiz xUik %d;ww;Fk; nghJthapw;W.
ePHkf;fs;> ePHg+jq;fs; - ePH vd;Dk; Kd;dpiyg; ngaH ,Ujpizg; gd;ikf;Fk; nghJ thapw;W. vy;yPH> ePapH> ePtpH vd;gtw;NwhLk; ,t;thW NrHj;Jf; nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;.
vy;yhk;> jhk;> jhd;:-
mtH vy;yhk;> mit vy;yhk; - vy;yhk; vd;gJ ,Ujpizg; gd;ikf;Fk; nghJthapw;W.
mtHjhk;> mitjhk; - jhk; vd;gJ ,Ujpizg; gd;ikf;Fk; nghJthapw;W.
53
mtd; jhd;> mts; jhd;> mJjhd; - jhd; vd;gJ ,Ujpiz xUik %d;wpw;Fk; nghJthapw;W.
jd;ik ahd; ehd; ahk; ehk>; Kd;dpiy
vy;yPH ePapH ePtpH ePH eP
my;yd glHf;if: vy;yhk; vdy; nghJ
jd;ikg;ngaH ehd;fhtd ahd;> ehd>; ahk;> ehk; vd;gdthk;> Kd;dpiyg;ngaH Ie;jhtd vy;yPH> ePapH> ePtpH> ePH> eP vd;gdthk; >,t; xd;gJk; my;yhj ngaHfs; vy;yhk; glHf;if ,lj;jpw;F cupadthFk;. mtw;Ws; vy;yhk; vd;Dk; ngaH xd;Wk; %tplj;jpw;Fk; cupj;jhFk;.
vy;yhk; vd;gJ %tplj;Jk; tUkhW :-
ahk; vy;yhk;> ePH vy;yhk;> mtH vy;yhk;> mit vy;yhk; vd tUk;.
tpidapd; ngaNu glHf;if tpidahy;
mizAk; ngaNu ahz;Lk; MFk;
tpidg;ngaHfs; glHf;if ,lj;jpw;Nf cupathFk;> tpidahyizAk; ngaHfs; jdpj;jdp %tplj;jpw;Fk; cupathFk;.
tpidg;ngaH vdpDk; njhopw;ngaH vdpDk; xd;Nwahk;.
ahd; czy;> eP czy;> mtd; czy; vdTk;
cz;Nlid> cz;lhia> cz;lhid - vdTk; tUk;.
tpidahyizAk; ngaNu ahz;LkhFk; vd;wJ tpidahyizAk; ngaUf;F>„my;yd glHf;if‟ vd;wjdhy; va;jpaJ tpyf;fp ,lk; tFj;jJ.
tpidapd; ngaNu glHf;if vd;wJ> rpy tpidg; ngaUf;F „my;yd glHf;if‟ vd;wjdhy; va;jpa ,lk; ,q;Nf ahz;LkhFk; vd;gjdhy; ,fe;Jglhky; fhj;jJ.
,q;Nf tpidapd; ngaH vd;wJ vy;yhtpidg; ngaiuAk; md;W> ahDzy;> ePAzy;> mtDzy; vd;gjd;top> tUk; tpidg; ngaH. ahDz;Nld;> ePAz;lha;> mtDz;lhd; vd tUk; Kw;W tpidNghd;W> ahd;> eP> mtd; vd;Dk; %tplg; ngaHfSf;Fg; gad; epiyahfp mt;tg; ngaNuhLk; xd;Wgl;L epw;gjpdhy; mt; ,lj;jpw;F cupathk; vdf; nfhs;smikAk;@ Mjyhy; ,t;tpidg; ngaUf;F va;jpa ,lk; ,fe;JgLk; vd;gjhy; ,fe;J glkhy;
54
fhf;f Ntz;bajhapw;W. vdJzy;> epdJzy;> mtdJzy; vd;Wk;> czy;vd;Wk;> NtWgl;L epw;Fk; tpidg;ngaHfl;F va;jpa ,lk; ,fe;JgLjy; ,y;iy vd;gij mwpjy; Ntz;Lk;.
jhd; ahd; ehd; eP xUik> gd;ik jhk;
ahk; ehk; vyhk; vyPH ePapH ePH ePtpH
jhd;> ahd;> ehd;> eP vd;Dk; ehd;Fk; ,Ujpiz Kf;$w;W xUikg; ngaHfshk; > jhk; > ahk;> ehk>; vy;yhk;> vy;yPH. ePapH> ePH> ePtpH vd;Dk; vl;Lk; ,Ujpiz ,U$w;Wg; gd;ikg; ngaHfshk;.
,Ujpiz Kf;$w;W xUik vd;wJ caHjpiz Mz; xUik caHjpizg; ngz; xUik m/wpiz xUikfis MFk;.
,Ujpiz ,U$w;Wg;gd;ik vd;wJ caHjpizg; gd;ik m/wpizg; gd;ikfis.
$W – 4
MFngaH
ngaHfspd; tifg;ghLfspy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ MFngaH vd;gjhFk;. ,t; MFngaH njhd;W njhl;L tUtjhFk.;
nghUs; Kjy; MNwhL msit nrhy; jhdp
fUtp fhupak; fUj;jd; MjpAs;
xd;wd; ngauhd; mjw;F,ia gpwpijj;
njhd; Kiw ciug;gd MFngaNu
Mf;f MFk; ngaH MFngaH vdg;ngWk; vd;ghH kapiyehjH> tof;fpd;fz;Zk; nra;Aspd; fz;Zk; gapd;W tUtdtw;wpd; ,ilNa Njhd;wpathW Mf;fg;gLtd my;y vd;gJ rq;fu ekr;rpthaH jUk; nghUshFk;.
nghUs>; ,lk;>fhyk;> rpid> Fzk;> njhopy; vd;Dk; MWlNd> ,tw;wpd; gFjpathfpa ehy;tif msitAk; nrhy;Yk;> jhdpAk;>fhuzKk;> fhupaKk;> tpid KjYk;> Mjpahf tUk; nghUs;fSs;> xU nghUspdJ ,aw;ngauhy; mg;nghUspDf;F ,iae;j gpwpJ xU nghUisj;> njhd;W njhl;LtUk; KiwNa nrhy;yg;gl;L tUtd MFngaHfshk;.
55
nghUs; MFngaH:
jhkiu GiuAq; fhkHNrtb - jhkiu vd;Dk; Kjw;nghUspd;ngaHmjd; rpidg;nghUshfpa kyUf;F MfptUjyhy; nghUs; MFngaH.
,l MFngaH:
mfd; mkHe;J nra;ahs; ciwAk; - mfk; vd;Dk; cs; ,lg;ngaH mq;F ,Uf;fpd;w kdj;jpw;F MfptUjyhy; ,l MFngaH.
fhythF ngaH:
fhH mWj;jJ - fhH vd;Dk; kiof;fhyg; ngaH mf;fhyj;J tpisAk; gapUf;F MfptUjyhy; fhythF ngaH.
rpidahF ngaH:
ntw;wpiy el;lhd; - ntw;wpiy vd;Dk; rpidg;ngaH mjd; Kjyhfpa nfhbf;F MfptUjyhy; rpidahF ngaH.
FzthFngaH:
ePyk; #bdhs; - ePyk; vd;Dk; epwf;Fzg;ngaH mjidAila Ftis kyUf;F MfptUjyhy; FzthFngaH.
njhopyhFngaH:
tw;wNyhL cz;lhd; - tw;wy; vd;Dk; njhopw;ngaH mjidg; nghUe;jpa cztpw;F MfptUjyhy; njhopyhFngaH.
vz;zysit MFngaH:
fhyhNy ele;jhd; - fhy; vd;Dk; vz;zy; msitg;ngaH mt; msitf; nfhz;l cWg;gpw;F MfptUjyhy; vz;zysit MFngaH.
vLj;jysit MFngaH:
,uz;LtPir je;jhd; - tPir vd;Dk; vLj;jy; msitg;ngaH mt; msitf;nfhz;l nghUl;F MfptUjyhy; vLj;jysit MFngaH.
56
Kfj;jysit MFngaH:
ehop cile;jJ - ehop vd;Dk; Kfj;jy; msitg;ngaH mt; msT fUtpf;F MfptUjyhy; Kfj;jysit MFngaH.
ePl;lysit MFngaH:
fPioj;jb tpise;jJ - jb vd;Dk; ePl;ly; msitg;ngaH mjdhy; msf;fg;gl;l fodpf;F MfptUjyhy; ePl;lysit MFngaH.
nrhy;yhFngaH:
,e;E}w;F ciu nra;jhd; - ciu vd;Dk; nrhy;ypd;ngaH mjd; nghUSf;F MfptUjyhy;; nrhy;yhFngaH.
jhdpahFngaH:
tpsf;F Kwpe;jJ - tpsf;F vd;Dk; jhdpapd;ngaH mjw;Fj; jhdkhfpa jz;bw;F MfptUjyhy; jhdpahFngaH.
fUtpahFngaH:
jpUthrfk; - mil mLj;j thrfk; vd;Dk; Kjy;fUtpapd; ngaH> mjd; fhupakhfpa xU E}ypw;F MfptUjyhy; fUtpahFngaH.
fhupathFngaH:
,e;E}y; myq;fhuk; - myq;fhuk; vd;Dk; fhupaj;jpd; ngaH mjid czHj;Jjw;Ff; fUtpahfpa E}ypw;F MfptUjyhy; fhupathFngaH.
fUj;jhthFngaH:
,e;E}y; jpUts;StH - jpUts;StH vd;Dk; fUj;jhtpd; ngaH mtuhy; nra;ag;gl;l E}ypw;F MfptUjyhy; fUj;jhthFngaH.
Mjp vd;wjdhy;> fhis te;jhd;> ghit te;jhs; vd tUk; ctik MFngaH KjyhditAk;> NjtH KjypNahH ngaiu kf;fSf;F ,l;L toq;FtdTk; mikAk;.
NkYk;>,t;MFngaH> tplhj MFngaH> tpl;l MFngaH vdTk;> ,Ukb MFngaH> Kk;kb MFngaH> ehd;kb MFngaH vdTk;> milaLj;j MFngaH vdTk;> ,Unganuhl;L MFngaH vdTk; ngaHngw;W toq;Fk;.
57
tplhj MF ngaH:
fLj; jpd;whd;> Gspj; jpd;whd; vd;wtop fLTk; GspAk;>Ritahfpa jj;jk; nghUis tplhJ epd;W jk;nghUspd; NtW my;yhj fha;fdp vd;Dk; nghUis czHj;jyhy;> tplhj MF ngaH.
tpl;l MFngaH:
mt;t+H te;jJ vd;wtop> CH vd;gJ> ,lkhfpa jd; nghUistpl;Lj;> jd;dplj;Js;s kdpjiu czHj;jyhy; tpl;l MFngaH.
xUkb MFngaH:
Gsp jpd;whd; vd;wtop> Gsp vd;Dk; Ritg;ngaH mjid cila goj;jpw;F Mjyhy; xUkb MFngaH.
,Ukb MFngaH:
Gsp Kisj;jJ vd;wtop Gsp vd;gJ> Ritg;ngaH goj;jpw;F Mfpg;> goj;jpd;ngaH kuj;jpw;F Mjyhy;> ,Ukb MFngaH
fhH te;jJ vd;wtop>fhH vd;gJ>epwg;ngaH Nkfj;jpw;fha;> Nkfj;jpd;ngaH mJ nga;Ak; gUtj;jpw;F Mjyhy; ,Ukb MFngaH.
Kk;kb MFngaH:
fhH mWj;jJ vd;gjpy; fhH vd;gJ epwg;ngaH Nkfj;jpw;fha;> Nkfj;jpd; ngaH gUtj;jpw;fha;> mg;gUtj;jpd; ngaH mjpy; tpisAk; gapUf;F Mjyhy;> Kk;kb MFngaH.ehd;kb MFngaH te;jtopf; fz;Lnfhs;f.
milaLj;j MFngaH:
ntw;wpiy el;lhd;> kUf;nfhOe;J el;lhd;> mWgjk; KuYk; vd;gjp;;y; ,iy>nfhOe;J> gjk; vd;Dk; rpidg;ngaHfs;> KiwNa ntWik> kU> MW vd;Dk; mil mLj;J> Kjw;nghUs;fSf;F Mjyhy;> milaLj;j MFngaH.
,UngaH xl;lhFngaH:
tfuf;fpstp> kf;fl;Rl;L vd;gd xU nghUl;F ,UngaH xl;b epw;f> mtw;Ws; xUngaH MFngauhf epw;wyhy;> ,UngaH xl;lhFngaH>
58
tfuf;fpstp vd;gjpy; fpstpvd;gJ nrhy;iy czHj;Jk;NghJ ,aw;ngaH@ nrhw;Ff; fUtp Mfpa vOj;ij czHj;Jk;NghJ MFngaH. tfuf;fpstp tfukhfpa vOj;J vdg; nghUs;gLk;. kf;fl; Rl;L vd;gjpy; Rl;L vd;gJ ed;F kjpg;ig czHj;Jk;NghJ ,aw;ngaH@ ed;F kjpf;fg;gLjiy cila nghUis czHj;Jk;NghJ MFngaH. kf;fl;Rl;L kf;fshfpa ed;F kjpf;fg;gLnghUs; vdg; nghUs;gLk;.
ntw;wpiy Kjypadtw;iwg; nghw;nwhb KjypadNghy md;nkhopj;njhifg; ngaH vd;W nfhs;syhfhNjh vd tpdh vOg;Gk; MWKfehtyH :- md;nkhopj;njhifg; ngaH> nra;As; nra;Ak; Gytd; xUtiu tpag;G Kjypa fhuzj;jpdhNy jd; $w;whfNtDk; gpwH $w;whfNtDk; ghLk; ,lj;J mq;fq;Nf tUtJ md;wp MFngaH Nghy epajpg;ngauha; tUtJ md;W@ Mjyhy; MFngaUk; md;nkhopj; njhifAk; xd;W vdf; nfhs;syhfhJ. mq;qdkhapDk;> MFngaUk; md;nkhopj; njhifg;ngaUk; jk; nghUs; czHj;jhJ gpwpJ nghUs; czHj;Jjyhy; xf;Fkhjypd;> mit jk;Ks; Ntw;WikahNjh vdpd; :- MFngaH xd;wd; ngauhy; mjNdhL ,iaG gw;wpa gpwpJ xd;iw czHj;jp xUnkhopaplj;J tUtjhk;@ md;nkhopj; njhif ,iaG Ntz;lhJ ,UnkhopAk; njhf;f njhif Mw;wypdhNy gpwpJ nghUs; czHj;jp ,U nkhopaplj;J tUtjhk;@ ,it jk;Ks; Ntw;Wik vd;f. ',UngaH xl;lhFngaH ,Unkhopaplj;J te;jJ md;Nwh vdpd; :- tfuf;fpstp> kf;fl;Rl;L vd;Dk; ,UngaH xl;lhF ngaHfSs;> tfuKk; kf;fSk; Mfpa milnkhopfs;> fpstp> Rl;L vd;Dk; ,aw;ngaHg; nghUis tpNrbj;J epy;yhJ> vOj;Jk; nghUSk; Mfpa MFngaHg; nghUis tpNrbj;J epw;ff;> fpstp> Rl;L vd;gdNt MFngaHg; nghUis czHj;j> ,UngaUk; xl;b epw;Fk;@ Mjyhy; ,UngaH xl;lhFngaH ,Unkhop ,lj;J te;jJ md;W vd;f.,dpg; 'nghw;nwhb' vd;Dk; md;nkhopj;njhifapNy nghd; vd;Dk; milnkhop>mg;gb md;nkhopj;njhifg; nghUshfpa ngz;iz tpNrbj;J epy;yhJ> njhbiaNa tpNrbj;J epw;f> mt; ,UnkhopAk; njhf;f njhif Mw;wypdhNy md;nkhopj;njhifg; nghUis czHj;JjYk; mwpf. ,f;fUj;Nj gw;wp kf;fl;Rl;L Kjypatw;iwg; gpd;nkhop MFngaH vd;ghUk; csHvd tpilapWg;ghH.
gapw;rp tpdhf;fs;:
1;.MFngaH vd;why; vd;d?
ngaHfspd; tifg;ghLfspy; Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ MFngaH vd;gjhFk;. ,t; MFngaH njhd;W njhl;L tUtjhFk.;
59
nghUs; Kjy; MNwhL msit nrhy; jhdp
fUtp fhupak; fUj;jd; MjpAs;
xd;wd; ngauhd; mjw;F,ia gpwpijj;
njhd; Kiw ciug;gd MFngaNu
Mf;f MFk; ngaH MFngaH vdg;ngWk;. vd;ghH kapiyehjH> tof;fpd;fz;Zk; nra;Aspd; fz;Zk; gapd;W tUtdtw;wpd; ,ilNa Njhd;wpathW Mf;fg;gLtd my;y vd;gJ rq;fu ekr;rpthaH jUk; nghUshFk;.
nghUs>; ,lk;fhyk;> rpid> Fzk;> njhopy; vd;Dk; MWlNd> ,tw;wpd; gFjpathfpa ehy;tif msitAk; nrhy;Yk;> jhdpAk;>fhuzKk;> fhupaKk;> tpid KjYk;> Mjpahf tUk; nghUs;fSs;> xU nghUspdJ ,aw;ngauhy; mg;nghUspDf;F ,iae;j gpwpJ xU nghUisj;> njhd;W njhl;LtUk; KiwNa nrhy;yg;gl;L tUtd MFngaHfshk;.
2. MFngaupd; tiffis tpsf;fp vOJf.
nghUs; MFngaH.
jhkiu GiuAq; fhkHNrtb - jhkiu vd;Dk; Kjw;nghUspd; ngaHmjd; rpidg;nghUshfpa kyUf;F MfptUjyhy; nghUs; MFngaH.
,l MFngaH
mfd; mkHe;J nra;ahs; ciwAk; - mfk; vd;Dk; cs; ,lg;ngaH mq;F ,Uf;fpd;w kdj;jpw;F MfptUjyhy; ,l MFngaH.
fhythF ngaH.
fhH mWj;jJ - fhH vd;Dk; kiof;fhyg; ngaH mf;fhyj;J tpisAk; gapUf;F MfptUjyhy; fhythF ngaH.
rpidahF ngaH.
ntw;wpiy ehl;lhd; - ntw;wpiy vd;Dk; rpidg;ngaH mjd; Kjyhfpa nfhbf;F MfptUjyhy; rpidahF ngaH.
FzthFngaH.
ePyk; #bdhs; - ePyk; vd;Dk; epwf;Fzg;ngaH mjidAila Ftis kyUf;F MfptUjyhy; FzthFngaH.
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njhopyhFngaH.
tw;wNyhL cz;lhd; - tw;wy; vd;Dk; njhopw;ngaH mjidg; nghUe;jpa cztpw;F MfptUjyhy; njhopyhFngaH.
vz;zysit MFngaH.
fhyhNy ele;jhd; - fhy; vd;Dk; vz;zy; msitg;ngaH mt; msitf; nfhz;l cWg;gpw;F MfptUjyhy; vz;zysit MFngaH.
vLj;jysit MFngaH.
,uz;LtPir je;jhd; - tPir vd;Dk; vLj;jy; msitg;ngaH mt; msitf;nfhz;l nghUl;F MfptUjyhy; vLj;jysit MFngaH.
Kfj;jysit MFngaH.
ehop cile;jJ - ehop vd;Dk; Kfj;jy; msitg;ngaH mt; msT fUtpf;F MfptUjyhy; Kfj;jysdT MFngaH.
ePl;lysit MFngaH.
fPioj;jb tpise;jJ - jb vd;Dk; ePl;ly; msitg;ngaH mjdhy; msf;fg;gl;l fodpf;F MfptUjyhy; ePl;lysit MFngaH.
nrhy;yhFngaH.
,e;E}w;F ciu nra;jhd; - ciu vd;Dk; nrhy;ypd;ngaH mjd; nghUSf;F MfptUjyhy;; nrhy;yhFngaH.
jhdpahFngaH.
tpsf;F Kupe;jJ - tpsf;F vd;Dk; jhdpapd;ngaH mjw;Fj; jhdkhfpa jz;bw;F MfptUjyhy; jhdpahFngaH.
fUtpahFngaH.
jpUthrfk; - mil mLj;j thrfk; vd;Dk; Kjy;fUtpapd; ngaH> mjd; fhupakhfpa xU E}ypw;F MfptUjyhy; fUtpahFngaH.
fhupathFngaH.
,e;E}y; myq;fhuk; - myq;fhuk; vd;Dk; fhupaj;jpd; ngaH mjid czHj;Jjw;Ff; fUtpahfpa E}ypw;F MfptUjyhy; fhupathFngaH.
61
fUj;jhthFngaH.
,e;E}y; jpUts;StH - jpUts;StH vd;Dk; fUj;jhtpd; ngaH mtuhy; nra;ag;gl;l E}ypw;F MfptUjyhy; fUj;jhthFngaH.
Mjp vd;wjdhy;> fhis te;jhd;> ghit te;jhs; vd tUk; ctik MFngaH KjyhditAk;> NjtH KjypNahH ngaiu kf;fSf;F ,l;L toq;FtdTk; mikAk;.
NkYk;>,t;MFngaH> tplhj MFngaH> tpl;l MFngaH vdTk;> ,Ukb MFngaH> Kk;kb MFngaH> ehd;kb MFngaH vdTk;> milaLj;j MFngaH vdTk;> ,Unganuhl;L MFngaH vdTk; ngaHngw;W toq;Fk;.
tplhj MF ngaH.
fLj; jpd;whd;> Gsp jpd;whd; vd;wtop fLTk; GspAk;>Ritahfpa jj;jk; nghUis tplhJ epd;W jk;nghUspd; NtW my;yhj fha;fdp vd;Dk; nghUis czHj;jyhy;> tplhj MF ngaH.
tpl;l MFngaH.
mt;t+H te;jJ vd;wtop> CH vd;gJ> ,lkhfpa jd; nghUistpl;Lj;> jd;dplj;Js;s kdpjiu czHj;jyhy; tpl;l MFngaH.
xUkb MFngaH
Gsp jpd;whd; vd;wtop> Gsp vd;Dk; Ritg;ngaH mjid cila goj;jpw;F Mjyhy; xUkb MFngaH.
,Ukb MFngaH
Gsp Kisj;jJ vd;wtop Gsp vd;gJ> Ritg;ngaH goj;jpw;F Ma;g;> goj;jpd;ngaH kuj;jpw;F Mjyhy;> ,Ukb MFngaH
fhH te;jJ vd;wtop >fhH vd;gJ>epwg;ngaH Nkfj;jpw;fha;> Nkfj;jpd;ngaH mJ nga;Ak; gUtj;jpw;F Mjyhy; ,Ukb MFngaH.
Kk;kb MFngaH:
fhH mWj;jJ vd;gjpy; fhH vd;gJ epwg;ngaH Nkfj;jpw;fha;> Nkfj;jpd; ngaH gUtj;jpw;fha;> mg;gUtj;jpd; ngaH mjpy;
62
tpisAk; gapUf;F Mjyhy;> Kk;kb MFngaH.ehd;kb MFngaH te;jtopf; fz;Lnfhs;f.
milaLj;j MFngaH.
ntw;wpiy el;lhd;> kUf;nfhOe;J el;lhd;> mWgjk; KuYk; vd;gjp;;y; ,iy>nfhOe;J> gjk; vd;Dk; rpidg;ngaHfs;> KiwNa ntWik> kU> MW vd;Dk; mil mLj;J> Kjw;nghUs;fSf;F Mjyhy;> milaLj;j MFngaH.
,UngaH xl;lhFngaH>
tfuf;fpstp> kf;fl;Rl;L vd;gd xU nghUl;F ,UngaH xl;b epw;f> mtw;Ws; xUngaH MFngauhf epw;wyhy;> ,UngaH xl;lhFngaH>
tfuf;fpstp vd;gjpy; fpstpvd;gJ nrhy;iy czHj;Jk;NghJ ,aw;ngaH@ nrhw;Ff; fUtp Mfpa vOj;ij czHj;Jk;NghJ MFngaH. tfuf;fpstp tfukhfpa vOj;J vdg; nghUs;gLk;. kf;fl; Rl;L vd;gjpy; Rl;L vd;gJ ed;F kjpg;ig czHj;Jk;NghJ ,aw;ngaH@ ed;F kjpf;fgLjiy cila nghUis czHj;Jk;NghJ MFngaH. kf;fl;Rl;L kf;fshfpa ed;F kjpf;fg;gLnghUs; vdg; nghUs;gLk;.
63
gpupT – 2 ed;D}y;
gad;:nghUis Ntw;Wikg;gLj;jypd; ,d;wpaikahikia mwpjy;
jkpopy; ,lk;ngw;Ws;s Ntw;Wik cUGfis mwpe;J gad;nfhs;sy;
Ntw;Wik cUGfis gad;nfhs;Sk; tpjj;jpidf; fw;Wg;gad;gLj;jy;
nraypd; ,d;wpaikahikia tpid vd;gjd; top mwpjy;
tpidr;nrhy;ypd; nghJ ,yf;fzk; njupjy;
tpidr;nrhy;ypd; tiffisAk; mjd; gad;fisAk; fw;W czHjy;
fhyk; fhl;Lk; tpidKw;Wfis mwpjy;
tpidKw;Wfspd; tiffis czHe;J mtw;iwj; jFe;j ,lj;Jk; gad;gLj;Jk;
nkhopj;jpwid miljy;
$W – 5 Ntw;Wik
ngaHfs; fhyk; fhl;Lk; tpFjpfis Vw;fhJ> Mdhy; Ntw;Wik cUGfis Vw;Fk;. vdNtjhd; ngaupaypd; ,Wjpapy; Ntw;Wik gw;wpa nra;jpfis tpsf;fpAiuf;fpwhH ed;D}yhH. nghUis Ntw;Wikg;gLj;jp ciug;gjhy; ,J Ntw;Wik vdg;gl;lJ>
Vw;Fk; vt;tif ngaHf;Fk; <wha;g; nghUs;
Ntw;Wik nra;td vl;Nl Ntw;Wik
jk;ik Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sjw;F cupa vt;tifg;gl;l ngaHfSf;Fk; ,Wjpaha;tUk;. mg; ngaHg;nghUis Ntw;Wikg; gLj;Jtdtha; mikAk;.mt;Ntw;Wikfs; vl;Nl MFk;.
jd;id Vw;w ngaHg; nghUSf;F Ntw;Wik vd;Dk; nraiyr; nra;Ak; fUj;jh Mfpa cUig Ntw;Wik vd;wJ fhupa MFngaH.Ntw;Wik vd;Dk; gz;Gg;ngaH gz;gpf;F Mfhikahy; gz;ghFngaH md;whapw;W .
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ngaNu I My; F ,d; mJ fz;
tpsp vd;W MFk; mtw;wpd; ngaHKiw
vl;L Ntw;Wik vdg; gl;litfspd; ngaHfs; ngaUk; IAk; MYk; Ft;Tk; ,d;Dk; mJTk; fz;Zk; tpspAk; vd;Wk; nrhy;yg;gl;lit MFk;.
I - ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik
My; - %d;whk; Ntw;Wik
F – ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wik
,d; - Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wik
mJ – Mwhk; Ntw;Wik
fz; – Vohk; Ntw;Wik
tpsp – vl;lhk; Ntw;Wik
Mwd; cUGk; Vw;Fk; mt; cUNg
ngauha; epw;Fk; mt;vOtha; cUNg>I Kjyhfpa MW Ntw;Wik cUGfisAk; Vw;Fk;.
Kjy; kw;Wk; vl;lhk; Ntw;Wikfs; cUNgw;fhJ. Vida MW Ntw;Wikfs; cUNgw;Fk;. Mwhk; Ntw;Wikapd; gpwpNjhH cUG „m‟ vd;gjhFk;. Mwd; cUghfpa mJ gpw cUGfisAk; Vw;Fk;.
ePapH ePtpH ehd; vOtha; my ngwh
ePapH> ePtPH> ehd; Mfpa ,k;%d;W ngaHfSk; vOtha; my;yhj Ntw;Wikfis Vw;fhJ.
Kjy; Ntw;Wik:
mtw;Ws;>
vOtha; cUG jpupG ,y; ngaNu
tpid ngaH tpdhf;nfhsy; mjd; gadpiyNa
Kd; nrhy;yg;gl;l vl;L Ntw;WikfSs;> Kjy; Ntw;Wikapd; cUghtJ I Kjypa cUG Vw;Wj; jpupjy; ,y;yhj
65
ngaNuahFk;.tpidiaAk; ngaiuAk; tpdhitAk; nfhs;s tUjy; mt; cUgpdJ nghUs; epiyahk;.
vdNt> mj; jpupG ,y;yhj ngaH jhNd jd; nghUis tpidKjw; nghUshf Ntw;Wik nra;Ak; vd;gjhapw;W.
,t; vOtha; nfhs;Sk; ngaH> ,d;dJ>,j;jifa mstpw;W vd;Dk; nghUs; gltUk; ngauhFk;.
rhj;jd; te;jhd;@ nfhw;wd; tho;f - ,it njupepiytpid nfhs te;jd.
mtd; ngupad;> M cz;L-,it Fwpg;Gtpid nfhs te;jd.
rhj;jdptd>; nfhw;wdtd; - ,it ,d;dJ vd;Dk; nghUs;gl tUk; ngaH nfhs te;jd. M xd;W> ahid E}W - ,it ,t; mstpw;W vd;Dk; nghUs;gltUk; ngaH nfhs te;jd.
mtd; ahH@ M ahJ - ,it tpdhf;nfhs te;jd.
tpidKjw; nghUshtJ xU njhopy; epfo;r;rpapNy jd;taj;jjhff; Fwpf;fg;gLk; nghUshk;. tpidKjy;> nra;gtd;> fUj;jh vd;gdxUnghUs; Fwpj;j nrhw;fs; MFk;.
rhj;jd; te;jhd; vd;wtop> njhopy; epfo;r;rp tUjy;> mj;njhopy; epfo;r;rpapNy jd;taj;j jhff; Fwpf;fg;gLk; nghUs; rhj;jd; Mjyhy;> rhj;jd; tpidKjw; nghUs;.
,t; vOtha;f;F> I Kjypad Nghd;w cUG ,y;iyahapDk;> ciuapw;Nfhly; vd;Dk; cj;jpapdhNy rpWghd;ik Mdtd;> Mfpd;wtd;>Mthd;> vd;gtd; Kjypa Ik;ghy; nrhw;fSk; nrhy; cUGfshf tUk;.
rhj;jd; Mdtd; te;jhd;@ rhj;jpahdts; te;jhs;> rhj;juhdtH te;jhH@ ahid MdJ te;jJ@ ahid Mdit te;jd vd tUk.;
,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik:
,uz;lhtjd; cUG INa: mjd; nghUs;
Mf;fy; mopj;jy; miljy; ePj;jy;
xj;jy; cilik Mjp MFk;
,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wik cUG I vd;gjhFk;. mjd; nghUs; Mf;fy;> mopj;jy;> miljy;> ePj;jy;> xj;jy;> cilik vd;Dk; njhlf;fj;jd MFk;.
66
tPl;ilf; fl;bdhd;> Flj;ij tide;jhd; - Mf;fy;
Nfhl;ilia ,bj;jhd;> Flj;ij cilj;jhd; - mopj;jy;
Nfhapiy mile;jhd;> Ciu mile;jhd; - miljy;
muirj; Jwe;jhd;> kidtpiaj; Jwe;jhd; - ePj;jy;
nghd;id xj;jhd;> Gypiag; Nghd;wtd;- xj;jy;
fy;tpia cilahd;> nghUis cilahd; - cilik
Mjp vd;wikahy; tPl;il tpUk;gpdhd;> E}w;nghUis mwpe;jhd; vdTk; tUjy; cz;L>tpUk;GjYk; mwpjYk; tpid Kjy; njhopy;fs;. nghUshfpa tPLk; E}w;nghUshfpa tpid Kjypd; njhopy;fSf;Fr; nraw;gL nghUshfTk; tUk;.
,r; nraw;gL nghUs; fUj;jpw; nrag;gLtJ>fUj;jpd;wpr; nrag;gLtJ> ,Uikapy; nrag;gLtJ vd %d;W tifg;gLk;.
Nrhw;iw cz;lhd; - fUj;jpy; nra;jy;
Nrhw;iwf; Fioj;jhd; - fUj;jpd;wpr; nra;jy;
gjiuAk; ney;iyAk; nfhz;lhd;- gjH- fUj;jpd;wpf; nfhz;lJ
ney;- fUj;jpy; nfhz;lJ
,dpr; nrag;gL nghUis ,aw;wg;gLtJ> va;jg;gLtJ> NtWgLj;jg;gLtJ vd %d;whfg; gpupg;gH. mit Nkw;fhl;ba MW tiffSs; mlq;Fk;.
%d;whk; Ntw;Wik:
%d;whtjd; cUG My; Md; XL xL
fUtp fUj;jh cldpfo;T mjd; nghUs;
%d;whk; Ntw;Wikapd; cUG Kd;nrhy;yg;gl;l My;kl;Lkd;wp MDk; XLk; xLTkhk;@ mt; cUGfspd; nghUs;fshtd@ fUtpg;nghUSk;> tpidKjy;nghUSk;@ ( fUj;jhg; nghUs; ) cld; epfo;r;rpg; nghUSk; Mfpad MFk;.
,e;ehd;F cUGfSf;Fk; %d;W nghUs;fSkhk; vdf; $l;br; nrhd;dhH MapDk;> Vw;Gopf; Nfhly; vd;Dk; cj;jpahy;> mt; cUGfSs;> My;> Md; cUGfSf;Ff; fUtpAk; tpidKjYk;> XL> xL cUGfSf;F cld; epfo;r;rpAk; rpwe;jd MFk;.
67
thshy; ntl;bdhd;> thshd; ntl;bdhd; - .fUtp
murdhyhfpa Nfhapy;> murdhdhfpa Nfhapy; - fUj;jh
ike;jNdhL je;ij te;jhd;> ike;jndhL je;ij te;jhd; - cldpfo;r;rp
fUtpahtJ tpidKjy; njhopy;gaidr; nrag;gLnghUspy; NrHg;gJ> fUtp> fhuzk;> VJ vd;gd xU nghUl;nrhw;fs;.
thshy; giftid ntl;bdhd; vd;gjpy; thisg;gw;wp tPRjy; tpidKjypdJ njhopy;@ giftd; clk;G mWjy; mj;njhopw;Fg; gad;@ mg;gaidg; giftdhfpa nrag;gLnghUspNy NrHg;gJ ths;.vdNt ths; fUtpg;nghUs; MFk;.
mf; fUtpg;nghUs; Kjw;fUtpAk; Jizf;fUtpAk; vd ,Utifg;gLk;. mtw;Ws;> Kjw;fUtpahdJ nrag;gLnghUNshL xw;Wik cilaJ.
Jizf;fUtpahtJ Kjw;fUtpf;Fj; Jizaha; mJ fhupag;gLk; msTk; cld; epfo;tJ
kz;zhy; Flj;ij tide;jhd; - Flkhfpa fhupaj;NjhL xw;Wik cilaJ kz;zhjyhy;> kz; Kjw; fUtp.
jpupifahy; Flj;ij tide;jhd; - kz;zhfpa Kjw;fUtpf;Fj; Jizaha; mJ Flkhff; fhupag;gLksTk; cld; epfo;tJ jpupif Mjyhy; jpupif Jizf;fUtp.
,f;fUtpg;nghUs; mff;fUtp> Gwf;fUtp xw;Wikf;fUtp vd %d;whAk; tUk; vdf; nfhs;f.
kdj;jhy; epide;jhd; - mff;fUtp
thshy; ntl;bdhd; - Gwf;fUtp
mwpthy; mwpe;jhd; - xw;Wikf; fUtp
vOtha; Ntw;Wikapy; tUk; tpidKjw;ngaH jd; tpFjp tpidapdhNy KbAk;@ ,k;%d;whk; Ntw;Wikapy; tUk; tpidKjw;ngaH nrag;gLnghUs; tpFjp tpidapdhNy KbAk;@ ,JNt mt; ,uz;lw;Fk; NtWghlhFk;.
Fatd; Flj;ij tide;jhd; - Fatd; vd;Dk; vOtha;f; fUj;jhj; jdf;Fupa Md; tpFjp tpidapdhNy Kbe;jJ.
68
Fatdhy; ghid tidag;gl;lJ - Fatd; vd;Dk; %d;wd; cUgpd; fUj;jhj; jdf;Fupa Md;tpFjp tpidapdhNy KbahJ> nrag;gLnghUl;Fupa Jt;tpFjp tpidapdhNy Kbe;jJ.
mt; ,Utif tpidKjYk;> ,aw;Wk; tpidKjy;> VTk; tpidKjYk; vd ,Utifg;gLk;.
,aw;Wk; tpidKjyhtJ fUtpiaj; njhopw;gLj;JtJ MFk;.
VTk; tpidKjyhtJ mt; ,aw;Wk; tpid KjypdJ njhopiy cz;lhf;Fk; njhopYilaJ MFk;.
jr;rd; Nfhapy; fl;bdhd;@ jr;rdhy; Nfhapy; fl;lg;gl;lJ - jr;rd; ,aw;Wjy; fUj;jh.
murd; Nfhapy; fl;Ltpj;jhd;@ murdhy; Nfhapy; fl;Ltpf;fg;gl;lJ.- VTjw; fUj;jh.
cldpfo;r;rpg; nghUshtJ> tpidnfhz;L KbAk; nghUspd; njhopiyj; jd;dplj;Jk; cld; epfo;tjhf cila nghUshk;.
ike;jNdhL je;ij te;jhd; vd;wtop> je;ij tpidnfhz;L KbAk; nghUs;. tUjy; mg;nghUspd; njhopy;@ mt;tUjy; njhopiyj; jd;dplj;Jk; cldpfo;tjhfTila nghUs; ike;jd; Mjyhy; ike;jd; cldpfo;r;rpg; nghUs;.
cldpfo;r;rpg; nghUs;> jiyikg;nghUSk;> jiyikapy; nghUSk; vd ,Utifg;gLk;.
jiyikg;nghUshtJ tpidnfhz;L KbAk; nghUspd; caHTilAJ:
jiyikapy; nghUshtJ tpidnfhz;L KbAk; nghUspd; ,opTilaJ.
kd;dtNdhL ke;jpup te;jhd; - tpid nfhz;L KbAk; nghUs; ke;jpup@ mg; nghUspd; caHTila nghUs; kd;dtd; Mjyhy;> cldpfo;r;rpg; nghUs; jiyikg; nghUshapw;W
khzhf;fNdhL Mrpupad; te;jhd; - tpid nfhz;L KbAk; nghUs; Mrpupad;> mg;nghUspd; ,opTila nghUs; khzhf;fd; Mjyhy;> cldpfo;r;rpg; nghUs; jiyikapy; nghUshapw;W.
My;> Md; cUGfs; cldpfo;r;rpg; nghUspYk;. XL> xL cUGfs; tpidKjw;nghUs; fUtpg; nghUs;fspYk; xNuh ,lj;J mUfp tUk;.
69
J}q;Fifah Ndhq;F eila
cwo;kzpah DaH kUg;gpd.
-vd> MDUG cldpfo;r;rpg; nghUspy; te;jJ
,tw;wpw;Fj; J}q;F ifNahL vd;Wk;> cwo; kzpNahL vd;Wk;> nghUs; nfhs;f. J}q;Fifah Ndhq;F eila vd;Gop> elj;jyhy; Mfpa NtW ,lg;GzHr;rp> iff;Fk; ahidf;Fk; csjhjy; mwpf. cwo;kzp ahDaH kUg;gpd> vd;Gop> ahidapdJ cilik kzpf;Fk; kUg;gpw;Fk; csjhapw;W.
“nfhbnahL Jtf;Fz;lhd;
CrpnahL Fapd;w J}Rk; gl;Lk;”
-vd;gjpy;> nfhbnahL> CrpnahL vd;gd> nfhbahy;> Crpahy; vdg; nghUs;gLjYk>; nfhb> Crp vd;gd KiwNa tpidKjw;nghUs; fUtpg;nghUs; MjYk; fhz;f.
rpWghd;ik My;>Md; cUGfs; Kjw;nghUs; Nky; Vw;wpr; nrhy;yg;gLk; tptfhuj;ij cila rpidg;nghUspYk;> njhWg; nghUspYk; tUk;.
fz;zhw; FUld;@
fhyhy; Kltd;>
-vd;Gopf;> FUld; Kltd; Kjw;nghUs;fs;@ mitfspd; NkNyw;wpr; nrhy;yg;gLk; tpfhuk; FUl;Lj; jd;ikAk; Klj;jd;ikAk;@ mt;tpfhuj;ij cila rpidg;nghUs;fs; fz;Zk; fhYk; Mjy; fhz;f.
„CuhNdhH NjtFyk‟; - CHNjhWk; xt;nthU NjtFyk; vdg; nghUs; nfhs;sg;gLk;.
ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wik:
ehd;fhtjdw;F cUG MFk; Ft;Nt
nfhil gif NeHr;rp jfT mJthjy;
nghUl;L Kiw Mjpapd; ,jw;F,J ,J vdy; nghUNs
70
ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wikf;F cUG Kd; nrhy;yg;gl;l ‘F’ xd;Nw MFk;. mt; cUgpd; nghUs;fshtd> nfhilAk;> gifAk;> el;Gk;> jFjpAk; MFk;.
Kjy;fhuzKk;>epkpj;j fhuzKk; KiwAk; Kjyhd nghUs;nrhw;fspd; GzHr;rpapy; ,jw;F ,J vd;gJgl tUtdthfpa mt;TUG Vw;w ngaHg;nghUs; NtWgl;l gyTkhk;.
nfhil vd;wikahy; Nfhlw;nghUSk;> gif NeHr;rp vd;wikahy; gifnjhlH nghUSk; el;Gj;njhlH nghUSk;> jFjp vd;wikahy; jFjpAilg; nghUSk;> mJthjy; vd;wikahy; Kjw;fhuz fhupag; nghUSk;> nghUl;L vd;wikahy; epkpj;j fhuzfhupag; nghUSk;> Kiw vd;wikahy; Kiwf;F ,ianghUSk;> Ft;TUgpd; nghUs;fshFk; vd;gJ njupatUk;.
,utyHf;Fg; nghd;idf; nfhLj;jhd; - Nfhly;nghUs;.
ghk;Gf;Fg; gif fUld; - gifj;njhlH nghUs;.
rhj;jDf;F el;ghsd; nfhw;wd; - el;Gj;njhlHnghUs;.
murHf;F cupj;J mUq;fyk; - jFjpAilg; nghUs;.
Fz;lyj;jpw;Fg; nghd; - Kjw;fhuz fhupag; nghUs;.
$ypf;F Ntiy nra;jhd; - epkpj;jfhuz fhupag; nghUs;.
rhj;jhDf;F kfd; nfhw;wd; - Kiwf;F ,ianghUs;.
Nfhlw;nghUshtJ nfhLj;jy; njhopypd; nrag;gL nghUisj; jdf;F cupaJ Mf;fpf; nfhs;SjiyAila nghUshk;. Nfhlw;nghUs;>Nfhspg;nghUs; vd;gd xUnghUs; nrhw;fs;.
,utyHf;Fg; nghd;idf; nfhLj;jhd; - nfhLj;jypd; nrag;gLnghUs; nghd;@ mjidj; jdf;Fupajhf;fpf; nfhs;SjiyAila nghUs; ,utyuhjyhy;> ,utyH Nfhlw; nghUs;.
khzhf;fDf;F mwpT nfhLj;jhd; - mwpthfpa nrag;gLnghUs; nfhLg;Nghd; nghUsha;f; nfhs;Nthd; ,lj;Jr; nry;yhJ Mq;Fj; Njhd;wpDk;> mjidj; jdf;FupaJ Mf;fpf; nfhs;Sjyhy;> khzhf;fd; Nfhlw;nghUs;@
khzhf;fDf;F E}w;nghUs; ciuj;jhd; - nrhy;Yjypd; nrag;gLnghUshfpa E}w;nghUis mwpjiyAila nghUshfpa khzhf;fDk; Nfhlw;nghUNs MFk;.
71
Nfhly; gytifg;gLk;. mit : NfshJ Vw;wy;> Nfl;Nl Vw;wy;> VyhJ Vw;wy;><Nthd; Vw;wy;> caHe;Njhd; Vw;wy;> ,ope;Njhd; Vw;wy;> xg;Nghd; Vw;wy;> czHtpd;W Vw;wy;> tpUg;gha; Vw;wy;> ntWg;gha; Vw;wy; Kjypad MFk;..
Mtpw;F ePH tpl;lhd; - NfshJ Vw;wy;
twpahHf; fPe;jhd; - Nfl;Nl Vw;wy;.
khzhf;fDf;F mwpT nfhLj;jhd; - VyhJ Vw;wy;.
jdf;Fr; Nrhwpl;lhd; - <Nthd; Vw;wy;.
muDf;Ff; fz;zyH nfhLj;jhd; mup - caHe;Njhd; Vw;wy;
mupf;Fr; rf;fuq;nfhLj;jhd; mud; - ,ope;Njhd; Vw;wy;.
NrhoDf;F tpUe;jpl;lhd; Nrud; - xg;Nghd; Vw;wy;.
Nrhw;wpw;F nea;tpl;lhd; - czHtpd;W Vw;wy;
khzhf;fDf;Ff; firab nfhLj;jhd; Mrpupad; - tpUg;gha; Vw;wy;.
fs;sDf;Ff; firab nfhLj;jhd; murd; - ntWg;gha; Vw;wy;.
nfhLj;jYk; gytifg;gLk;. mit: tof;fj;jpy;nfhLj;jy;> cupikapy; nfhLj;jy;> mr;rj;jpy; nfhLj;jy;> ghtidapy; nfhLj;jy;> ctifapy; nfhLj;jy;> ntFspapy; nfhLj;jy;> mtyj;jpy; nfhLj;jy; Kjypad.
kUkfDf;F kfisf; nfhLj;jhd; - tof;fj;jpy; nfhLj;jy;.
kfDf;F muR nfhLj;jhd; - cupikapy; nfhLj;jy;.
murw;Fj; jpiw nfhLj;jhd; - mr;rj;jpy; nfhLj;jy;
je;ij jha;f;Fj; jpjp nfhLj;jhd; - ghtidapy; nfhLj;jy;.
mtDf;Fg; gupR nfhLj;jhd; - ctifapy; nfhLj;jy;
mtDf;Fj; jz;lid nfhLj;jhd; - ntFspapy; nfhLj;jy;.
tha;f;fuprp ,l;lhd; - mtyj;jpy; nfhLj;jy;.
xUnghUspd; ,lj;Js;s gif njhlHjw;F ,lkhfpa nghUshk;.
ghk;Gf;Fg; gif fUld; vd;gjpy; fUldplj;Js;s gif njhlHjw;F ,lk; ghk;G Mjyhy; ghk;G gifj;njhlH nghUs;.
72
el;Gj;njhlH nghUshtJ xU nghUspd; ,lj;Js;s el;Gj; njhlHjw;F ,lkhfpa nghUshk;.
rhj;jhDf;F ez;gd; nfhw;wd; vd;gjpy; nfhw;wd; ,lj;Js;s el;Gj; njhlHjw;F ,lk; rhj;jd; Mjyhy; rhj;jhd; el;Gj;njhlH nghUs;.
ittjpy; jPiknjhlH nghUSk; tho;j;Jtjpy; ed;ik njhlHnghUSk; gifNeHr;rpfspy; mlq;Fk.; mit :-
jPNahHf;Ff; NfL cz;lhFf>
ey;NyhHf;Fr; nry;tk; cz;lhFf vd tUk;.
jFjpAilg; nghUshtJ jd;NdhL nghUe;Jjw;Fj; jFjpahfpa nghUis cila nghUshFk;.
murHf; Fupj;J mUq;fyk; vd;wNghJ murNuhL nghUe;Jjw;Fj; jFjpahfpa nghUs; mUq;fyk;@ mg;nghUis cilanghUs; murH Mjyhy; murH jFjpAilg; nghUs;.
Kjy; fhuz fhupag; nghUshtJ Kjy; fhuzj;jhy; MFk; nghUshFk;.
Fz;lyj;jpw;Fg; nghd; vd;gjpy; nghd; Kjw;fhuzk;> mjdhy; Mfpa fhupak; Fz;lykhjyhy; Fz;lyk; Kjw;fhuzfhupag; nghUs;.
epkpj;jfhuz fhupag; nghUshtJ epkpj;jfhuzj;jhy; MFk; nghUshk;. $ypf;F Ntiy nra;jhd; vd;gjpy;> Ntiy epkpj;j fhuzk;@ mjdhyhfpa fhupak; $yp Mjyhy; $yp epkpj;j fhuz fhupag;nghUs;.
Kiwf;F ,ia nghUshtJ gpwg;gpdhy; xU nghUspd; Kiwf;Fj; jhd; ,iae;J epw;Fk; nghUshk;.
rhj;jDf;F kfd; nfhw;wd; vd;wNghJ nfhw;wd; ,lj;Js;s kfd; vd;Dk; Kiwf;Fj; jhd; ,iae;J epw;Fk; nghUs; rhj;jd; Mjyhy; rhj;jd; Kiwf;F ,ia nghUs; MFk;.
Mjp vd;wjdhy; -
kiof;F kpd;dy; - cw;ghjj;jhy; Fwpf;fg;gLtJ
mtDf;F ,J NghJk; - Fiwtpd;ikiaf; nfhs;tJ>
gpwTk; tUk;. cw;ghjk; vd;gJ Nky;tpisAk; ed;ik jPikia mwptpf;Fk; Fwp MFk;.
73
Ft;TUG epw;ww;F cupa rpy ,lq;fspNy> nghUl;L> epkpj;jk; vd;gdTk;> Ft;TUgpd;Nky; Mf vd;gJk;nrhy;YUGfshf tUk;.
$opd;nghUl;L Ntiy nra;jhd;@
$ypapd; epkpj;jk; Ntiy nra;jhd;@
$ypf;fhf Ntiy nra;jhd;> vd tUk;.
Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wik:
Ie;jhtjd; cUG ,y;Yk; ,d;Dk;
ePq;fy; xg;G vy;iy VJg; nghUNs
Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wikapd; cUghtd ,y;Yk;,d;Dk; MFk;;;. mt;TUGfspd; nghUs;fshtdePf;fg;nghUSk;> xg;Gg; nghUSk;> vy;iyg; nghUSk;> VJg;nghUSkhfpa mt;TUGfis Vw;w ngaHg;nghUs;fs; NtWgl;l ,e;ehd;Fkhk;.
kiyapd; tPo; mUtp - ePf;fg;nghUs;.
fhf;ifapw; fupJ fsk;gok; - xg;Gg;nghUs;.
kJiuapd; tlf;Fr; rpjk;guk; - vy;iyg;nghUs;.
fy;tpapw; ngupad; fk;gd; - VJg;nghUs;.
ePf;fg; nghUshtJ> gpupit cz;lhf;Fk; njhopy; ,d;wpg; gpupitkhj;jpuk; jd; ,lj;Jila nghUshk;.
kiyapd; tPoUtp vd;wNghJ mUtpapd; tPo;r;rp gpupit cz;lhf;Fk; njhopy; mJ jd;dplj;J ,y;yhky; mt;tPo;r;rpahy; Mfpa gpupT xd;iwNa jd;dplj;J cilaJ kiy vdNt kiy ePf;fg;nghUs;.
xg;Gg; nghUshtJ> ctNkag; nghUspYk; jd;dpYk; ,Uf;fpd;w nghJj; jd;ikahy; ctkhdkhFk; nghUshk.;
fhf;ifapw; fupJ fsk;gok; vd;gjpy; fsk;gok; ctNkak;@ ctNkaj;jpYk; jd;dpYk; cs;s nghJj;jd;ik fUik> mjdhy; ctkhdk; Mfpa nghUs; fhf;if.vdNt fhf;if xg;Gg;nghUs;.
vy;iyg; nghUshtJ>mwpag;glhj nghUspdJ jpir msT> top msT> fhy msT> gz;G Kjypatw;iwf; Fwpg;gpj;jw;F vy;iyahf epw;Fk; nghUshk;.
74
kJiuapd; tlf;Fr; rpjk;guk; - mwpag;glhj rpjk;guj;jpdJ jpiriaf; Fwpg;gpj;jw;F vy;iyahf epw;gJ mwpag;gl;l nghUshfpa kJiu.vdNt kJiu vy;iyg;nghUs;.
fr;rpapd; jpUj;jzpif Kf;fhtjk; - mwpag;glhj jpUj;jzpifapdJ topasit mwptpj;jw;F vy;iyahf epw;gJ> mwpag;gl;l nghUshfpa fr;rp: fr;rp vd;gJ vy;iyg;nghUs;.
rhj;jdpy; ,uz;lhz;L %j;jtd; nfhw;wd; - mwpag;glhj nfhw;wDila tajpidf; Fwpg;gpj;jw;F vy;iyahf epw;Fk; nghUs; mwpag;gl;l rhj;jd;.vdNt rhj;jhd; vy;iyg; nghUs;.
murupw; ngupaH me;jzH@ Mtpd; ,ope;jJ Nkjp - mwpag;glhj me;jzUk; NkjpAkhfpa nghUs;fspd; caHT jho;Tfisf; Fwpg;gpj;jw;F vy;iyahf epw;Fk; nghUs;fs; mwpag;gl;l murUk;> MTk;. vdNt murUk; MTk; vy;iyg;nghUs;fs;. ,t;TaHT jho;Tfis ePf;fg;nghUs; vd;ghUk; csH.
VJg;nghUshtJ> xU nghUspd; ngUik Kjypatw;wpw;F VJthFk; nghUshk;. fy;tpapw; ngupad; fk;gd; vd;gjpy; fk;gDila ngUikf;F VJf; fy;tp Mjyhy; fy;tp VJg;nghUs;.
khiaapy; Njhd;wpa Jyfk; - Kjw;fhuzg; nghUs;
kz;Zyfpd; NtW tpz;Zyfk; - Ntw;Wikf;F vjpHg;nghUs;
ghtj;jpd; ntWf;fpd;whd; - tplag; nghUs;
Nghd;wtw;wpYk; Ie;jDUG tUk;.
ePf;fg;nghUspYk;> vy;iyg; nghUspYk;> ,d;> ,y; cUGfspd;Nky;> epd;W> ,Ue;J vd;git> ck; ngw;Wk; ngwhJk; nrhy; cUGfshf tUk;.
Cupdpd;Wk; Nghapdhd;@
Cupdpd;W Nghapdhd;
CupypUe;Jk; Nghapdhd;>
CupypUe;J Nghapdhd;
- ,it ePf;fg; nghUs;.
fhl;bdpd;Wk; CHfhtjk;
fhl;bdpd;W}H fhtjk;@
75
fhl;bypUe;J %Hfhtjk;>
fhl;bypUe; J}Hfhtjk;
- ,it vy;iyg;nghUs;.
Mwhk; Ntw;Wik:
Mwd; xUikf;F mJTk; MJTk;
gd;ikf;F mt;Tk; cUghk;: gz;G cWg;G
xd;wd; $l;lk; gytpd; <l;lk;
jpupgpd; Mf;fk; Mk;: jw;fpoikAk;
gpwpjpd;fpoikAk; NgZjy; nghUNs
Mwhk; Ntw;WikapdJ tUnkhopapd; xUikf;F mJNtad;wp MJTk; Mwd; gd;ikg; nghUz;ikf;F mfuKk; cUghk;> mtw;wpd; nghUs;fshtd> FzKk; njhopYk; Mfpa gz;Gk;>cWg;Gk;> xd;wd; $l;lk; gytpd; <l;lk;;> jpupgpd; Mf;fKk; MFk;. Ie;J jw;fpoikg; nghUs;fisAk;> mit my;yhj gpwpjpd; fpoikg; nghUs;fisAk;> ciladthf mt; cUGfis Vw;w ngaHg;nghUs;fs; Nky; tUk;.
Ie;J jw;fpoikg; nghUs; : njhopy;>gz;G> cWg;G> xd;wd; $l;lk;> jpupgpd; Mf;fk; MFk;.
gpwpjpd; fpoikg; nghUs;: : nghUs;> ,lk;> fhyk;
jw;fpoikg; nghUshtJ jd;NdhL xw;Wik cilaJ.
gpwpjpd; fpoikg; nghUshtJ jd;dpd; NtW MaJ MFk;.
jw;fpoik
rhj;jdJ fUik - Fzk;>
rhj;jdJ tuT - njhopy; gz;Gj; jw;fpoik
rhj;jdJ if>
GypaJ thy; cWg;Gj; jw;fpoik
khe;juJ njhFjp>
ney;yJ Fg;ig - xd;wd; $l;lj; jw;fpoik
76
ney;yJ Fg;ig - xd;wd; $l;lj; jw;fpoik
gilfsJ njhFjp>
gwitfsJ $l;lk; - gytpd; $l;lj; jw;fpoik
ney;ypdJ nghup
kQ;rsJ nghb - xd;Wjpupe;J xd;W Majd;jw;fpoik .
gpwpjpd; fpoik
rhj;jdJ gR
KUfdJ Nty; - nghUl; gpwpjpd; fpoik
rhj;jdJ tPL
KUfdJ FwpQ;rp - ,lg; gpwpjpd; fpoik
rhj;jdJ ehs;
khudJ Ntdpy; - fhyg; gpwpjpd; fpoik .
vdhJ if> epdhJ jiy> jdhJ Gwk; -mJ cUG> vd iffs;> jdjhs;fs; mfu cUG> ,uhFtpdJ jiy> vdJapH vd MwDUG> cilaJk; cilikg;nghUSk; Ntwhfhj xw;Wikg; nghUspy; te;jJ.cw;ghjk; vd;gJ Nky;tpisAk; ed;ik jPikia mwptpf;Fk; Fwp MFk;.,uhFNt jiyahjyhYk;> ehd; vdg;gl;lJ capNu MjyhYk; xw;Wikg; nghUshapd.
,e;j Mwd; cUGfSs; xd;W epw;ww;Fupa ,lj;jpy; cila vd;gJ nrhy;YUghf tUk;.
rhj;jDila Gjy;td;> rhj;jDila Gjy;tH @
rhj;jDila tPL > rhj;jDila tPLfs; vd tUk;.
Vohk; Ntw;Wik:
Vod; cUG fz; Mjp MFk;
nghUs; Kjy; MWk; XH,U fpoikapd;
,ldha; epw;wy; ,jd; nghUs; vd;g
Vohk; Ntw;Wikapd; cUG Kd; nrhy;yg;gl;l fz;Nz md;wp mJ Kjyhfpa gpwTkhk;.,J nghUs;> ,lk;> fhyk;> rpid Fzk;>
77
njhopy; vd;Dk; MW nghUspYk; jw;fpoik> gpwpjpd; fpoikg; nghUspYk; tUk;.
nghUs; - kzpapd;fz; ,Uf;fpd;wJ xsp - jw;fpoik –nghUs; ,lkhapw;W.
nghUs; - gidapd;fz; tho;fpd;wJ md;wpy; - gpwpjpd; fpoik nghUsplkhapw;W
,lk; - Cupd; fz; ,Uf;Fk; ,y;yk;- .jw;fpoik
,lk; - Mfhaj;jpd;fz; gwf;fpd;wJ gUe;J - gpwpjpd; fpoik
fhyk; - ehspd;fz; ehopif cs;sJ - jw;fpoik
fhyk; - Ntdpw;fz; ghjpup g+f;Fk; -gpwpjpd; fpoik
rpid - ifapd;fz; cs;sJ tpuy; - jw;fpoik;
rpid - ifapd;fz; tpsq;FfpwJ flfk; - gpwpjpd; fpoik
Fzk; - fWg;gpd;fz; kpf;Fs;sJ moF - jw;fpoik
Fzk; -,sikapd; fz; tha;j;jJ nry;tk; - gpwpjpd; fpoik
njhopy; - Mlw;fz; cs;sJ rjp- jw;fpoik
njhopy; -Mlw;fz; ghlg;gl;lJ ghl;L - gpwpjpd; fpoik
tpidKjy; topahf tpidKjy; njhopw;F MapDk; nrag;gLnghUs; topahfr; nrag;gLnghUspy; ,Uf;fpd;w gaDf;F MapDk; ,lkhFk; nghUs; ,lg;nghUs; > vd;gH tlE}yhH.
kzpapd; fz; ,Uf;fpd;wJ xsp - xspvd;Dk; tpidKjypd; topahf mjdJ ,Uj;jy; njhopw;F kzp ,lk; Mapw;W.
fOtpd;fz; fs;sid Vw;wpdhd; - fs;sd; vd;Dk; nrag;gLnghUspd; topahf mr;nrag;gLnghUspy; ,Uf;fpd;w capHg; gpupthfpa gaDf;Ff; fO ,lk; Mapw;W .
,lg;nghUs; - jd;dpw; rpwpJ ,lkhtJk;> jhd; KOJk; ,lkhtJk;> tplakhtJk; vd %tifg;gLk;.
CHf;fz; ,Ue;jhd;> ghapy; ,Uf;fpd;whd; - xNuhtop Nkty;.
kzpapd;fz; xsp> capupd;fz; czHT> ghypd;fz; Rit> jPapd; fz; #L> ePupd;fz; rPjk; - vq;Fk; tpahgfk;.
78
fy;tpapd;fz; Mir itj;jhd;> FUtpd; fz; md;G nra;jhd; - tplak;.
rpWghd;ik Vod; cUGfs;> $l;bg; gpupj;jw;F vy;iy MFk; nghUspYk;> gpupj;Jf; $l;lypy; FOthFk; nghUspYk;> xU njhopy; fhyj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk; gpwpJ njhopyhFk; nghUspYk; tUk;.
kf;fspy; caHe;NjhH me;jzH: Fwpy; Ie;jDs; m,c,k; %d;Wk; Rl;L - $l;bg; gpupf;Fk; vy;iyg;nghUs;.
mwk;nrAk; kfd; NjtUs; itf;fg;gLthd;: fy;tpawpT ,y;yhjtd; tpyq;fpDs; itj;J vz;zg;gLthd; - gpupj;Jf;$l;Lk; FOg;nghUs;.
ghy; fwf;ifapy; te;jhd;: nghUjw;fz; kio nga;jJ - xUnjhopy; fhyj;ijf; Fwpf;Fk; gpwpJ njhopy;;;;
fz; fhy; fil ,il jiy tha; jpir tapd;
Kd; rhH tyk; ,lk; Nky; fPo; Gil Kjy;
gpd; ghL mis Njk; cio top cop csp
cs; mfk; Gwk; ,y; ,lg; nghUs; cUNg
fz; Kjyhf ,y; <whfr; nrhy;yg;gl;l ,t; ,Ugj;njl;Lk; jk;ik Vw;w ngaHg;nghUis ,lg;nghUshf Ntw;Wiknra;Ak; cUGfshk;.
fhy; - CHf;fhy; epte;j nghJk;gH
fil - Ntypd;fil kzpNghy; jpz;zpahd;
,il - ey;yhupilg; Gf;F
jiy - tiyj;jiy khd; md;d Nehf;fpaH
tha; - Fiu fly; tha; mKnjd;Nfh
jpir - NjHj;jpir ,Ue;jhd;
tapd; - mtHtapd; nry;tha;
Kd; - fw;whH Kd; Njhd;wh foptpuf;fk;
rhH - fhl;Lr;rhNuhLq; FWKay;
tyk; - iftyj;Js;sJ nfhLf;Fk;
,lk; - ,y;yplg;guj;ij
79
Nky; - jd;Nky; fLtiu ePupw; fLj;J tuf; fz;Lk; fLg;G - tpiuT
fPo; - gpz;bf; fz;zhH epow; fPo; ve;jk; mbfs;
Gil - vapw;Gil epd;whd;
Kjy; - Rud;Kjy; te;j Tud;kha; khiy Rud; - ghiy epyk;
gpd; - fhjypgpd; nrd;wjk;k
ghL - ek;ghL mizahj ehs;
mis-fy;yisr;RidePH
Njk; - Njhopf;FupaitNfhlha;Njj;J Nfhlha; ifj;jha;>
cio - mtDiote;jhd;
top - epd;wNjhH ewNtq;if epoy;top aire;jd;d
cop - ciwg;GopNahiyNghy
csp - Fapy;NrHFspH fhTspNrH GiwAk;
cs; - Ky;iyaq;Ftl;Ls; thOk;
mfk; - gad;rhuhg; gz;gpy;nrhw; gy;yhufj;J
Gwk; - nry;Ynkd;DapHg; Gwj;jpWj;j kUz;khiy
,y; - CupypUe;jhH
,dpf; fz;> fhd; Kjypad ,lNtWghLfis czHj;Jk;NghJ xU jpwj;jdthfpa cUghfhJ gy jpwj;jdthfpa ,lq;fis czHj;Jk; ngaHfshk;.
fz;zfd; Qhyk; - fz;
mfj;jpypUe;jhd; - mfk;
tPl;bd; Gwj;jpypUe;jhd; - Gwk;
Nkyplj;jpUe;jhd; - ,lk;
Kd;dpUe;jhd; - Kd;
filehs; - fil
,ilr;Ruk; - ,il
80
jiyahaH – jiy
njd;jpir – jpir
vl;lhk; Ntw;Wik:
vl;ld; cUNg va;JngaH <w;wpd;
jpupG Fd;wy; kpFjy; ,ay;G may;
jpupGk; Mk;> nghUs; glHf;ifNahiuj;
jd; Kfk; Mfj; jhd;miog; gJNt
vl;lhk; Ntw;Wik tpsp Ntw;Wik MFk;. mjd; cUGfshtd: tpsp mile;j ngaH <w;wpDila jpupjy;> nfLjy;> kpFjy;>,ay;ghjy;><w;W manyOj;Jj; jpupjy; vd;gd MFk;.mtw;wpd; nghUshtJ glHf;ifapy; cs;stiuj;; jdf;F vjpHKfkhf miog;gjhfpa tpspf;fg;gL nghUshFk;.
jhd; mirepiy> tpspj;jw;Ff; fUtp Mfpa cUig tpsp vd;wJ fhupa MFngaH.
md;id – md;dha;>
ey;yhs; - ey;yha; - <W jpupjy;
murd; - mur
Nrhod;- Nrho - <W Fd;Wjy;
kfd; - kfNd>
md;id – md;idNa - <W kpFjy;
ek;gp> Njhop - <W ,ay;ghjy;
kf;fs; - kf;fhs;>
GytH> GytPH - <w;way; jpupjy;
mg;gd; - mg;gh - <W Fd;wp <w;way; jpupjy;
mz;zd; - mz;zhNt - <W Fd;wp <w;way; jpupe;J <W kpFjy;
rpW ghd;ik Ntvs;> M ma; vd;W msngLj;Jk; tUk;.
81
tpspf;fg;gLk; ngaHfs;:
, c C NthL I X d s u y
a <w;W caHjpiz X u my; ,tw;NwhL
z/fhd; M<W MFk; nghJg; ngaH
Q e xop midj;J <w;W m/wpiz tpspg;gd
,fuKk; cfuKk; CfhuKk; IfhuKk; XfhuKk; vd;Dk; capHfSk; dsuya vd;Dk; nka;fSk; Mfpa gj;njOj;Jf;fisAk; ,Wjpapy; cila caHjpizg; ngaHfSk; tpspNaw;Fk;.,tw;Ws; Xfhu capUk; ufunka;Akhfpa ,uz;Lk; xopj;J epd;w vl;LlNd zfuKk; MfhuKk; Mfpa ,uz;Lk; $ba gj;njOj;Jf;fSk; ,Wjpahfpa nghJg;ngaHfSk; tpspNaw;Fk;. Qfu efuq;fSk; (<whfhj vfuKk;) xope;j ,Ugj;NjhH vOj;Jf;fisAk; <w;wpy; cila m/wpizg;ngaHfSk; tpspNaw;Fk; ngaHfshFk;.
caHjpizg; ngaHfs ;:
ek;gp> Nte;J> M^c> tpliy> Nfh> Iad;> Nts;> tzpfH> Njhd;wy;> Nra;
nghJg;ngaHfs;:
rhj;jp> $w;W> je;ij> rhj;jd;> flTs;> J}q;fy;> jha;> Mz;> gpjh
kf> GO> jP> KR> G+> ehiu> kz;> jfH.
m/wpizg; ngaHfs;:
,k; Kg; ngaHf;fz; ,ay;Gk;; VAk;
,fu ePl;rpAk; cUghk; kd;Nd
Kd; tpspf;fg;gLk; vd;w %tifg; ngaHfsplj;Jk;,ay;ghjYk; VfhukpFjYk; ,fuk; <fhukhjYk; ngUk;ghYk; tpsp cUGfshFk;.
caHjpizg; ngaH: - ,ay;ghjy;:
Kdp $wha;
Nte;J $wha;>
M^cf;$wha;>
82
tpliy $wha;>
Nfhf;$wha;>
Nfhd; $wha;>
Nts; $wha;>
khe;jH $wPH>
Njhd;wy; $wha;>
Nra; $wha; - ,ay;G
caHjpizg; ngaH - Vfhuk; kpFjy;:
KdpNa $wha;>
Nte;Nj $wha; >- Vfhuk; kpFjy;
caHjpizg; ngaH; - ,fuk; <fhukhjy;.
ek;gP $wha;; - ,fuk; <fhukhjy;.
nghJg;ngaH:- ,ay;ghjy ;:
gpjhf; $wha;> Mz; $wha; - ,ay;G
nghJg;ngaH - – Vfhuk; kpFjy;:
gpjhNt $wha;>
MNz $wha;. – Vfhuk; kpFjy;
rhj;jP $wha; - ,fuk; <fhukhjy;.
m/wpizg;ngaH: - ,ay;ghjy;:
tpsf;nfhbia> Gy;tha; nfhbia - ,ay;G
m/wpizg;ngaH - – Vfhuk; kpFjy;:
tpsNt nfhbia> Gy;thNa nfhbia– Vfhuk; kpFjy;
m/wpizg;ngaH - ,fuk; <fhukhjy ;:
ke;jP nfhbia - ,fuk; <fhukhjy;> fhl;lhJ xope;j ngaHfSk; ,g;gbNa tUk;.
83
ngUk;ghYk; vd;wjdhy; ,t; cUGfs; rpytw;wpw;Fg; nghUe;jhik tUjYk; cz;L vd;gJ ngwg;gLk;.
tpsp cUgpw;Fr; rpwg;G tpjpfs;
Ifhu <w;Wg; ngaHfSf;Fr; rpwg;G tpjp:
I ,W nghJg; ngaHf;F MAk; MTk;
cUghk; my;ytw;W MAk; MFk;
Ifhu <w;Wg; nghJg;ngaHf;Fg; nghJ tpjpahy; ,ay;Gk; Vfhuk;kpFjYk; md;wp Ifhuk; MAk; MTk; Mfj; jpupjYk;>caHjpiz m/wpizg; ngaHfSf;F mt; ,uz;L cUGfsd;wp Ifhuk; M vdj; jpupjYk; tpsp cUGfs; MFk;.
md;id md;dha; - md;dh nghJg;ngaHf;F MAk; MTk; te;jd.
tpliy - tplyha;
ehiu - ehuha; vdTk; caHjpizg; ngaHf;Fk; m/wpizg; ngaHf;Fk; Ma; te;jJ
ciuapw;Nfhly; vd;Dk; cj;jpahy;>„md;Nd Ad;iday;yhy; ,dpahiu epidf;NfNd‟ vdg; nghJg;ngaHf;F Ifhuk; Vfhukhfj; jpupjYk; cz;L vd;gJ ngwg;gLk;.
dfu <w;W caHjpizg; ngaHfspd; tpsp cUGfs ;
xU rhH d <w;W caHjpizg; ngaHf;fz;
msG <W mopT may; ePl;rp mjNdhL
<W Nghjy; mtw;NwhL X cwy;
<W mope;J X cwy; ,Wjp a Mjy;
mjd; XL may; jpupe;J V cwy; <W mope;J
may; V MjYk; tpsp cUG MFk;
nghJ tpjp md;wp dfunka;aPw;W caHjpizg; ngaHfSs;> rpy msngLj;jYk;> rpy <W nfLjYk;> rpy <w;W may; ePSjYk;>rpy <w;W may; ePz;L <W nfLjYk; rpy <Wnfl;L <w;W may; ePz;L Xfhu kpFjYk; rpy <W nfl;L Xfhu kpFjYk;>
84
rpy ,Wjp dfu nka; afunka;ahjYk; rpy <w;W dfu nka; afu nka;ahfj; jpupe;J maypy; Mfhuk; Xfhukha; Vfhuk; kpFjYk; rpy <W nfl;L maypy; mfuk; VfhukhjYk; tpsp cUGfshFk;.
mk;gHfpohd; - mk;gHfpohmd; - msghapw;W.
Gytd; - Gyt - <wope;jJ.
ngUkd; - ngUkhd; - <w;way; ePz;lJ.
kd;dd; - kd;dh - <w;way; ePz;L <W nfl;lJ.
Iad; - IahNth - <w;way; ePz;L <Wnfl;L Xfhu kpf;fJ.
jpiuad; - jpiuaNth - <wope;J Xfhuk; kpf;fJ.
thapyhd; - thapyha; - ,Wjp at;thapw;W.
thapyhd; - thapNyhNa - ,Wjp at;tha;><w;way;Mfhuk; Xfhukha; Vfhuk;kpf;fJ .
Iad; - INa - <wope;J maypy; mfuk; Vfhuk; Mapw;W.
sfu <w;Wg; ngaHfs;:
s/fhd; caH ngaHf;F msG <W mopT may;
ePl;rp ,Wjp a xw;W Mjy;
may; ,y; mfuk; V MjYk; tpspj;jD
nghJtpjpad;wp sfunka; <w;WaHjpizg; ngaHfSs;> rpy msngLj;jYk; rpy <W nfLjYk; rpy <w;way; ePSjYk; rpy ,Wjp st; xw;W at; xw;whjYk; rpy <w;way; mfuk; Vfhuk; MjYk;> tpsp cUGfshFk;.
Nts; - Ntvs; - msngLj;jJ.
vy;yhs; - vy;yh - <W nfl;lJ
kf;fs; - kf;fhs; - <w;way; ePz;lJ.
Fioahs; - Fioaha; - st;nthw;W at; xw;whapw;W.
mbfs; - mbNfs; <w;way; mfuk; Vfhuk; Mapw;W.
85
ufu <w;Wg; ngaHfs ;:
u <w;W caH ngaHf;F msG voy; <w;W may;
mfuk; , < Mjy; Mz;il M
< Mjy; mjNdhL V cwy; <w;WV
kpf;F may; ahf;nfl;L mjd; may; ePly;
<w;wpd; <Hcwy; ,itAk; <z;L cUNg
nghJtpjp md;wp ufu nka; <w;W caHjpizg; ngaHfSs; rpy msngLj;jYk; rpy <w;way; mfuk; ,fuk; MjYk; <fhuk; MjYk; rpy mt; <w;way; Mfhuk; <fhukhjYk; rpy mjNdhL Vfhuk; Vw;WYk; rpy <w;wpy; Vfhuk;kpf;F maypy; ahf; nfl;L mjd; may; ,fuk; <fhukhjYk; rpy <w;wpy; <H MjYk; , Mfpa ,itAk; ,t;tplj;J tpsp cUGfshFk;.
rpwhH - rpwhmH - msngLj;jJ.
njt;tH - njt;tpH - <w;way; mfuk; ,fukhapw;W.
eha;fH - eha;fPH - <w;way; mfuk; <fhuk; Mapw;W.
rhd;whH - rhd;wPH - <w;way; Mfhuk; <fhuk; Mapw;W.
fzpahH - fzpaPNu <w;way; Mfhuk; <fhukha; Vfhuk; kpf;fJ.
ek;gpahH - ek;gPNu><w;wpy; Vfhuk;kpf;F may; ahf;nfl;L mjd; may; ,fuk; <fhuk; Mapw;W.
vkH - vkuPH <Nuw;wJ.
<z;nld;w kpifahy; flyhNu - flyPNu@ rhj;jpahNu> rhj;jpaPNu vdTk;> m/wpizg; ngaH nghJg;ngaHfisr; rpwg;gpj;J> ut;tPw;W .caHjpizg; ngaHNghyf; $wpDk; ,t;TUG Vw;wy; nfhs;f.
yfhu <w;W caH ngaHf;F msG may; ePl;rpAk;
afhu <w;wpw;F msGkhk; cUNg
nghJtpjp md;wp yfunka; <w;W caHjpizg; ngaHf;F ( xUrhH ) rpy msngLj;jYk; ( xUrhH ) rpy <w;way; ePSjYk;> afhutPw; (WaHngaHf;F) afunka;aPw;W caHjpizg; ngaHf;F msngLj;jYk; tpsp cUGfs; MFk;.
86
khy; - khmy; - msG vLj;jJ.
Njhd;wy; - Njhd;why; - <w;W may; ePl;rp
Nra; - Nrva; - msG vLj;jJ.
-vdTk; mk;%d;W cUGfSk; te;jd.
dfu <w;W m/wpizg; ngaHfs;:
d <w;W caHjpiz my; ,U ngaHf; fz;
,Wjp mopT mjNdhL may; ePl;rp
nghJ tpjp md;wp dfunka;aPw;W m/wpizg;ngaH nghJg;ngaHfsplj;J> rpy <W nfLjYk; rpy <WnfLjYlNd <w;way; ePSjYk; tpsp cUGfshk;.
mytd; - myt - <W nfl;lJ
fYod; - fYoh - <W nfl;L <w;way; ePz;lJ.
m/wpizg; nghJg;ngaHfs;:
rhj;jd; - rhj;j - <W nfl;lJ.
nfhw;wd; - nfhw;wh - <W nfl;L <w;way; ePz;lJ.
- vdTk; KiwNa m/wpizg; ngaupYk; nghJg;ngaupYk; mt; ,uz;Lk; te;jd
y> s <w;W m/wpizg; ngaH- nghJg;ngaH:.
y s <w;W m/wpizg; ngaH nghJg; ngaHf; fz;
<w;W may; ePl;rpAk; cUG MFNk
yfu> sfu nka;aPw;W m/wpizg; ngaHf;Fk; nghJg;ngaHf;Fk; nghJtpjpad;wp <w;way; vOj;J ePSjYk; tpsp cUghFk;.
Kay; - Kahy;>
fpspfs; - fpspfhs;>
J}q;fy; - J}q;fhy;>
kf;fs; - kf;fhs;;.
87
Gwdil:
mz;ikapd; ,ay;Gk;<W mopTk;; Nra;ikapd;
msGk; Gyk;gpd; XTk; MFk;
,ay;ghjYk; <W nfLjYk; mz;ik tpspf;fz;Zk;> msngLj;jy; J}u tpspf;fz;Zk;> Xfhuk;kpFjy; Gyk;gy; tpspf;fz;Zk; tUk;.
vdNt> kw;iw tpsp cUGfs; ,k;%d;wplj;Jk; fye;JtUk; vd;gJ ngw;whk;.
jk;gp> mur – mz;ik tpsp
khms;> Nrva; - Nra;ik tpsp
ma;ahNth – Gyk;gy; tpsp
tpsp cUG Vyhg; ngaHfs;:
Et;nthL tpdhr; Rl;L cw;w d s u
it Jj; jhk; jhd; ,d;dd tpspah
Et;TlNd %d;W Kjy; tpdhitAk; %d;W Rl;ilAk; KiwNa nghUe;jpa d>s> u vd;Dk; %d;W <w;W caHjpizg;ngaHfSk;> it> J vd;Dk; ,uz;L <w;W m/wpizg; ngaHfSk;> jhd; vd;Dk; nghJg;ngaUk;>,it Nghy;td gpwTk;> tpspf;fg;gLtd my;y.
it>J vd;Dk; ,uz;Lk; Et;nthL nghUe;jh vd;ghH> xLf;nfhLj;Jg; gpupj;jhH.
kfu <w;Wg; nghJg;ngaH Kd;dNu tpyf;fg;gl;likahy;> ,q;Nf jhk; vd;wJ mirepiy.
fpisg; ngaH -Ekd;> Eks;> EkH
tpdhg; ngaH - vtd;> vts;> vtH> vit> vJ
ahtd;> ahts;> ahtH> ahit> ahJ
Vtd; > Vts; VtH> Vit> VJ
Rl;Lg; ngaH - mtd;> mts; mtH> mit> mJ
,td;> ,ts; ,tH> ,it> ,J
88
ctd;> cts;> ctH> cit> cJ
nghJg; ngaH - jhd; vdTk; tUk; ,g;ngaHfs; tpsp VyhjitahFk;.
,d;dd vd;wjdhy;>
kw;iwahd;> kw;iwahs;> kw;iwahH> kw;iwaJ> kw;iwad> kw;iwait> gpwd;> gpws;> gpwH> gpwpJ> gpw KjypadTk; nfhs;f.
Kjw; nghUSk; rpidg; nghUSk;:
Kjiy I cwpd; rpidiaf; fz; cWk;
mJ Kjw;F Mapd; rpidf;F I MFk;
Kjypid I cUG nghUe;jpdhy; rpidiaf; fz; cUG nghUe;Jk;> mJ cUG KjYf;F tupd; rpidapDf;F I cUG tUk;.
,dp ,ul;Lwnkhopjy; vd;Dk; cj;jpahy;> 'mJ> Kjw;fhapw; rpidf;ifahFk;”vd;Dk; thf;fpaj;jpy;> mJ vd;gjw;F mf;fz;ZUG vdTk; nghUSiuj;Jf; nfhs;f.
ahidiaf; fhypd;fz; ntl;bdhd;>
ahidaJ fhiy ntl;bdhd;>
ahidapd; fz; fhiy ntl;bdhd; vd tUk;. vdNt> Kjy; rpid ,uz;bYk; I cUG tUtJ rpwg;gd;W vd;gjhapw;W.
gpz;lg; nghUs;:
Kjy; ,it rpid ,it vd NtW cs ,y
ciug;NghH Fwpg;gpd: mw;Nw gpz;lKk;
rpy nghJ Kjw;nghUs; rpidg; nghUs; vd;W NtWgLj;j ,ayhJ gpz;lg; nghUs; mikAk;.mJ ciug;gtupd; Fwpg;ghy; czug;gLk;.
ahidiaf; Fwpj;jNghJ ahid cz;lhf mjDila if> fhy;> nfhk;G Kjypait Ntwpy;iyahk;. mt; mtatj;ijf; Fwpj;jNghJ mit cz;lhf ahid Ntwpy;iyahk; > Mjyhy; ,g;gbr; nrhy;yg;gl;ld.
,dpg; gpz;lg;nghUs;> ney;iyg; nghypapd;fz; thupdhd;> ney;ypdJ nghypia thupdhd; vd tUk;. gpz;lg;nghUshfpa
89
nghypf;Fg;igAk; gpz;bj;j nghUshfpa ney;Yk; NtW Mfhikahy;> mt; ,uz;ld; ,lj;Jk; I cUG tUtJ rpwg;gd;W vd mwpf.
cUG kaf;fk;:
ahjd; cUgpd; $wpw;W MapDk;;
nghUs; nry; kUq;fpd; Ntw;Wik rhUk;
Ntw;WikAs; xU Ntw;Wik cUG tuNtz;ba ,lj;Jg; gpwpNjhH Ntw;Wik cUG te;J epw;Fk;. ,J cUG kaf;fk; vdg;gLk;. ,t;thW xU Ntw;Wikg; nghUs; kw;nwhU Ntw;Wik cUghy; nrhy;yg;gl;lJ MapDk; nghUs; nry; kUq;fpd; Ntw;WikrhUk;.vdNt nghUSf;F ,iaahJ kaq;fp te;j cUigg; nghUSf;F ,iae;j cUghf mikj;Jf; nfhs;f vd;gjhk;.
ehF NtnahL ef;F tPq;F Njhs;- Nta; cldpfo;r;rpg; nghUs; MfhJ nrag;gLnghUsha; epw;wyhy;> xL cUig I cUghfj; jpupj;Jf;nfhs;f.
fpoq;F kzw;fPd;w Kis - kzy; Nfhly; nghUs; MfhJ ,lg;nghUsha; epw;wyhy;> Ft; cUigf; fz; cUghfj; jpupj;Jf;nfhs;f. gpwTk; md;d.
,dp ciuapw;Nfhly; vd;Dk; cj;jpahy; xU Ntw;Wikg; nghUs; kw;iw Ntw;Wik cUGfNshL jFjpahf tUjYk; cz;L vdf; nfhs;f mit tUkhW : -
tpidKjw;nghUs; vOtha; cUG %d;wd; cUGfNshL md;wpr;> rpWghd;ik ehd;fd; cUG Mwd; cUGfNshLk; tUk;.
mtHf;Fr; nra;aj;jFk; mf;fhupak; @ - F
mtuJ tuT :- mJ vd tUk;.
nrag;gLnghUs; ,uz;ld; cUNghld;wpr; rpWghd;ik vOtha; Ntw;Wik cUG Kjy; Vohk; Ntw;Wik cUG <wha; cUGfs; vy;yhtw;NwhLk; tUk;.
#j;jpuk; : vy;yh cUnghLQ; nrag;gL nghUs;vOk;.
nraw;gL nghUs;:
muprpahw; Nrhwhf;fpdhd;>
90
muprpiar; Nrhwhf;fpdhd; - MYk; IAk;
gopapd; mQ;Rk;
gopia mQ;Rk; - ,d;Dk; IAk;; .
E}yJ Fw;wk; $wpdhd;
E}iyf; Fw;wk; $wpdhd; - mJTk; IAk;
J}zpd;fz; rhHe;jhd;
J}izr; rhHe;jhd; - fz;Zk; IAk;
fUtpg;nghUs; %d;wd; cUG Ie;jd; cUGfNshL md;wpr; rpWghd;ik vOtha; cUG ehd;fd; cUG Mwd; cUGfNshLk; tUk;.
fz;zJ fhl;rp - Ft;Tk; mJTk;
Nfhlw;nghUs; ehd;fd; cUNghL md;wpr; rpWghd;ik vl;lhk; Ntw;Wik xope;j vy;yh cUGfNshLk; tUk;.
#j;jpuk; : vy;yh cUnghLq; nfhs;Nthd; vONk .
nra;ats;jt;itiaf; fhl;b tpLk;
nra;ats;jt;itf;Ff; fhl;b tpLk; - IAk; Ft;Tk;
ehfuJ gyp
ehfHf;Fg; gyp – mJTk; Ft;Tk;
ehfupd;md;G nra;jhd;
ehfHf;Fmd;G nra;jhd; - ,d;Dk; Ft;Tk;
Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wikg; nghUs;fSs; ePf;fg; nghUs; rpWghd;ik ,uz;ld; cUNghLk;> vy;iyg;nghUs; rpWghd;ik ehd;fd; cUNghLk; tUk;.
kJiuia ePq;fpdhd; - I ePf;fg;nghUs;
kJiuf;F tlf;Fr; rpjk;guk; - F vy;iyg; nghUs;.
rk;ge;jg;nghUs; Mwd; cUNghL md;wpr; rpWghd;ik ehd;fd; cUG Ie;jd; cUG Vod; cUGfNshLk; tUk;.
91
#j;jpuk; :- ehd; ife; jhNwnohL Fiwelf;Fk;
rhj;jDf;F kfd;- F
kuj;jpd;ePq;fpd nfhk;G - ,d;
capupd;fz;czHT - fz; vd tUk;.
,lg;nghUs; Vod; cUNghL md;wpr; rpW ghd;ik vOtha; cUG ,uz;ld; cUG ehd;fd; cUGfNshLk; tUk; .
J}z; Nghjpif njhl;lJ @ vOtha;> J}izr; rhHe;jhd; @ - I ,d;iwf;F> ehisf;F gfiyf;F> me;jpf;F re;jpf;F khiyf;F> fhiyf;F CHf;F tPl;bw;F tUtd; @ F vd tUk;.
cUGfs; jpupjy;:
IMd;Fr; nra;Al;;F mt;Tk; MFk;
Mfh m/wpizf;F Md; my;yhjd
I> Md;>F vd;Dk; %d;W cUGfSk; nra;Asplj;J xNuhtop mfukhfj; jpupe;J tUk;. m/wpizg; ngaHfspy; Md; my;yhj IAk; Ft;Tk; mfukhfj; jpupahJ.
Mfh m/wpizf; fhdy;yhjd vdNt> caH jpizapNy %d;W cUGk; jpupAk; vd;gJ ngw;whk;.
fhtNyhidf; fspwQ;Rk;Nk
vd;gJ fhtNyhdf; fspwQ;Rk;Nk
Gytuhd; - Gytuhd>
fb epiyapd;Nw ahrpupaw;F - fbepiyapd;Nw ahrpupaw;f - caHjpizapNy %d;W cUGk; jpupe;jd.
. Gs;spdhd; - Gs;spdhd - Md; cUG xd;Wk; m/wpizapNy jpupe;jJ.
Ntw;Wikfis Kbf;Fk; nrhy;:
vy;iy ,d;Dk; mJTk; ngaH nfhSk;
my;y tpidnfhSk; ehd;FVo; ,UikAk;
Gy;Yk; ngUk;ghYk; vd;kdhH GytH
92
vy;iyg; nghUl;lhfpa Ie;jhk; Ntw;WikAk; Mwhk; Ntw;WikAk; ngaiuf;nfhz;L KbAk;.Vida vOtha; Kjypa Ntw;Wikfs; vy;yhk; tpidiaf;nfhz;L KbAk;. mtw;Ws; ehd;fhk; Ntw;WikAk; Vohk; Ntw;WikAk; tpidiaNa md;wp tpidnahL nghUe;Jk; ngaiuAk;nfhz;L KbAk.;
ngUk;ghYk; vd;wjdhy;>tpidnfhsw;F cupad rpWghd;ik njhopw;ngaiuAk; tpidahyizAk; ngaiuAk; nfhz;L KbjYk; mtw;Ws; vOtha; Ntw;Wik tpidnfhz;L KbjNy md;wpr; rpWghd;ik ngaiuAk; tpdhitAk;nfhz;L KbjYk; nfhs;f.
fUt+upd; fpof;F>
rhj;jdJ if>
-vd vy;iy ,d;Dk; mJTk; ngaH nfhz;ld.
rhj;jd; te;jhd;> rhj;jdy;yhd;
Flj;ij tide;jhd;> Flj;ij cilad; @
thshy; ntl;bdhd;> thshy; typad; @
rhj;jDf;Ff; nfhLj;jhd;> rhj;jDf;F ey;yd; @
Nehapd; ePq;fpdhd;> Nehapw; nfhbad; @
mitapd;fz; ,Ue;jhd;> mitapd;fl; ngupad; @
nfhw;wh nfhs;> nfhw;wh typia vd my;yit tpidnfhz;ld.
gpzpf;F kUe;J> kzpapd;fnzhsp vd ehd;fhk; Ntw;WikAk; Vohk; Ntw;WikAk; tpidNa md;wpg; ngaUk; nfhz;ld. ,g;ngaHfs;> vy;iy ,d;Dk; mJTk; nfhs;Sk; ngaHfs; NghyhJ>gpzpf;Ff; nfhLf;Fk; kUe;J> kzpapd;fzpUf;Fk; xsp vd tpidNtz;b epw;wypd;> tpidnahL nghUe;Jk; ngaHfs; Mapd.
rhj;jd; tUjy;> rhj;jd; te;jtd;@ Flj;ij tidjy;> Flj;ij tide;jtd; vdr; rpWghd;ik njhopw;ngaUk; tpidahyizAk; ngaUk; nfhz;ld@
rhj;jdtd;> rhj;jd; ahtd;> rhj;jd; ahH vd vOtha; Ntw;Wik rpWghd;ik Rl;Lg;ngaUk; tpdhg;ngaUk; tpdh tpidf;Fwpg;Gk; nfhz;lJ.
93
gapw;rp tpdhf;fs;:
1.Kjy; Ntw;Wik Fwpj;J vOJf.
Kjy; Ntw;Wik:
mtw;Ws;>
vOtha; cUG jpupG ,y; ngaNu
tpid ngaH tpdhf;nfhsy; mjd; gadpiyNa
Kd; nrhy;yg;gl;l vl;L Ntw;WikfSs;> Kjy; Ntw;Wikapd; cUghtJ I Kjypa cUG Vw;Wj; jpupjy; ,y;yhj ngaNuahFk;.tpidiaAk; ngaiuAk; tpdhitAk; nfhs;s tUjy; mt; cUgpdJ nghUs; epiyahk;.
vdNt> mj; jpupG ,y;yhj ngaH jhNd jd; nghUis tpidKjw; nghUshf Ntw;Wik nra;Ak; vd;gjhapw;W.
,t; vOtha; nfhs;Sk; ngaH. ,d;dJ>,j;jifa mstpw;W vd;Dk; nghUs; gltUk; ngauhFk;.
rhj;jd; te;jhd;@ nfhw;wd; tho;f - ,it njupepiytpid nfhs te;jd.
mtd; ngupad;> M cz;L-,it Fwpg;Gtpid nfhs te;jd.
rhj;jdptd>; nfhw;wdtd; - ,it ,d;dJ vd;Dk; nghUs;gl tUk; ngaH nfhs te;jd. Mnthd;W ahid E}W - ,it ,t; mstpw;W vd;Dk; nghUs;gltUk; ngaH nfhs te;jd.
mtd; ahH@ M ahJ - ,it tpdhf;nfhs te;jd.
tpidKjw; nghUshtJ xU njhopy; epfo;r;rpapNy jd;taj;jjhff; Fwpf;fg;gLk; nghUshk;. tpidKjy;> nra;gtd;> fUj;jh vd;gdxUnghUs; Fwpj;j nrhw;fs; MFk;.
rhj;jd; te;jhd; vd;wtop> njhopy; epfo;r;rp tUjy;> mj;njhopy; epfo;r;rpapNy jd;taj;j jhff; Fwpf;fg;gLk; nghUs; rhj;jd; Mjyhy;> rhj;jd; tpidKjw; nghUs;.
,t; vOtha;f;F> I Kjypad Nghd;w cUG ,y;iyahapDk;> ciuapw;Nfhly; vd;Dk; cj;jpapdhNy rpWghd;ik Mdtd;> Mfpd;wtd;>Mthd;> vd;gtd; Kjypa Ik;ghy; nrhw;fSk; nrhy; cUGfshf tUk;.
94
rhj;jd; Mdtd; te;jhd;@ rhj;jpahdts; te;jhs;> rhj;juhdtH te;jhH@ ahid MdJ te;jJ@ ahid Mdit te;jd vd tUk.;
2.ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wik Fwpj;J fl;Liu tiuf.
ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wik:
ehd;fhtjw;F cUG MFk; Ft;Nt
nfhil gif NeHr;rp jfT mJthjy;
nghUl;L Kiw Mjpapd; ,jw;F,J ,J vdy; nghUNs
ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wikf;F cUG Kd; nrhy;yg;gl;l F xd;Nw MFk;. mt; cUgpd; nghUs;fshtd> nfhilAk;> gifAk;> el;Gk;> jFjpAk; MFk;.
Kjy;fhuzKk;>epkpj;j fhuzKk; KiwAk; Kjyhd nghUs;nrhw;fspd; GzHr;rpapy; ,jw;F ,J vd;gJgl tUtdthfpa mt;TUG Vw;w ngaHg;nghUs; NtWgl;l gyTkhk;.
nfhil vd;wikahy; Nfhlw;nghUSk;> gif NeHr;rp vd;wikahy; gifnjhlH nghUSk; el;Gj;njhlH nghUSk;> jFjp vd;wikahy; jFjpAilg; nghUSk;> mJthjy; vd;wikahy; Kjw;fhuz fhupag; nghUSk;> nghUl;L vd;wikahy; epkpj;j fhuzfhupag; nghUSk;>Kiw vd;wikahy; Kiwf;F ,ianghUSk;> Ft;TUgpd; nghUs;fshFk; vd;gJ njupatUk;.
,utyHf;Fg; nghd;idf; nfhLj;jhd; - Nfhly;nghUs;.
ghk;Gf;Fg; gif fUld; - gifnjhlH nghUs;.
rhj;jDf;F el;ghsd; nfhw;wd; - el;Gj;njhlHnghUs;.
murHf; Fupj; jUq;fyk; - jFjpAilg; nghUs;.
Fz;lyj;jpw;Fg; nghd - Kjw;fhuz fhupag; nghUs;.
$ypf;F Ntiy nra;jhd - epkpj;jfhuz fhupag; nghUs;.
rhj;jhDf;F kfd; nfhw;wd - Kiwf;F ,ianghUs;.
Nfhlw;nghUshtJ nfhLj;jy; njhopypd; nrag;gL nghUisj; jdf;F cupaJ Mf;fpf; nfhs;SjiyAila nghUshk;. Nfhlw;nghUs;>Nfhspg;nghUs; vd;gd xUnghUs; nrhw;fs;.
95
,utyHf;Fg; nghd;idf; nfhLj;jhd; - nfhLj;jypd; nrag;gLnghUs; nghd;@ mjidj; jdf;Fupajhf;fpf; nfhs;SjiyAila nghUs; ,utyuhjyhy;> ,utyH Nfhlw; nghUs;.
khzhf;fDf;F mwpT nfhLj;jhd; - mwpthfpa nrag;gLnghUs; nfhLg;Nghd; nghUsha;f; nfhs;Nthd; ,lj;Jr; nry;yhJ Mq;Fj; Njhd;wpDk;> mjidj; jdf;FupaJ Mf;fpf; nfhs;Sjyhy;> khzhf;fd; Nfhlw;nghUs;@
khzhf;fDf;F E}w;nghUs; ciuj;jhd; - nrhy;Yjypd; nrag;gLnghUshfpa E}w;nghUis mwpjiyAila nghUshfpa khzhf;fDk; Nfhlw;nghUNs MFk;.
Nfhly; gytifg;gLk;. mit : NfshJ Vw;wy;> Nfl;Nl Vw;wy;> VyhJ Vw;wy;><Nthd; Vw;wy;> caHe;Njhd; Vw;wy;> ,ope;Njhd; Vw;wy;> xg;Nghd; Vw;wy;> czHtpd;W Vw;wy;> tpUg;gha; Vw;wy;> ntWg;gha; Vw;wy; Kjypad MFk;..
Mtpw;F ePH tpl;lhd; - NfshJ Vw;wy;
twpahHf;F <e;jhd; - Nfl;Nl Vw;wy;.
khzhf;fDf;F mwpT nfhLj;jhd; - VyhJ Vw;wy;.
jdf;Fr; Nrhwpl;lhd; - <Nthd; Vw;wy;.
muDf;Ff; fz;zyH nfhLj;jhd; mup - caHe;Njhd; Vw;wy;
mupf;Fr; rf;fuq;nfhLj;jhd; mud; - ,ope;Njhd; Vw;wy;.
NrhoDf;F tpUe;jpl;lhd; Nrud; - xg;Nghd; Vw;wy;.
Nrhw;wpw;F nea;tpl;lhd; - czHtpd;W Vw;wy;
khzhf;fDf;Ff; firab nfhLj;jhd; Mrpupad; - tpUg;gha; Vw;wy;.
fs;sDf;Ff; firab nfhLj;jhd; murd; - ntWg;gha; Vw;wy;.
nfhLj;jYk; gytifg;gLk;. mit: tof;fj;jpy;nfhLj;jy;> cupikapy; nfhLj;jy;> mr;rj;jpy; nfhLj;jy;> ghtidapy; nfhLj;jy;> ctifapy; nfhLj;jy;> ntFspapy; nfhLj;jy;> mtyj;jpy; nfhLj;jy; Kjypad.
kUkfDf;F kfisf; nfhLj;jhd; - tof;fj;jpy; nfhLj;jy;.
kfDf;F muR nfhLj;jhd; - cupikapy; nfhLj;jy;.
96
murw;Fj; jpiw nfhLj;jhd; - mr;rj;jpy; nfhLj;jy;
je;ij jha;f;Fj; jpjp nfhLj;jhd; - ghtidapy; nfhLj;jy;.
mtDf;Fg; gupR nfhLj;jhd; - ctifapy; nfhLj;jy;
mtDf;Fj; jz;lid nfhLj;jhd; - ntFspapy; nfhLj;jy;.
tha;f;fuprp ,l;lhd; - mtyj;jpy; nfhLj;jy;.
xUnghUspd; ,lj;Js;s gif njhlHjw;F ,lkhfpa nghUshk;.
ghk;Gf;Fg; gif fUld; vd;gjpy; fUldplj;Js;s gif njhlHjw;F ,lk; ghk;G Mjyhy; ghk;G gifnjhlH nghUs;.
el;Gj;njhlH nghUshtJ xU nghUspd; ,lj;Js;s el;Gj; njhlHjw;F ,lkhfpa nghUshk;.
rhj;jhDf;F ez;gd; nfhw;wd; vd;gjpy; nfhw;wd; ,lj;Js;s el;Gj; njhlHjw;F ,lk; rhj;jd; Mjyhy; rhj;jhd; el;Gj;njhlH nghUs;.
ittjpy; jPiknjhlH nghUSk; tho;j;Jtjpy; ed;ik njhlHnghUSk; gifNeHr;rpfspy; mlq;Fk.; mit :-
jPNahHf;Ff; NfL cz;lhFf>
ey;NyhHf;Fr; nry;tk; cz;lhFf vd tUk;.
jFjpAilg; nghUshtJ jd;NdhL nghUe;Jjw;Fj; jFjpahfpa nghUis cila nghUshFk;.
murHf; Fupj;J mUq;fyk; vd;wNghJ murNuhL nghUe;Jjw;Fj; jFjpahfpa nghUs; mUq;fyk;@ mg;nghUis cilanghUs; murH Mjyhy; murH jFjpAilg; nghUs;.
Kjy; fhuz fhupag; nghUshtJ Kjy; fhuzj;jhy; MFk; nghUshFk;.
Fz;lyj;jpw;Fg; nghd; vd;gjpy; nghd; Kjw;fhuzk;> mjdhy; Mfpa fhupak; Fz;lykhjyhy; Fz;lyk; Kjw;fhuzfhupag; nghUs;.
epkpj;jfhuz fhupag; nghUshtJ epkpj;jfhuzj;jhy; MFk; nghUshk;. $ypf;F Ntiy nra;jhd; vd;gjpy;> Ntiy epkpj;j fhuzk;@ mjdhyhfpa fhupak; $yp Mjyhy; $yp epkpj;j fhuz fhupag;nghUs;.
97
Kiwf;F ,ia nghUshtJ gpwg;gpdhy; xU nghUspd; Kiwf;Fj; jhd; ,iae;J epw;Fk; nghUshk;.
rhj;jDf;F kfd; nfhw;wd; vd;wNghJ nfhw;wd; ,lj;Js;s kfd; vd;Dk; Kiwf;Fj; jhd; ,iae;J epw;Fk; nghUs; rhj;jd; Mjyhy; rhj;jd; Kiwf;F ,ia nghUs; Mfk;.
Mjp vd;wjdhy; -
kiof;F kpd;dy; - cw;ghjj;jhy; Fwpf;fg;gLtJ
mtDf;F ,J NghJk; - Fiwtpd;ikiaf; nfhs;tJ>
gpwTk; tUk;. cw;ghjk; vd;gJ Nky;tpisAk; ed;ik jPikia mwptpf;Fk; Fwp MFk;.
Ft;TUG epw;ww;F cupa rpy ,lq;fspNy> nghUl;L> epkpj;jk; vd;gdTk;> Ft;TUgpd;Nky; Mf vd;gJk;nrhy;YUGfshf tUk;.
$opd;nghUl;L Ntiy nra;jhd;@
$ypapd; epkpj;jk; Ntiy nra;jhd;@
$ypf;fhf Ntiy nra;jhd; vd tUk;.
3.Mwhk; Ntw;Wikapd; jd;ikfis tpsf;Ff.
Mwhk; Ntw;Wik:
Mwd; xUikf;F mJTk; MJTk;
gd;ikf;F mt;Tk; cUghk;: gz;G cWg;G
xd;wd; $l;lk; gytpd; <l;lk;
jpupgpd; Mf;fk; Mk;: jw;fpoikAk;
gpwpjpd;fpoikAk; NgZjy; nghUNs
Mwhk; Ntw;WikapdJ tUnkhopapd; xUikf;F mJNtad;wp MJTk; Mwd; gd;ikg; nghUz;ikf;F mfuKk; cUghk;> mtw;wpd; nghUs;fshtd> FzKk; njhopYk; Mfpa gz;Gk;>cWg;Gk;> xd;wd; $l;lk; gytpd; <l;lk;;> jpupgpd; Mf;fKk; MFk;. Ie;J jw;fpoikg; nghUs;fisAk;> mit my;yhj gpwpjpd; fpoikg; nghUs;fisAk;> ciladthf mt; cUGfis Vw;w ngaHg;nghUs;fs; Nky; tUk;.
98
Ie;J jw;fpoikg; nghUs; : njhopy;> gz;G> cWg;G> xd;wd; $l;lk;> jpupgpd; Mf;fk; MFk;.
gpwpjpd; fpoikg; nghUs;: : nghUs;> ,lk;> fhyk;
jw;fpoikg; nghUshtJ jd;NdhL xw;Wik cilaJ.
gpwpjpd; fpoikg; nghUshtJ jd;dpd; NtW MaJ MFk;.
jw;fpoik
rhj;jdJ fUik - Fzk;>
rhj;jdJ tuT - njhopy; gz;Gj; jw;fpoik
rhj;jdJ if>
GypaJ thy; cWg;Gj; jw;fpoik
khe;juJ njhFjp>
ney;yJ Fg;ig - xd;wd; $l;lj; jw;fpoik
gilfsJ njhFjp>
gwitfsJ $l;lk; - gytpd; $l;lj; jw;fpoik
ney;ypdJ nghup
kQ;rsJ nghb - xd;Wjpupe;J xd;W Majd;jw;fpoik .
gpwpjpd; fpoik
rhj;jdJ gR
KUfdJ Nty; - nghUl; gpwpjpd; fpoik
rhj;jdJ tPL
KUfdJ FwpQ;rp - ,lg; gpwpjpd; fpoik
rhj;jdJ ehs;
khudJ Ntdpy; - fhyg; gpwpjpd; fpoik .
vdhJ if> epdhJ jiy> jdhJ Gwk; -mJ cUG> vd iffs;> jdjhs;fs; mfu cUG> ,uhFtpdJ jiy> vdJapH vd MwDUG> cilaJk; cilikg;nghUSk; Ntwhfhj xw;Wikg; nghUspy; te;jJ.cw;ghjk; vd;gJ Nky;tpisAk; ed;ik jPikia
99
mwptpf;Fk; Fwp MFk;.,uhFNt jiyahjyhYk;> ehd; vdg;gl;lJ capNu MjyhYk; xw;Wikg; nghUshapd.
,e;j Mwd; cUGfSs; xd;W epw;ww;Fupa ,lj;jpy; cila vd;gJ nrhy; cUghf tUk;.
rhj;jDila Gjy;td;> rhj;jDila Gjy;tH @
rhj;jDila tPL> rhj;jDila tPLfs; vd tUk;.
4.tpsp cUG Vyhg; ngaHfisr; Rl;bAiuf;f.
tpsp cUG Vyhg; ngaHfs;:
Et;nthL tpdhr; Rl;L cw;w d s u
it Jj; jhk; jhd; ,d;dd tpspah
Et;TlNd %d;W Kjy; tpdhitAk; %d;W Rl;ilAk; KiwNa nghUe;jpa d>s> u vd;Dk; %d;W <w;W caHjpizg;ngaHfSk;>it> J vd;Dk; ,uz;L <w;W m/wpizg; ngaHfSk;> jhd; vd;Dk; nghJg;ngaUk;>,it Nghy;td gpwTk;> tpspf;fg;gLtd my;y.
It>J vd;Dk; ,uz;Lk; Et;nthL nghUe;jh vd;ghH> xLf;nfhLj;Jg; gpupj;jhH.
kfu <w;Wg; nghJg;ngaH Kd;dNu tpyf;fg;gl;likahy;> ,q;Nf jhk; vd;wJ mirepiy.
fpisg; ngaH -Ekd;> Eks;> EkH
tpdhg; ngaH -vtd;> vts;> vtH> vit> vJ
ahtd;> ahts;> ahtH> ahit> ahJ
Vtd;> Vts; VtH> Vit> VJ
Rl;Lg; ngaH - mtd;> mts; mtH> mit> mJ
,td;> ,ts; ,tH> ,it> ,J
ctd;> cts;> ctH> cit> cJ
nghJg; ngaH - jhd; vdTk; tUk; ,g;ngaHfs; tpsp VyhjitahFk;.
100
,d;dd vd;wjdhy;>
kw;iwahd;> kw;iwahs;> kw;iwahH> kw;iwaJ> kw;iwad> kw;iwait> gpwd;> gpws;> gpwH> gpwpJ> gpw KjypadTk; nfhs;f.
5.gpz;lg; nghUs; Fwpj;J vOJf.
gpz;lg; nghUs;:
Kjy; ,it rpid ,it vd NtW cs ,y
ciug;NghH Fwpg;gpd: mw;Nw gpz;lKk;
rpy nghJ Kjw;nghUs; rpidg; nghUs; vd;W NtWgLj;j ,ayhJ gpz;lg; nghUs; mikAk;.,mJ ciug;gtupd; Fwpg;ghy; czug;gLk;.
ahidiaf; Fwpj;jNghJ ahid cz;lhf mjDila if fhy; nfhk;G Kjypait Ntwpy;iyahk;. mt; mtatj;ijf; Fwpj;jNghJ mit cz;lhf ahid Ntwpy;iyahk;> Mjyhy; ,g;gbr; nrhy;yg;gl;ld.,dpg; gpz;lg;nghUs;> ney;iyg; nghypapd;fz; thupdhd;> ney;ypdJ nghypia thupdhd; vd tUk;. gpz;lg;nghUshfpa nghypf;Fg;igAk; gpz;bj;j nghUshfpa ney;Yk; NtW Mfhikahy;> mt; ,uz;ld; ,lj;Jk; I cUG tUtJ rpwg;gd;W vd mwpf.
$W – 6
tpidapay; - tpidr;nrhy; - nghJ ,yf;fzk; - tpsf;fk;
tpidapay;
tpidr;nrhy;:
njupepiy tpidapd; ,yf;fzk;:
nra;gtd; fUtp epyk; nray; fhyk;
nra;nghUs; MWk; jUtJ tpidNa
nra;gtd; fUtp epyk; nray; fhyk; nra;nghUs; MWk; Mfpa nghUisAk;> jUtJ njupepiy tpidr;nrhy;yhk;.
tpid vd;wJ MFngaH.
el th Kjypad vy;yhk; jOTjw;Fr; nra; vd;whH.
101
nra;gtd; vd Mz;ghypNy nrhd;dhNuDk;>xUnkhop xopjd; dpdq;nfhsw; Fupj;Nj vd;gjdhy;> Ik;ghYk; Rl;b epd;wJ.
tide;jhd; vd;wtop> Fatdhfpa nra;gtDk;> kz;zhfpa Kjw;fhuzKk;> jz;l rf;fuk; Kjypa Jizf;fhuzq;fSk; tidjw;F Mjhukhfpa ,lKk;> tidjw;F Kjw; fhuzkhfpa nraYk;> ,we;jfhyKk;> Flk; Kjypa nrag;gLnghUSk; Njhd;wp epd;wd.
MWk; vd;Dk; Kw;Wk;ikia caHTrpwg;G ck;ikahf;fp> ,ope;jd rpy cs mitAk; Ntz;LNky; nfhs;f vdg; nghUSiuj;J> ,d;djw;F> ,J gad; vd;gitfSk; $l;bf; nfhs;f: mit gpwHf;F tide;jhd;> nghUs; fUjp tide;jhd; vdTk; tUk;. ,t;tpuz;Lk; >VJtpd; ghw;gl;Lf; fUtpAs; mlq;fTk; ngWk; Mjyhy;> ,ope;jd Mapd.
,d;Dk; MWk; jUtJ tpid vd;wjw;F> "Kw;Wk;ik nahNuhtop nar;rK khFk; vd;Dk; #j;jpuj;jhy; ,j;njhifapy; rpy Fiwe;J tuTk; ngWk; vdg; nghUSiuj;Jf; nfhs;f. nfhb Mbw;W vd;Gop> MLjy; tpidf;Fr; nrag;gLnghUs; Fiwe;J te;jJ. Kw;WtpidfspNy gFjpahy; nraYk;>tpFjpahy; nra;gtDk;> ,ilepiy Kjypatw;why; fhyKk; nganur;r tpidnar;rq;fspNy ,k;KiwNa nraYk; fhyKk; ntspg;gilahfTk; kw;wit Fwpg;ghfTk; Njhd;Wk; vdf; nfhs;f vd ciu tFg;ghH MWKf ehtyH.
Fwpg;G tpidapd; ,yf;fzk;:
nghUs; Kjy; MwpDk; Njhw;wpKd; MwDs;
tpid Kjy; khj;jpiu tpsf;fy; tpidf;Fwpg;Ng
Fwpg;G tpidahtJnghUs; Kjy; MwDs; Njhd;wp Kd; nrhy;yg;gl;l nra;gtd; Kjyhfpa MwDs; nra;gtd; xd;wpid kl;LNk Fwpj;J epw;Fk;.,tw;Ws; nhgUs; Kjy; MW vdg;gLgit KiwNa nghUs;> ,lk;> fhyk;> rpid> Fzk;. njhopy; vd;gd MFk;.
Fioapdd;> nghd;dpdd; - nghUs;
mfj;jpdd;> Gwj;jpdd; - ,lk;
Mjpiuahd;> Xzj;jhd; - fhyk;
FWe;jhsd;> nrq;fz;zd; - rpid
102
fupad;> ey;yd; - Fzk;
fLeilad;> ,d;nrhy;yd; - njhopy;
vdTk; tUk;. ,tw;Ws;> tpFjpahy; nra;gtd; tpsq;fpw;W> kw;witfs;> Fwpg;ghf cz;nldf; nfhs;f. xd;iwf; Fioapdd;> xd;whw; Fioapdd; vd thuhikahy;> Fioapdd; vd;gjw;Ff; fUtpAk; nrag;gL nghUSk; ,y;iy vdTk;>xd;iw cilad; xd;why; cilad; vd tUjyhy;> cilad; vd;gjw;F MWk; cz;nldTk; nfhs;f.
,it> nghUs; Mjp Mwhy; xUnghUis toq;Fjw;F tUk; ngauha; epy;yhJ FioiaAilad; Mapdhd;>Mfpd;whd;> Mthd; vdTk;.
mfj;jpd;fz; ,Ue;jhd;> ,Uf;fpd;whd;> ,Ug;ghd; vdTk;>
Mjpiuehspw; gpwe;jhd;> gpwf;fpd;whd;> gpwg;ghd; vdTk;>
FWe;jhisAilad; Mapdhd;> Mfpd;whd;> Mthd; vdTk;>
fUtz;zkha; ,Ue;jhd;> ,Uf;fpd;whd;> ,Ug;ghd; vdTk;>
fLeilahf ele;jhd;> elf;fpd;whd;> elg;ghd; vdTk;>
-tUjyhy; tpidf;Fwpg;Gr; nrhy;yhapd. ,it Kd;G tpidf;Fwpg;gha;g; gpd;G nghUs;fistoq;Fjw;F cupa ngauha; tupd>;mit Fwpg;G tpidahyizAk; ngauhk;. ,t;thW jk;Ks; NtWgLk;.
gapw;rp tpdhf;fs;:
1. 1; njupepiytpidapd; ,yf;fzj;ijj; jUf.
njupepiy tpidapd; ,yf;fzk;:
nra;gtd; fUtp epyk; nray; fhyk;
nra;nghUs; MWk; jUtJ tpidNa
nra;gtd; fUtp epyk; nray; fhyk; nra;nghUs; MWk; Mfpa nghUisAk;> jUtJ njupepiy tpidr;nrhy;yhk;.
tpid vd;wJ MFngaH.
el th Kjypad vy;yhk; jOTjw;Fr; nra; vd;whH.
103
nra;gtd; vd Mz;ghypNy nrhd;dhNuDk;>xUnkhop xopjd; dpdq;nfhsw; Fupj;Nj vd;gjdhy;> Ik;ghYk; Rl;b epd;wJ.
tide;jhd; vd;wtop> Fatdhfpa nra;gtDk;> kz;zhfpa Kjw;fhuzKk;> jz;l rf;fuk; Kjypa Jizf;fhuzq;fSk; tidjw;F Mjhukhfpa ,lKk;> tidjw;F Kjw; fhuzkhfpa nraYk;> ,we;jfhyKk;> Flk; Kjypa nrag;gLnghUSk; Njhd;wp epd;wd.
2. Fwpg;G tpidapd; ,yf;fzj;ijj; jUf
nghUs; Kjy; MwpDk; Njhw;wpKd; MwDs;
tpid Kjy; khj;jpiu tpsf;fy; tpidf;Fwpg;Ng
Fwpg;G tpidahtJnghUs; Kjy; MwDs; Njhd;wp Kd; nrhy;yg;gl;l nra;gtd; Kjyhfpa MwDs; nra;gtd; xd;wpid kl;LNk Fwpj;J epw;Fk;.,tw;Ws; nhgUs; Kjy; MW vdg;gLgit KiwNa nghUs;> ,lk;> fhyk;> rpid> Fzk;. njhopy; vd;gd MFk;.
Fioapdd;> nghd;dpdd; - nghUs;
mfj;jpdd;> Gwj;jpdd; - ,lk;
Mjpiuahd;> Xzj;jhd; - fhyk;
FWe;jhsd;> nrq;fz;zd; - rpid
fupad;> ey;yd; - Fzk;
fLeilad;> ,d;nrhy;yd; - njhopy;
vdTk; tUk;. ,tw;Ws;> tpFjpahy; nra;gtd; tpsq;fpw;W> kw;witfs;> Fwpg;ghf cz;nldf; nfhs;f. xd;iwf; Fioapdd;> xd;whw; Fioapdd; vd thuhikahy;> Fioapdd; vd;gjw;Ff; fUtpAk; nrag;gL nghUSk; ,y;iy vdTk;>xd;iw cilad; xd;why; cilad; vd tUjyhy;> cilad; vd;gjw;F MWk; cz;nldTk; nfhs;f.
,it> nghUs; Mjp Mwhy; xUnghUis toq;Fjw;F tUk; ngauha; epy;yhJ FioiaAilad; Mapdhd;>Mfpd;whd;> Mthd; vdTk;.
104
mfj;jpd;fz; ,Ue;jhd;> ,Uf;fpd;whd;> ,Ug;ghd; vdTk;>
Mjpiuehspw; gpwe;jhd;> gpwf;fpd;whd;> gpwg;ghd; vdTk;>
FWe;jhisAilad; Mapdhd;> Mfpd;whd;> Mthd; vdTk;>
fUtz;zkha; ,Ue;jhd;> ,Uf;fpd;whd;> ,Ug;ghd; vdTk;>
fLeilahf ele;jhd;> elf;fpd;whd;> elg;ghd; vdTk;>
-tUjyhy; tpidf;Fwpg;Gr; nrhy;yhapd. ,it Kd;G tpidf;Fwpg;gha;g; gpd;G nghUs;fistoq;Fjw;F cupa ngauha; tupd>;mit Fwpg;G tpidahyizAk; ngauhk;. ,t;thW jk;Ks; NtWgLk;.
$W:7
tpidapay; tpidr;nrhw;fspd; tiffis mwpjy;
tpidr;nrhw;fspd; tiffs;:
tpidr; nrhw;fspd; ghFghL:
mit jhk;
Kw;Wk; ngaH tpid vr;rKk; Mfp
xd;ww;F cupaTk; nghJTk; MFk;
njupepiyahAk; Fwpg;ghAk; tUk; vd;w tpidr;nrhw;fs; Kw;W tpidr;nrhw;fSk; nganur;r tpidr;nrhw;fSk; tpidnar;r tpidr;nrhw;fSk; Mfpj; jpiz> ghy;> ,lq;fSs; xd;ww;Fr; rpwg;gha; tUtdTk; gytw;wpw;Fg; nghJikapd; epw;gdTk; MFk;.
,dp>„xU nkhopnahopjd; dpdq;nfhsw; Fupj;Nj‟ vd;gjdhy;> gpwtopahy; xd;ww;FupaTk; nghJTkha; epw;gdTk; rpy cs vd;gJ njupatUk;.
ele;jhd; -jd;tpid@
elj;jpdhd;- gpwtpid@
ntSj;jhd; - jd;tpid> gpwtpid ,uz;lw;Fk; nghJtpid.
ele;jhd; - cld;ghl;L tpid@
105
elthd; - vjpHkiwtpid@
rhthd;> Ntthd; - cld;ghL> vjpHtpid kiwtpid ,uz;lw;Fk; nghJtpid.
cz;lhd; - nra;tpid@
cz;zg;gl;lJ – nrag;ghl;Ltpid@
Gypnfhd;w ahid> kPd; tpOq;fpatd; - nra;tpid nrag;ghl;Ltpid ,uz;lw;Fk; nghJtpid.
Njba rhj;jd;> Njba te;jhd; vdr; nrhy; xd;Nw nganur;rk; tpidnar;rk; ,uz;lw;Fk; nghJthapd.
gapw;rp tpdhf;fs;:
1. tpidr;nrhw;fspd; ghFghL Fwpj;Jr; Rl;Lf.
mit jhk;
Kw;Wk; ngaH tpid vr;rKk; Mfp
xd;ww;F cupaTk; nghJTk; MFk;
njupepiyahAk; Fwpg;ghAk; tUk; vd;w tpidr;nrhw;fs; Kw;W tpidr;nrhw;fSk; nganur;r tpidr;nrhw;fSk; tpidnar;r tpidr;nrhw;fSk; Mfpj; jpiz> ghy;> ,lq;fSs; xd;ww;Fr; rpwg;gha; tUtdTk; gytw;wpw;Fg; nghJikapd; epw;gdTk; MFk;.
,dp>„xU nkhopnahopjd; dpdq;nfhsw; Fupj;Nj‟ vd;gjdhy;> gpwtopahy; xd;ww;FupaTk; nghJTkha; epw;gdTk; rpy cs vd;gJ njupatUk;.
ele;jhd; -jd;tpid@
elj;jpdhd;- gpwtpid@
ntSj;jhd; - jd;tpid> gpwtpid ,uz;lw;Fk; nghJtpid.
106
ele;jhd; - cld;ghl;L tpid@
elthd; - vjpHkiwtpid@
rhthd;> Ntthd; - cld;ghL> vjpHtpid kiwtpid ,uz;lw;Fk; nghJtpid.
cz;lhd; - nra;tpid@
cz;zg;gl;lJ – nrag;ghl;Ltpid@
Gypnfhd;w ahid> kPd; tpOq;fpatd; - nra;tpid nrag;ghl;Ltpid ,uz;lw;Fk; nghJtpid.
Njba rhj;jd;> Njba te;jhd; vdr; nrhy; xd;Nw nganur;rk; tpidnar;rk; ,uz;lw;Fk; nghJthapd.
$W – 8
tpidKw;W – tiffs;
tpidKw;W :
nghJ ,ay;G MiwAk; Njhw;wpg; nghUl;ngaH
Kjy; mW ngaH myJ Vw;gpy Kw;Nw
gytif tpidfSf;Fk; nghJ ,yf;fzkhfpa nra;gtd; Kjypa MiwAk; Njhd;wr; nra;J tUk;. nghUl; ngaH Kjypa mWtifg; ngaiuAk; gadpiyahf Vw;gdthfp> kw;W xd;iwAk; VyhjdKw;Wtpid tpidf;Fwpg;Gf;fshk;.
njupepiy tpidKw;W:-
nra;jhd; mtd;- nghUl;ngaH
FspHe;jJ epyk;.- ,lg;ngaH
te;jJ fhH- fhyg;ngaH
Ftpe;jJ if - rpidg;ngaH
gue;jJ grg;G- Fzg;ngaH
xope;jJ gpwg;G - njhopw;ngaH
107
Fwpg;Gtpid Kw;W:-
ey;yd; mtd;- .nghUl;ngaH
ey;yJ epyk;- ,lg;ngaH
ey;yJ fhH- fhyg;ngaH
ey;yJ if - rpidg;ngaH
ey;yJ grg;G- Fzg;ngaH
ey;yJ gpwg;G - njhopw;ngaH
kw;iwj; jpiz ghy; ,lk; fhyq;fs; NjhWk; xl;bf; nfhs;syhk;.
tpidKw;wpd; tiffs;:
xUtd; Kjy; Ie;ijAk; glHf;if ,lj;Jk;
xUik gd;ikiaj; jd;ik Kd;dpiyapDk;;
Kf; fhyj;jpDk;; Kuz KiwNa
%Ie;J ,U %d;W MW Ma; Kw;W
tpidg;gjk; xd;Nw % xd;ghd; Mk;
Mz;ghy; Kjyhfpa Ik;ghy; tpidKw;Wf;fisAk; glHf;if ,lj;jpYk;> xUik tpidKw;iwAk; gd;ik tpidKw;iwAk; jd;ik ,lj;jpYk; Kd;dpiy ,lj;jpYk; itj;J> Kf;fhyq;fshYk; khw> nrhy;yg;gl;l KiwNa> glHf;if tpidKw;Wf;fs; gjpide;Jk;> jd;iktpid Kw;Wf;fs; MWk;> Kd;dpiy tpidKw;Wf;fs; MWk; Mfp> njupepiy tpidKw;Wg;gjk; xd;WNk ,Ugj;J VohFk;.
glHf;if tpidKw;W: - 15
ele;jhd;> ele;jhs;> ele;jhH>ele;jJ> ele;jd.
,we;jfhy tpidKw;W - 5
elf;fpd;whd;> elf;fpd;whs;>elf;fpd;whH>elf;fpd;wJ>elf;fpd;wd.
epfo;fhytpidKw;W- 5
elg;ghd;> elg;ghs;> elg;ghH> elg;gJ> elg;gd.
108
vjpHfhy tpidKw;W – 5
-Mfg; glHf;if tpidKw;W - 15
jd;ik tpid Kw;W: - 6
ele;Njd;> ele;Njhk;- ,we;jfhy tpidKw;W - 2
elf;fpd;Nwd; > elf;fpd;Nwk; - epfo;fhytpidKw;W - 2
elg;Ngd; elg;Ngk; - ,it vjpHfhy tpidKw;W- 2
Mfj; jd;ik tpidKw;W-6.
Kd;dpiy tpidKw;W - 6
ele;jha; > ele;jPH- ,we;jfhytpid Kw;W. - 2
elf;fpd;wha;> elf;fpd;wPH - epfo;fhytpidKw;W - 2
elg;gha; elg;gPH - vjpHfhy tpidKw;W- 2
Mf Kd;dpiy tpidKw;W - 6
Mf tif %d;Wf;Fk; Kw;Wtpid - 27
Mz;ghy; tpidKw;W:
md; Md; ,W nkhop Mz;ghy; glHf;if
md>; Md; vd;Dk; ,U tpFjpiaAk; ,Wjpapy; cila nkhopfs;> caHjpiz Mz;ghy; glHf;if tpidKw;Wk; Fwpg;G Kw;Wk; MFk;
,we;jfhyj;njupepiyepfo;fhyj;njupepiy vjpHfhyj;njupepiy Fwpg;G
ele;jdd; elf;fpd;wdd; elg;gd; Fioad;
ele;jhd; elf;fpd;whd; elg;ghd; Fioahd;
kw;witfSk; ,g;gbNa tUk;.
ngz;ghy; tpidKw;W:
ms; Ms; ,W nkhop ngz;ghy; glHf;if
ms;> Ms; vd;Dk; ,uz;L tpFjpiaAk; ,Wjpapy; cila nkhopfs; > caHjpizg; ngz;ghy; glHf;if tpidKw;Wk; Fwpg;G Kw;Wk; Mk;.
109
,we;j fhyj;njhpepiy epfo;fhyj;njupepiy vjphfhyj;.njupepiy Fwpg;G
ele;jds;elf;fpd;wds; elg;gs; Fioas;
ele;jhs; elf;fpd;whs; elg;ghs; Fioahs;
kw;witfSk; ,g;gbNa tUk;.
gyHghy; tpidKw;W:
mH MH gt;T+H mfuk; khH <w;w
gy;NyhH glHf;if khH tpidnahL KbNk
mH> MH> g> khH vd;Dk; ehd;F tpFjpfisAk; ,Wjpapd; cila nkhopfs;> caHjpizg; gyHghy; glHf;if tpidKw;Wk; Fwpg;G Kw;Wk; MFk;. ,tw;Ws; khH <w;W tpidKw;Wg; nghJ tpjpahy; ngaUld; KbtJ md;wp tpidAlDk; KbAk;.
„khnujpHTk; ghe;jQ; nrynthL tuTk;‟ vdg; gjtpaYs; $wpdikahy; ,t;tpU tpFjpAk; Fwpg;G Kw;wpNy thuh.
,we;jf;fhyj;njupepiy epfo;fhyj;njupepiy vjpHfhyj;njupepiy Fwpg;G
ele;jdH elf;fpd;wdH elg;gH FioaH
ele;jhH elf;fpd;whH elg;ghH FioahH
kw;witfSk; ,g;gbNa tUk;.
elg;g> va;Jg> nkhopg> mtH vdg; gt;tpFjp tUk;.
ngupa NthjpDQ; rpwpa Tzuhg;
gPbd;W ngUfpa jpUtpw;;
ghbd; kd;diug; ghld;kh nukNu
-vd khH <w;W tpidKw;Wg; ngaUld; Kbe;jJ. ghld;khH vd;gJ ghLthH my;yH vdg;nghUs;gLk;@ „my‟; vjpHkiw ,ilepiy MFk;.
„MHj;jhH nfhz;khH te;jhH‟ vd khH <w;W tpidKw;W tpidnahL Kbe;jJ.
110
xd;wd;ghy; tpidKw;W:
J W L Fw;wpaYfu <w;w xd;wd; glHf;if Lf; Fwpg;gpd; MFk; J >W> L vd;Dk; %d;W tpFjpfisAk; ,Wjpapy;cila Fw;wpaYfu <w;W nkhopfs;> m/wpiz xd;wd;ghy; glHf;if tpidKw;Wk; Fwpg;GKw;Wk; MFk;. ,tw;Ws; Lt; tpFjp Fwpg;GtpidKw;wpy; md;wpj; njupepiy tpidKw;wpy; thuhJ. Wt; tpFjp ,we;jfhy ,ilepiyNahL khj;jpuk; $b tUk;. ,we;j fhyj;njupepiy epfo;fhyj;njupepiy vjpHfhyj;njupepiy Fwpg;G ele;jJ elf;fpd;wJ elg;gJ FioaJ $apw;W ------ ------ mw;W ------------ ------ nghUl;L Wt; tpFjp> te;jd;W> cz;ld;W> nrd;wd;W vdj; j> l> w xw;W ,ilepiyfspd; Kd;Dk;> Gf;fd;W> tpl;ld;W> ngw;wd;W vd tpfhug; gl;L ,we;jfhyk; fhl;Lk;.
F> L> W <w;Wg; gFjpfspd; Kd;Dk;> md; rhupia ngw;W tUk;. ,it> KiwNa te;jJ> cz;lJ> nrd;wJ> Gf;fJ> tpl;lJ> ngw;wJ vdg; nghUs;gLk;.
Wt; tpFjp> $apw;W. Xbw;W vd ,d; ,ilepiyapd; Kd; khj;jpuk; rhupia ngwhJ tUk;.
je;jpd;W vd Wt; tpFjp jfu ,ilepiyapd; Kd; ,d; rhupia ngw;wjd;Nwh vd tpdh vOg;Gk; MWKf ehtyH mJ je;jd;W vd;Dk; cld; ghl;Ltpidia kWj;jw;Fj; jfu ,ilepiyf;Fk; Wt; tpFjpf;Fk; ,ilNa ,y; vd;Dk; vjpHkiw ,ilepiy Vw;W te;j kiwtpid vd;W mwpf vd tpsf;fk; nra;thH. je;jpd;W je;jJ ,y;iy vdg; nghUs; gLk;.
mw;W> ,w;W> vw;W vd;git Rl;bDk; tpdhtpDk; te;j tpidf;Fwpg;G Kw;Wfs;. ,it KiwNa mj; jd;ikj;J> ,j;jd;ikj;J> vj;jd;ikj;J vdg; nghUs;gLk;.
gytpd;ghy; tpidKw;W:
m M <w;w gytpd; glHf;if
MNt vjpHkiwf; fz;zJ MFk;
m> M vd;Dk; ,UtpFjpfis ,Wjpapy; cila nkhopfs;> m/wpizg; gytpd;ghy; glHf;if tpidKw;Wk; Fwpg;GKw;Wk;
111
MFk;. mtw;Ws; Mfhuk; vjpHkiwapy; tUkd;wp cld;ghl;by; thuhJ.
MNt vjpHkiwf;fz;zjhFk; vd;wjdhy;> kw;iw tpFjp cld;ghl;bYk; vjpHkiwapYk; tUk; vd;gJ ngwg;gLk;.
mfutpFjp md;rhupia ngw;Wk; ngwhJk; tUk;.
,we;jfhyj;njupepiy epfo;fhyj;njupepiy vjpHfhyj;njupepiy Fwpg;G
ele;jd elf;fpd;wd elg;gd fupad
ele;j elf;fpd;w elg;g fupa
ele;jpy> elthepd;wpy> elth - mit.
,y;yd> ,y;y vd;Dk; vjpHkiw tpidf;Fwpg;G Kw;wpd;fz; gFjpNa vjpHkiwg; nghUs; je;J epw;wypd;> ,jw;F vjpHkiw Mfhuk; Ntz;lhikapd; Vw;Gopf;Nfhly; vd;Dk; cj;jpahy;> ,t; vjpHkiw tpFjp njupepiyf;Nf vdf; nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;.
,q;Nf fhl;ba md; ngwhj elg;g vd;Dk; gy mwp nrhy;ypd; ,Wjp Nehf;fp caHjpizg; gd;ikg; glHf;iff;Fk; m/wpizg; gd;ikg; glHf;iff;Fk; nghJtpid vdf; nfhs;shJ xopf. ,jDs; gfu xw;W vjpHfhy tpid ,ilepiy Mjyhy;> ,j; njhlf;fj;jd vy;yhk; gynghUs; xUnrhy; vd;W czHf.
,Ujpizg; nghJtpid:
jd;ik Kd;dpiy tpaq;Nfhs; NtW ,iy
cz;L <H vr;rk; ,U jpizg; nghJ tpid
jd;iktpid tpidf;Fwpg;G Kw;Wf;fSk;>Kd;dpiytpid tpidf;Fwpg;G Kw;Wf;fSk;> tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;Wf;fSk;>NtW>,y;iy>cz;L vd;Dk; %d;W tpidf; Fwpg;GKw;Wf;fSk; nganur;rtpid> tpidf;Fwpg;Gf;fSk; tpidvr;rtpid> tpidf; Fwpg;Gf;fSk;> caHjpiz m/wpiz vd;Dk; ,Ujpizf;Fk; nghJ tpidfshFk;.
nra;Ak; vd;Dk; nganur;rNk nra;Ak; vd;Dk; Kw;W Mjyhy;> mk; Kw;Wk; ,Ujpizg; nghJtpidaha; tUk;.
112
jd;ik xUik tpidKw;W:
F L J W vd;Dk; Fd;wpaYfuNkhL
my; md; vd; Vd; MFk; <w;w
,U jpiz Kf;$w;W xUikj;jd;ik
FLJW vd;Dk; Fw;wpaYfu tpFjpfSk; my;> md;> vd;> Vd; vd;Dk; ehd;F nka; <w;W tpFjpfSk; Mfpa ,t; vl;L tpFjpfisAk; ,WjpapNy cila nkhopfs; ,Ujpiz ,lj;jdthfpa xUtd;> xUj;jp> xd;W vd;Dk; %d;W ghy;fSf;Fk; nghJthfpa xUikj;jd;ik tpidKw;Wk; Fwpg;G Kw;Wk; MFk;.
F>L> J> W vd;Dk; ehd;Fk; jhNk fhyq;fhl;Ljyhy; Fwpg;Gtpidf;F thuhJ. my; tpFjp vjpH fhy ,ilepiyfNshL khj;jpuk; tUk;.
F - cz;F - vjpHfhy tpidKw;W
L - cz;L - ,we;j fhy tpidKw;W
J - te;J tUJ- ,we;j fhy - vjpHfhy tpidKw;W
W - nrd;W> NrW - ,we;j fhy - vjpHfhy tpidKw;W
my; - cz;gy; - vjpHfhy tpidKw;W
,we;j fhyj;njhpepiy epfo;fhyj;njupepiy ,we;j fhyj;njupepiy
Fwpg;G
cz;ldd; cz;zhepd;wdd; cz;gd; jhhpdd;
cz;lndd; cz;zhepd;wndd; cz;ngd; jhupndd;
cz;Nld; cz;zhepd;Nwd; cz;Ngd; jhupNdd;
kw;witfSk; ,g;gbNa tUk;.
jd;ikg; gd;ik tpidKw;W:
mk; Mk; vd;gd Kd;dpiy ahiuAk;
vk; Vk; Xk; ,it glHf;ifahiuAk;
ck;%H f l j w ,U ghyhiuAk;
jd;ndhL gLf;Fk; jd;ikg; gd;ik
113
jd;ikg; gd;ik tpidKw;W vd;gJ jd;ik ,lj;jpid kl;Lk; my;yhky; Kd;dpiyahiuAk; glHf;ifahiuAk; jd;NdhL Nrh;f;Fk; jd;ikia cilaJ MFk;.
jd;dpiyapd; epw;gjd;wp mk;>Mk; vd;Dk; ,t;tpU tpFjpfisAk; ,Wjpapy; cila nkhopfs; Kd;dpiy ,lj;jhiuAk; vk;> Vk;> Xk; vd;Dk; ,k;%d;W tpFjpfisAk; ,Wjpapy; cila nkhopfs; glHf;if ,lj;jhiuAk;> Fk;> Lk;> Jk;> Wk; vd;Dk; ,e;ehd;F tpFjpfisAk; ,Wjpapy; cila nkhopfs; Kd;dpiy> glHf;if vd;Dk; ,U ,lj;jhHfisAk; jd;Dld; $l;Lk; csg;ghl;Lj; jd;ikg; gd;ik tpidKw;Wk; Fwpg;G Kw;Wk; MFk;;. Fk>; Lk;> Jk;>Wk; vd;Dk; ehd;Fk; jhNk fhyk; fhl;Ljyhy; Fwpg;Gtpidf;F thuh.
,we;jfhyj;njupepiy epfo;fhyj;njupepiy vjpHfhyj;njupepiy Fwpg;G
cz;ldk; cz;fpd;wdk; cz;gk; jhupdk;;
cz;lhk; cz;fpd;whk; cz;ghk; jhupdhk;
cz;lndk; cz;fpd;wndk; cz;ngk; jhupndk;
- ahDk; mtDk;.
cz;Nlk; cz;fpNwk; cz;Ngk; jhupNdk;
cz;Nlhk; cz;fpd;Nwhk; cz;Nghk; jhupNdhk;
,we;j fhyj;njupepiy epfo;fhyj;njupepiy
---------- cz;Fk; ahDk; ePAktDk;
cz;Lk; ----------
te;Jk; tUJk;
nrd;Wk; NrWk;
,it rpWghd;ik ,k;Kiw ,d;wp kaq;fp tUjYk; cz;L. kw;witfSk; ,g;gbNa tUk;.
nra;F vd; xUikAk; nra;Fk;vd; gd;ikAk;
tpidNahL KbapDk;; tpsk;gpa Kw;Nw
114
nra;F vd;Dk; jd;ik xUikKw;Wk;> nra;Fk; vd;Dk; jd;ikg; gd;ik Kw;Wk;> ngaUlNd md;wp tpidnahLk; KbapDk Kw;Wf;fNsahk;.
cz;F te;Njd;> cz;Fk; te;Njk; vd tUk;.
Kd;dpiy $ba glHf;ifAk; Kd;dpiy
jd;ikNahL $ba Kd;dpiy glHf;iffs; jd;ik Mdhw;Nghy> Kd;dpiyNahL $ba glHf;ifAk; Kd;dpiyahk;.
cz;ldpH FioapdpH ePAk; mtDk;
cz;BH FioaPH
cz;kpd; ---------------
,e; E}w;gh> Kd;dpiyg; gd;ikKw;Wf; $wpa topNa $whJ> xd;wpdk; Kbj;jy;> jd;dpdk; Kbj;jy; vd;Dk; cj;jpahy;> ,q;Nf $wg;gl;lJ.
Kd;dpiy xUik tpidKw;W:
I Ma; ,fu <w;w %d;Wk;
Vtypd; t&ck; vy;yh <w;WTk;
Kg;ghy; xUik Kd;dpiy nkhopNa
I> Ma;> , vd;Dk; %d;W tpFjpfis ,Wjpapy; cila tpidKw;;WfSk;> tpFjp Fd;whJk; Fd;wpAk; epw;gdthfpa VtypNy tUk; ,Ugj;J%d;W tpidKw;;WfSk;>xUtd; xUj;jp> xd;W vd;Dk; %d;W ghy;fSf;Fk; nghJthfpa Kd;dpiy xUik tpidKw;Wk; Fwpg;G Kw;Wk; MFk;.
,fu tpFjp vjpHfhyj;ij ,ilepiy ,d;wpj; jhNd fhl;Ljy; gjtpaypy; ngwg;gl;lJ.
Vty; tpidKw;Wj; njupepiytpid xd;ww;Nf cupikapd;> ck;ik nfhLj;Jg; gpupj;jhH.
,we;j fhyj; njupepiy epfo;.njup. vjpH .njup. Fwpg;G.
cz;lid cz;fpd;wid cz;ig FioapideP
cz;lha; cz;fpd;wha; cz;gha; Fioaha;
cz;b cz;zhepd;wp Nrwp tpy;yp
115
Ma;> ,> my;> Vy;> My; vd;Dk; tpFjpfis ,Wjpapy; cila tpidr;nrhw;fSk;> Ma; tpFjp GzHe;J Fd;wpg; gFjp khj;jpiuaha; epw;Fk; tpidr;nrhw;fSk;> Kd;dpiy Vty; xUikj; njupepiy tpid Kw;Wf;fshk;.
,tw;Ws; > my;> Vy;> My; vd;Dk; %d;W tpFjpfSk; vjpHkiw ,lj;J tUk;.
cz;zha; cz;Zjp cz; eP
cz;zy; cz;Nzy; kwhy;
vjpHkiw Vty; xUik tpidKw;Wf;fs; cz;zhNj> cz;zhjp vd> vjpHkiw Mfhu ,ilepiyapd; Kd; jfu vOj;Jg;Ngw;NwhL> Vfhu tpFjp ,fu tpFjpfSs; xd;W ngw;Wk; tUk;.
Kd;dpiy Kd;dH <Ak; VAk;
me;epiy kugpd; nka; CHe;J tUNk
Kd;dpiy Vty; Kw;nwd Kd; nrhy;yg;gl;ltw;wpw;F Kd; <fhuKk; VfhuKk;> mt; ,lj;J epw;ww;F cupa kugpid cila ahjhDk; xU nka;ia CHe;J tUk;.
nrd;wP ngUkepw; wiff;FeH ahNu.
ml;bNyhiy njhl;lid epd;Nk"
nry; - nrd;wP
epy; - epd;Nk –
,q;Nf><Ak; VAk; KiwNa wfu xw;iwAk; kfu xw;iwAk; CHe;J te;jd.
,t; <fhu Vfhuq;fs; tpFjpfs; my;y@ Ma;tpFjp Fiwe;j Vtypy; tUk; Kd;dpiy mirahk;. wfu xw;Wk; kfu xw;Wk; vOj;Jg; NgW.
Kd;dpiyg; gd;ik tpidKw;W:
,H <H <w;w ,uz;Lk; ,Ujpizg;
gd;ik Kd;dpiy kpd; mtw;W Vty;
,H><H vd;Dk; ,uz;L tpFjpfisAk; ,Wjpapy; cila nkhopfs;> ,Ujpizf;Fk; nghJthfpa gd;ik Kd;dpiy tpidKw;Wk;
116
Fwpg;GKw;Wk; MFk;. kpd;tpFjpia ,WjpapYila nkhopfs; Kd;dpiyg; gd;ik Vty; Kw;whFk;.
kpd; tpFjp md;wp><H> ck; tpFjpfSk; Kd;dpiyg;gd;ik VtYf;F tUk; vdf; nfhs;f.
,we;jfhyj;njupepiy epfo;fhyj;njupepiy vjpHfhyj; njupepiy Fwpg;G.
cz;ldpH cz;fpd;wdpH cz;gpH FioapdpH
cz;BH cz;fpd;wPH cz;gPH FioaPH
cz;kpd;> cz;zPH> cz;Zk; vd Vty; tpidKw;W te;jd.
tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;W:
f a nthL ut; nthw;W <w;w tpaq;Nfhs;
,aYk; ,lk; ghy; vq;Fk; vd;g
f> a vd;Dk; ,uz;L capHnka;apidAk; ufu nka;apidAk; ,Wjpapy; cila nkhopfs; tpaq;Nfhs; Kw;Wf;fshFk;. mit %d;wplq;fspYk; Ik;ghy;fspYk; tUk.;
tho;fcz;f MLf - ahd;> ahk;> eP> ePH> mtd;> mts;> mtH> mJ> mit.
thopa cz;zpa Mba -ahd;> ahk;> eP> ePH> mtd;> mts;> mtH> mJ> mit.
thopaHcz;zpaH MbaH -ahd;> ahk;> eP> ePH> mtd;> mts;> mtH>mJ> mit.
ciuapw; Nfhly; vd;Dk; cj;jpahy;>
ehd;kiw awq;fNshq;f ew;wtk; Nts;tp ky;f- m
kf;fl; gjbnady; - my;
kdj;Jf;fz; khrpydhjy; – jy;
vd m> my;> jy; vd;gdTk; tpaq;Nfhs; tpFjpfsha; tUk; vdf; nfhs;f.
tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;W:
MwpU jle;Njhs; tho;f mWKfk; tho;f–tho;j;jy;
117
elf;f> tUf> cz;f - vd caHe;Njhd; ,ope;Njhid ,d;dJ nra;f vd tpjpj;jy;
"Nghw;wp aUSf epd;dhjpahk; ghjkyH”- Ntz;ly;
;"gue;J nfLf cyfpaw;wpahd;" - itjy;.
tpjpj;jy; nghUs; jd;ikapy; tuhJ.
NtW ,y;iy cz;L Ik NtW ,y;iy cz;L: ; ghy; %tplj;jd
NtW> ,y;iy>cz;L vd;Dk; %d;W tpidf;Fwpg;G Kw;Wf;fSk;> Ik;ghYf;Fk; %tplj;jpw;Fk; cupadthk;.
ahd; NtW> ahk;NtW> eP NtW> ePHNtW>
mtd; NtW> mts; NtW> mtH NtW>
mJ NtW> mit NtW@
ahd; ,y;iy> ahk;,y;iy> eP ,y;iy> ePH,y;iy>
mtd; ,y;iy> mts; ,y;iy> mtH ,y;iy>
mJ ,y;iy> mit ,y;iy
ahd; cz;L> ahk; cz;L> eP cz;L> ePHcz;L
mtd; cz;L> mts; cz;L>mtH cz;L
mJ cz;L> mit cz;L
,y;iy vd;gJ rpWghd;ik ,y; vd epw;wYk; cz;L.
,dp> nkhope;j nghUNshL xd;w mt;tapd; nkhopahjjidAk; Kl;bd;W Kbj;jy; vd;Dk; cj;jpahy;> Ntz;Lk;> jFk;> gLk; vd;Dk; nrhw;fSk; Ik;ghd; %tplj;Jf;Fk; nghJthk; vdf; nfhs;f. ,k;%d;Wk; xU nghUs;nrhw;fsha;j; njhopw;ngauha;j; Njw;wg; nghUs;gl;Nl epw;Fk;.
mtH Xjy; Ntz;Lk;@
eP Nghjy;Ntz;Lk;@
ahd; cz;zy; Ntz;Lk;
118
,r; NrhW cz;zj; jFk;@
,tuhy; ,f;fhupak; nra;aj;jFk;
tQ;riu mQ;rg;gLk;@
fw;wwpe;Njhiuj; jiy epyj;J itf;fg;gLk; vdTk; tUk;.
gapw;rp tpdhf;fs;:
1.,Ujpizg;nghJ tpid Fwpj;J tptup
jd;ik Kd;dpiy tpaq;Nfhs; NtW ,iy
cz;L <H vr;rk; ,U jpizg; nghJ tpid
Nkw;fz;ltw;wpidg; ghlg;gFjpapy; me;jg; gFjpfspy; mike;Js;s jiyg;Gfspd; mbg;gilapy; tpupj;J vOj Ntz;Lk;.
2.tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;W Fwpj;J vOJf.
tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;W:
f a nthL ut; nthw;W <w;w tpaq;Nfhs;
,aYk; ,lk; ghy; vq;Fk; vd;g
f> a vd;Dk; ,uz;L capHnka;apidAk; ufu nka;apidAk; ,Wjpapy; cila nkhopfs; tpaq;Nfhs; Kw;Wf;fshFk;. mit %d;wplq;fspYk; Ik;ghy;fspYk; tUk.;
tho;fcz;f MLf - ahd;> ahk;> eP> ePH> mtd;> mts;> mtH> mJ> mit.
thopa cz;zpa Mba -ahd;> ahk;> eP> ePH> mtd;> mts;> mtH> mJ> mit.
thopaH cz;zpaH MbaH -ahd;> ahk;> eP> ePH> mtd;> mts;> mtH>mJ> mit.
ciuapw; Nfhly; vd;Dk; cj;jpahy;>
ehd;kiw awq;fNshq;f ew;wtk; Nts;tp ky;f>- m
kf;fl; gjbnady; - my;
kdj;Jf;fz; khrpydhjy; – jy;
119
vd m> my;> jy; vd;gdTk; tpaq;Nfhs; tpFjpfsha; tUk; vdf; nfhs;f.
tpaq;Nfhs; tpidKw;W:
MwpU jle;Njhs; tho;f m WKfk; tho;f–tho;j;jy;
elf;f> tUf> cz;f - vd caHe;Njhd; ,ope;Njhid ,d;dJ nra;f vd tpjpj;jy;
"Nghw;wp aUSf epd;dhjpahk; ghjkyH” - Ntz;ly;
;"gue;J nfLf cyfpaw;wpahd;" - itjy;.
tpjpj;jy; nghUs; jd;ikapy; tuhJ.
3. NtW> ,y;iy> cz;L vd;gd Fwpj;J vOJf
NtW ,y;iy cz;L:
NtW ,y;iy cz;L Ik; ghy; %tplj;jd
NtW> ,y;iy>cz;L vd;Dk; %d;W tpidf;Fwpg;G Kw;Wf;fSk;> Ik;ghYf;Fk; %tplj;jpw;Fk; cupadthk;.
ahd; NtW> ahk;NtW> eP NtW> ePHNtW>
mtd; NtW> mts; NtW> mtH NtW>
mJ NtW> mit NtW@
ahd; ,y;iy> ahk;,y;iy> eP ,y;iy> ePH,y;iy>
mtd; ,y;iy> mts; ,y;iy> mtH ,y;iy>
mJ ,y;iy> mit ,y;iy
ahd; cz;L> ahk; cz;L> eP cz;L> ePHcz;L
mtd; cz;L> mts; cz;L>mtH cz;L
mJ cz;L> mit cz;L
,y;iy vd;gJ rpWghd;ik ,y; vd epw;wYk; cz;L.
,dp> nkhope;j nghUNshL xd;w mt;tapd; nkhopahjjidAk; Kl;bd;W Kbj;jy; vd;Dk; cj;jpahy;> Ntz;Lk;> jFk;> gLk; vd;Dk; nrhw;fSk; Ik;ghd; %tplj;Jf;Fk; nghJthk; vdf;
120
nfhs;f. ,k;%d;Wk; xU nghUs;nrhw;fsha;j; njhopw;ngauha;j; Njw;wg; nghUs;gl;Nl epw;Fk;.
mtH Xjy; Ntz;Lk;@
eP Nghjy;Ntz;Lk;@
ahd; cz;zy; Ntz;Lk;
,r; NrhW cz;zj; jFk;@
,tuhy; ,f;fhupak; nra;aj;jFk;
tQ;riu mQ;rg;gLk;@
fw;wwpe;Njhiuj; jiy epyj;J itf;fg;gLk; vdTk; tUk;.
121
gpupT -3
gad;: vQ;rp epw;gJ vr;rk; vd;gjidAk; ,J jhd; Kbjw;Fg; gpwpnjhd;wpid vjpHghHj;J epw;gJ vd;gjidAk; mwpjy;
vr;rj;jpd; tiffis mwpe;J gad;nfhs;sy;
nghUl;GzHr;rpapy; cUGfs; njhf;fpepw;gJk; cz;L vd;gjidAk; mt;thW njhf;fp epw;gJ njhif vdg;gLk; vd;gjidAk; mwpjy;
njhiftiffspd; jd;ikfisAk; mit czHj;jp epw;Fk; nghUs;fisAk;mwpjy;
njhfhepiyj; njhlHnkhopfis mwpjy;
tO vd;gjidAk; tOtikjp vd;gjidAk; mwpe;J mtw;iwj; jFe;j ,lj;Jg; gad;gLj;jpg; gad; nfhs;sy;
tpdh tpil kuGfis mwpjy;
nghUs;Nfhspd; jd;ikfisAk; tiffisAk; mwpe;J gadiljy;
$W - 9
nganur;rk; :
nra;j nra;fpd;w nra;Ak; vd; ghl;by;
fhyKk; nraYk; Njhd;wpg; ghNyhL
nra;tJ Mjp mW nghUl;ngaUk;
vQ;r epw;gJ nganur;rNk
nganur;rk; nra;j> nra;fpd;w>nra;Ak; vd;W nrhy;yg;gLk; %tif tha;ghl;by; tUk;. ,wg;G> epfo;T> vjpHT vd;Dk; %d;W fhyq;fSk; njhopYk; Njhw;wp tUk;. ghy;> nra;gtd;> fUt>p epyk>; nray;> fhyk;> nrag;gLnghUs; vd;Dk; mWtifg; nghUs; ngaHfSs; VNjDk; xd;W vQ;r epw;Fk;.
epw;gJ vd;gJ njhFjp xUik.
Vw;Gopf;Nfhlyhy;> Njhd;wp vd;gJ tiuf;Fk; njupepiyAld;ghl;bw;Fk;>Vida tpjp njupepiyAk; Fwpg;Gkhfpa cld;ghL vjpHkiw ,uz;lw;Fk; nghUe;Jk;.
122
,we;j fhyk; epfo;fhyk; vjpHfhyk;
cz;l cz;fpd;w cz;Zk;
- rhj;jd; .... tpidKjy; .
fyk;- fUtp.
,lk; - epyk;.
Cz;- njhopy;.
ehs; - fhyk;.
NrhW- nrag;gLnghUs;.
Ntyhz; Kfj;j fspW
%tpiyaNty;>
cs;snghUs;>
fupaFjpiu>
Gjpael;G
vdf; Fwpg;Gtpidg; nganur;rk; tUk;.
cz;zhj Fjpiu>
cz;fyhj Fjpiu>
cz;fpyhj Fjpiu
- vd vjpHkiwj; njupepiy tpidg; nganur;rk; tUk;.
,y;yhj nghUs;>
my;yhj Fjpiu
- vd vjpHkiwf; Fwpg;Gtpidg; nganur;rk; tUk;.
,q;Nf cz;l vd;gJ> czy; vd;Dk; njhopYk; ,we;j fhyKk; Njhd;wp> mj;njhopy; epfo;j;Jjw;F Ntz;Lk; ghy; Njhd;whikAk; mg;ghYlNd ngaH xopa epd;wikAk; mwpf.
mWnghUl;ngaUk; vd;w ck;ikahy;> ,d;djw;F> ,J gad; vd;Dk; ,UnghUs;ngaH vQ;r epw;gdTk; gpwngaH vQ;r epw;gdTk; nfhs;f.
123
fis fl;l gapH - ,J ,d;djw;F vd;Dk; ngaH vQ;r epd;wJ.
fis fl;l $yp - ,J ,Jgad; vd;Dk; ngaH vQ;r epd;wJ.
cz;l fisg;G> MW nrd;w tpaH> cz;l vr;rpy;>
FbNghd CH> goKjpHe;j NfhL
nghd; ngupa ek;gp>
vdTk;> gpwngaHfs; vQ;r epd;wd.
"epd;Kfq;fhZ kUe;jpNdd;" vd;wtop> fhl;rpia kUe;J vd;wikahy; njhopw;ngaH vQ;r epd;wJ.
nra;Ak; vd;Dk; tha;ghl;Lg; nganur;rk;:
nra;Ak; vd; vr;r <w;W capHnka; NrwYk;
nra;ASs; ck; ce;J MfYk; Kw;Nwy;
capUk; capHnka;Ak;; VfYk; csNt
nra;Ak; vd;Dk; tha;ghl;Lg; ngaH vr;rj;jpDila ,WjpapYs;s capHnka; nfLjYk;> nra;Asplj;J ck; tpFjp ce;J vdj; jpupjYk;> mJ Kw;whapd; mjd; ,Wjp capuhapDk; capH nka;ahapDk; nfLjYk; csthk;.
nra;ASs;ck; ce;jhk; vd;wikahy; kw;wtpjpfs; tof;Fr; nra;As; ,uz;L ,lj;Jkhk; > vd;gJk;> Kw;Nwy; vdNt> nra;Ak; vd;Dk; nganur;rk; Kw;WtpidAkhk; vd;gJk; ngwg;gLk;.
Mk;nghUs;> Nghk; NghJ - tof;F
Mk;nghUs;fs;MFkit ahHf;Fkopg; Gz;zhthk; "thk; Gutp tOjp" vdr; nra;AspDs; nra;Ak; vd; vr;rj;J <w;W capHnka; nfl;ld. ,it kfu xw;W epw;wypd;> tpidj;njhif MfhJ.
"njd;flw; jpiukpirg; ghAe;J> - ghAk;> vd;gJ ghAe;J vd ck; ce;jhapw;W
“ePHf;Nfhop $g;ngaHf;Fe;J" - $g;ngaHf;Fk; vd;gJ $g;ngaHf;Fe;J vd ck; ce;jhapw;W
,itNghk; vd tof;fpy;> MFk; NghFk; vd;gd Kw;wha ,lj;J> Mk;> Nghk; vd <w;W capHnka; nfl;ld.
124
rhudhl vd; NjhopAq; fYo;Nk>„mk;gY}U ktndhL nkhopNk vdr; nra;Aspy;> fYOk;> nkhopAk; vd;gd> Kw;W Ma ,lj;Jf;> fYo;k;> nkhopk; vd capUk; capHnka;Ak; nfl;ld.
nra;Ak; vd;Dk; Kw;W vd;whapDk; nra;Ak; vd;Dk; Vty;Kw;W vd;whapDk; tpjthJ > nghJikapd; Kw;Nwy; vd;wikapd;. khkiw khf;fs; tUFtq; Nfz;Nkh. “KJkiw ae;jzpH Kd;dpa JiuNkh” vdf;NfSk; ciuAk; vd;Dk; Vty;Kw;Wk; ,t;thW capUk; capHnka;Ak; nfl;L tUjy; nfhs;f.
,it ,q;qdk; Mjyhy;>„nrhw;nwhW kpw;wpjd; ngw;wp‟(#j;jpuk;.461) vd;Dk; #j;jpuj;jhy;> MLthNkh vd;Dk; jd;ikg; gd;ikKw;Wk;“nghd;D}ry; MlhNkh” vd vjpHfhy ,ilepiy nfl;L tUjYk; cz;L.
tpidnar;rk; :
njhopYk;; fhyKk; Njhd;wpg; ghy;tpid
xopa epw;gJ tpidnar;rk;
tpidnar;rk; njhopYk; fhyKk; tpsf;Fk;. tpidKw;Wjw;F Ntz;Lk; ghy; xd;Wk; Njhd;whJ mg;ghYlNd tpid vQ;r epw;Fk;.
tpid vdg; nghJg;glf; $wpdikahy;> cld;ghLk; vjpHkiwAk; gw;wp tUk; njupepiyAk; Fwpg;Gk; Mfpa tpidKw;Wk;> ngaH vr;rKk;> tpidnar;rKk;> tpidahyizAk; ngaUk; njhopw; ngaUkhfpa Itif tpidr;nrhw;fSk; ,jDs; mlq;Fk; vd;gJ njupatUk;.
cz;Lte;jhd; - njupepiytpidnar;rk;.
mUspd;wpr;nra;jhd; - Fwpg;Gtpidnar;rk;.
,tw;Ws;> cz;L vd;gJ> czy; vd;Dk; njhopYk; ,we;jfhyKk; Njhd;wp> mj; njhopy; epfo;j;Jjw;F Ntz;Lk; ghy; Njhd;whikAk; mg;ghYlNd tpid xopa epd;wJ.
tpidnar;r tha;ghLfs;:
nra;J nra;G nra;ahr; nra;a+r;
nra;njdr; nrar; nrapd; nra;apa nra;apaH
thd; ghd; ghf;F ,d tpidnar;rk; gpw
Ie;J xd;W MWk;Kf; fhyKk; Kiw jUk;
125
nra;J vd;gJ Kjy; nra;apaH vd;gJ <whfpa xd;gJ tha;ghl;lhy; tUtdTk;> thd;> ghd;> ghf;F vd;Dk; %d;W tpFjpfisf; nfhz;L tUtdTk;,itNghy;td gpwTk; tpidvr;r tpidfshk;. Kd;ida Ie;Jk;> eL epd;w xd;Wk;> gpd;ida MWk; ,we;jfhyKk; epfo;fhyKk; vjpHfhyKk; KiwNa fhl;Lk;.
nra;J> nra;G> nra;ah> nra;A+> nra;njd - ,we;jfhy tpidnar;rq;fs;
nra – epfo;fhy tpidnar;rk;
nrapd;> nra;apa> nra;apaH> thd;> ghd;> ghf;F – vjph;fhy tpidnar;rq;fs;
,we;j fhyk;:
nra;J– fz;L
nra;G – fhz;FG
nra;ah- fhzh
nra;a+- fhZ}c
nra;njd– fz;nld
epfo; fhyk;:
nra – fhz
vjpHfhyk;:
nrapd; - fhzpd;
nra;apa - fhzpa
nra;apaH - fhzpaH
thd; - fhZthd;
ghd; - fhz;ghd;
ghf;F– fhz;ghf;F
,tw;Ws; nra;J> nra;njd vd;Dk; ,uz;Lk; ,ilepiyahYk; Vidad ,WjpepiyahYk; fhyk; fhl;Lk;.
126
thd;> ghd;> ghf;F vd;gd mt;tt; vr;r tpFjpfis cila nkhopfis czHj;jpepd;w Fwpg;Gr; nrhy; MFk;.
,d vd;wikahy;>
Mbf; nfhz;lhd;>
Ngha;f; nfhz;lhd; vdr; nra;J vd; tha;ghL gw;wp ,fu tpFjpAk; afunka; tpFjpAk; tUk; vd;gJk;>
joP,f; nfhz;lhd; vd tpFjp tpfhug;gl;L tUk; vd;gJk;
Gf;F te;jhd; vdg; gFjp tpfhug;gl;L tUk; vd;gJk;>
czw;F te;jhd; vdr; nrantd; tha;ghL gw;wpf; Ft;tpFjp tUk; vd;gJk>;
cz;lhw; grpjPUk;> cz;lf;fhw; grpjPUk;> cz;lf;filg; grpjPUk;> cz;ltopg; grpjPUk;> cz;ltplj;Jg; grpjPUk;> cz;ZNkw; grpjPUk; vdr; nra; vd; tha;ghL gw;wp My;> fhy;> fil> top> ,lj;J> Vy; tpFjpfs; tUk; vd;gJk;>
vs;SNkDk; tUk;> fhz;lYk; ,JNt $Wk; vd VDk; ck;Kk; xNuhtplj;J tpFjpfsha; tUk; vd;gJk;>
cz;zhNk te;jhd;> cz;zhik te;jhd;> cz;zhikf;F te;jhd;> cz;zhky; te;jhd; vd vjpHkiw ,lj;J> Nk> ik> ikf;F> ky; tpFjpfs; tUk; vd;gJk;>
mUs; ,d;wp te;jhd;> mwky;yhjpy;iy> mwky;yhNkapy;iy> mwky;yhikapy;iy> mwky;yhkypy;iy> ePay;yhypy;iy vd tpidnar;rf; Fwpg;Gf;fSf;F> wp> J> Nk>ik ky;> My; vd;git tpFjpfshk; vd;gJk; nfhs;sg;gLk;.
ciuapw;Nfhly; vd;Dk; cj;jpapdhNy> nrantd; vr;rk; epfo;fhyk; md;wp kw;iwf;fhyKk; jUk; vd;gJk; nfhs;sg;gLk;.mJ> jdf;Fupa epfo;fhyj;jpd;fz; ,J epfohepw;f ,J epfo;e;jJ vd;Dk; nghUl;lhAk;> ,we;j fhyj;jpy; fhuzg; nghUl;lhAk;> vjpHfhyj;jpw; fhupag; nghUl;lhAk; tUk;.fhuzg;nghUl;lha; tUjyhtJ Kbf;Fk; nrhy;yhy; czug;gLk.; njhopw;F tpid vr;rj;jhy; czug;gLk; njhopy; fhuzk; vd;gJ gl tUjy;. fhupag;nghUl;lha; tUtjyhtJ> Kbf;Fk; nrhy;yhy; czug;gLk; njhopw;F tpidnar;rj;jhy; czug;gLk; njhopy; fhupak; vd;gJ gl tUjy;.
127
#upad; cjpf;f te;jhd; - epfo;fhyk;
kio nga;a ney; tpise;jJ - .,we;j fhyk;.
ney; tpisa kio nga;jJ - vjpHfhyk;
,d;Dk;> ciuapw;Nfhly; vd;Dk; cj;jpahy;> thd;> ghd;> ghf;F vd;Dk; %d;Wk; rpWghd;ik njhopw; ngaH tpFjpfshAk; tUk; vd;gJ ngwg;gLk;.
eP tUthNdd;> ahDiug;ghNdd;>“xOf;fj;jp ndhy;fh UuNth upOf;fj;jp - Vjk; gLghf; fwpe;J" vd tUk;. ,q;Nf> tUthd;> ciug;ghd; gLghf;F vd;gd. KiwNa> tUjy;> ciuj;jy;> gLjy; vdg; nghUs;gLjy; fhz;f.
tpidnar;r KbGfs;:
mtw;Ws;>
Kjypy; ehd;Fk; <w;wpy; %d;Wk;
tpidKjy; nfhs;Sk; gpwTk; Vw;Fk; gpw
Nkiyr; #j;jpuj;Js; nrhy;ypa tpidnar;rq;fSs; Kjypy; cs;s nra;J> nra;G>>nra;ahr;> nra;a+ vd;Dk; ehd;Fk; >,WjpapYs;s thd;> ghd;> ghf;F vd;Dk; tpFjpfis cila %d;Wk; tpid Kjiyf; nfhz;L KbAk;. eLtpYs;s nra;njdr;> nrar;>nrapd;> nra;apa> nra;apaH vd;Dk; Ie;Jk;> ,it Nghy;td gpwTk; vd;wjdhy; tUk; nra;jhy; KjypaitAk; tpidnar;rf; Fwpg;Gf;fSk; Mfpa ,itfs;@ nra;gtid md;wp kw;witfisAk; nfhz;L KbAk;.
nra;J -jhd; ele;J te;jhd;
nra;G – jhd; cz;FG Nghdhd;
nra;ah- jhd; fy;yhf; fopj;jhd;
nra;A+- jhd; fhZ}c kfpo;e;jhd;
thd; - jhd; nfhy;thd; nry;thd;
ghd; - jhd; miyg;ghd; GFe;jhd;
ghf;F - jhd; jUghf;F tUthd;
Kjypy; ehd;Fk; <w;wpy;%d;Wk; tpid Kjy; nfhz;L Kbe;jd.
128
nra;njd- jhDz;nld kfpo;e;jhd;
nra;ah - jhDz;z tUfpwhd;
nrapd; - jhDz;zpd; kfpo;thd;
gpwDz;zpw; nfhLg;ghd;
nra;apa - jhDz;zpa tUthd;
gpwDz;zpa nfhLg;ghd;
nra;apaH - jhDz;zpaH Nghthd;
gpwDz;zpaH toq;Fthd;
,ilapide;Jk; tpid KjYk; gpwTq;nfhz;ld.
cz;lhYtf;Fk;>cz;lhw;grpjPUk; vdTk;> kioapd;wpg; ngha;g;gpd;> tpUe;jpd;wp Az;lhd; vdTk;> ,d;d vd;wjdhy; tUk;nra;jhy; KjypaitAk; tpid vr;rf;Fwpg;Gk; ,g;gbNa tpidKjYk; gpwTk; Vw;wy; fhz;f.
rpid tpidfs;:
rpid tpid rpidNahLk; KjNyhLk; nrwpAk;
Kjy; ehd;Fk; <w;wpy; %d;Wk; vd;w tpidvr;rq;fs; rpidtpidahapd; mit> Kd; tpidKjy; nfhs;Sk; vd;w tpjpapdhNy rpidAlNd md;wp> xw;Wik gw;wp KjYlDk; KbAk;.
fhnyhbe;J tpOe;jhd;
xbjy; rpidtpid>
tpOjy; Kjy; tpid.
nrhy; jpupapDk; nghUs; jpupah tpidf;Fiw
Kjypy; ehd;Fk; <w;wpy; %d;Wk; vd;w tpid vr;r tha;ghLfshfg; gpwtpid vr;r tha;ghLfs; NtWgbDk; mtw;wpd; nghUs;fs; NtWglhJ.
QhapW gl;L te;jhd; vd;gjpy;> gl vd;Dk; nra vd; tha;ghl;L epfo;fhy tpidnar;rk; gl;L vdj; jpupe;J epd;wJ.
kio nga;J ney; tpise;jJ vd;gjpy;> nga;a vd;Dk; fhuzg; nghUl;lhfpa nra vd; tha;ghl;L ,we;jfhy tpid vr;rk; nga;J vdj; jpupe;J epd;wJ. M fple;J nrW tpise;jJ> g+zzpe;J
129
tpsq;fpa Gfo; rhy; khHg> cz;L grp nfl;lJ vd;Gopf; fplf;f> mzpa>cz;z vd;gd> KiwNa> fple;J> mzpe;J> cz;L vdj;jpupe;J epd;wd.
ahd; nfhs;thd;> nghd; nfhLj;jhd; vd;gjpy;;> nfhs vd;Dk; nra vd; tha;ghl;L tpidnar;rk; nfhs;thd; vdj; jpupe;J epd;wJ.
xopG :
Mf;f tpidf; Fwpg;G:
Mf;f tpidf;Fwpg;G Mf;fk; ,d;W ,ayh
Mf;fj;jhy; tUk; tpidf;Fwpg;Gr; nrhw;fs;>tpupe;jhapDk; njhf;fhapDk; tUk; Mf;fr;nrhy; ,d;wp thuhJ. ,jd;top Mf;fr;nrhy; ngw;Nw tUk; vd;gJ ngwg;gLk;.
rhj;jdy;ydhapdhd;>
rhj;jdy;yd;@
fy;tpahw; ngupadhapdhd;>
fy;tpahw; ngupad;@
fw;W ty;ydhapdhd;>
fw;W ty;yd; vd Mf;fr; nrhy; tpupe;Jk; njhf;Fk; te;jd. vdNt> ey;yd; vd;gJ ,aw;iftpidf; Fwpg;ghapd;> tpupjy; njhFj;jy; vd;Dk; ,uz;lDs; xUthw;whDk; Mf;fk; Ntz;lhJ> rhj;jdy;yd; vd;Nw tUk; vd;gjhapw;W.
nra;Ak; vd;Dk; Kw;Wr; nry;yhj ,lq;fs;:
gy;NyhH glHf;if Kd;dpiy jd;ikapy;
nry;yhJ MFk; nra;Ak;vd; Kw;Nw
nra;Ak; vd;Dk; vr;rj;jhyhFk; nra;Ak; vd;Dk; Kw;whdJ> caHjpizg; gd;ikg; glHf;ifapYk; Kd;dpiyapYk; jd;ikapYk; thuhJ.
vdNt> gyH xope;j glHf;if ehw;ghypYk; nry;Yk; vd;gJ ngwg;gLk;.
mtd; cz;Zk;> mts; cz;Zk;> mJ cz;Zk;> mit cz;Zk; vd tUk;.
130
ahH vd;Dk; Fwpg;G tpidKw;W:
ahH vd; tpdhtpidf;Fwpg;G caH Kg;ghy;
tpdhg; nghUisj; jUk; ahH vd;Dk; tpidf;Fwpg;G Kw;W caHjpiz Kg;ghy;fSf;Fk; nghJ tpidahk;.
mtd; ahH> mts; ahH> mtH ahH vd tUk;.
m/jp ahH> mit ahH vdTk;>
ahd; ahH> ahk; ahH vdTk;>
eP ahH> ePH ahH vdTk;>
m/wpiz ,UghypYk;> kw;iw <uplj;jpYk; tUjy; Gjpad GFjyhk;.
ahH vd;gJ Mnud tpfhug;gl;Lk; tUk;. ,q;Nf nrhd;d ahH vd;gJ> ahtH vd;Dk; caHjpizg; gyHghy; nrhy; tpfhug;gl;l ahH vd;gjid md;W.
vtd; vd;Dk; Fwpg;G tpidKw;W:
vtd; vd; tpdhtpidf; Fwpg;G,op ,Ughy;
tpdhg;nghUisj; jUk; vtd; vd;Dk; tpidf;Fwpg;G Kw;W m/wpiz ,UghYf;Fk; nghJ tpidahk;.
m/J vtd; - xd;wd; ghy;
mit vtd; - gytpd; ghy;
vtd; vd;gJ> vd;> vd;d> vd;id vd tpfhug;gl;Lk; tUk;. ,q;Nf nrhd;d vtd; vd;gJ> caHjpiz Mz;ghiy czHj;Jk; vtd; vd;gjid md;W.
Kw;Wfs; vr;rkhjy;:
tpidKw;Nw tpidnar;rk; MfYk;
Fwpg;GKw;W <H vr;rk; MfYk; csNt
njupepiy tpidKw;Nw tpid vr;rkhfp tUk;.Fwpg;G tpidKw;Nw tpidnar;rkhfpAk; nganur;rkhfpAk; tUjYk;csthk;.
fz;ldd; tzq;fpdhd; vd;gJ fz;L tzq;fpdhd; vdTk;>
131
Kfe;jdH nfhLj;jhH vd;gJ Kfe;J nfhLj;jhH vdTk; nghUs;gLjyhy; tpidKw;W tpid vr;rkha; epd;wd.
mtd; tpy;ypdd; te;jhd; vd;gJ mtd; tpy;ypddhfp te;jhd; vdg; nghUs;gLjyhy; Fwpg;G Kw;W tpidnar;rkhapw;W.
nte;jpwypd; tOjp nahL vd;gJ nte;jpwypdd; Mfpa tOjp vdg; nghUs; gLjyhy; Fwpg;GKw;Wg; nganur;rkhapw;W.
gapw;rp tpdhf;fs;:
1.nganur;rk; vd;gjid tpsf;Ff.
nganur;rk; :
nra;j nra;fpd;w nra;Ak; vd; ghl;by;
fhyKk; nraYk; Njhd;wpg; ghNyhL
nra;tJ Mjp mW nghUl;ngaUk;
vQ;r epw;gJ nganur;rk;
nganur;rk; nra;j> nra;fpd;w>nra;Ak; vd;W nrhy;yg;gLk; %tif tha;ghl;by; tUk;. ,wg;G> epfo;T> vjpHT vd;Dk; %d;W fhyq;fSk; njhopYk; Njhw;wp tUk;. ghy;> nra;gtd;> fUtp> epyk>; nray;> fhyk;> nrag;gLnghUs; vd;Dk; mWtifg; nghUs; ngaHfSs; VNjDk; xd;W vQ;r epw;Fk;.
epw;gJ vd;gJ njhFjp xUik.
Vw;Gopf;Nfhlyhy;> Njhd;wp vd;gJ tiuf;Fk; njupepiyAld;ghl;bw;Fk;>Vida tpjp njupepiyAk; Fwpg;Gkhfpa cld;ghL vjpHkiw ,uz;lw;Fk; nghUe;Jk;.
,we;j fhyk; epfo;fhyk; vjpHfhyk;
cz;l cz;fpd;w cz;Zk;
- rhj;jd; .... tpidKjy; .
fyk;- fUtp.
,lk; - epyk;.
Cz;- njhopy;.
ehs; - fhyk;.
132
NrhW- nrag;gLnghUs;.
Ntyhz; Kfj;j fspW
%tpiyaNty;>
cs;snghUs;>
fupaFjpiu>
Gjpael;G
vdf; Fwpg;Gtpidg; nganur;rk; tUk;.
cz;zhj Fjpiu>
cz;fyhj Fjpiu>
cz;fpyhj Fjpiu
- vd vjpHkiwj; njupepiy tpidg; nganur;rk; tUk;.
,y;yhj nghUs;>
my;yhj Fjpiu
vd vjpHkiwf; Fwpg;Gtpidg; nganur;rk; tUk;.
,q;Nf cz;l vd;gJ> czy; vd;Dk; njhopYk; ,we;j fhyKk; Njhd;wp> mj;njhopy; epfo;j;Jjw;F Ntz;Lk; ghy; Njhd;whikAk; mg;ghYlNd ngaH xopa epd;wikAk; mwpf.
mWnghUl;ngaUk; vd;w ck;ikahy;> ,d;djw;F> ,J gad; vd;Dk; ,UnghUs;ngaH vQ;r epw;gdTk; gpwngaH vQ;r epw;gdTk; nfhs;f.
fis fl;l gapH - ,J ,d;djw;F vd;Dk; ngaH vQ;r epd;wJ.
fis fl;l $yp - ,J ,Jgad; vd;Dk; ngaH vQ;r epd;wJ.
cz;l ,isg;G> MW nrd;w tpaH> cz;l vr;rpy;>
FbNghd CH> goKjpHe;j NfhL
nghd; ngupa ek;gp>
vdTk;> gpwngaHfs; vQ;r epd;wd.
"epd;Kfq;fhZ kUe;jpNdd;" vd;wtop> fhl;rpia kUe;J vd;wjhfypd; njhopw;ngaH vQ;r epd;wJ.
133
2.tpidnar;rk; vd;gjidr; Rl;Lf.
tpidnar;rk; :
njhopYk;; fhyKk; Njhd;wpg; ghy;tpid
xopa epw;gJ tpidnar;rk;
tpidnar;rk; njhopYk; fhyKk; tpsf;Fk;. tpidKw;Wjw;F Ntz;Lk; ghy; xd;Wk; Njhd;whJ mg;ghYlNd tpid vQ;r epw;Fk;.
tpid vdg; nghJg;glf; $wpdikahy;> cld;ghLk; vjpHkiwAk; gw;wp tUk; njupepiyAk; Fwpg;Gk; Mfpa tpidKw;Wk;> ngaH vr;rKk;> tpidnar;rKk;> tpidahyizAk; ngaUk; njhopw; ngaUkhfpa Itif tpidr;nrhw;fSk; ,jDs; mlq;Fk; vd;gJ njupatUk;.
cz;Lte;jhd; - njupepiytpidnar;rk;.
mUspd;wpr;nra;jhd; - Fwpg;Gtpidnar;rk;.
,tw;Ws;> cz;L vd;gJ> czy; vd;Dk; njhopYk; ,we;jfhyKk; Njhd;wp> mj; njhopy; epfo;j;Jjw;F Ntz;Lk; ghy; Njhd;whikAk; mg;ghYlNd tpid xopa epd;wJ.
3;tpidnar;r tha;ghLfis tptup.
tpidnar;r tha;ghLfs;:
nra;J nra;G nra;ahr; nra;a+r;
nra;njdr; nrar; nrapd; nra;apa nra;apaH
thd; ghd; ghf;F ,d tpidnar;rk; gpw
Ie;J xd;W MWk;Kf; fhyKk; Kiw jUk;
nra;J vd;gJ Kjy; nra;apaH vd;gJ <whfpa xd;gJ tha;ghl;lhy; tUtdTk;> thd;> ghd;> ghf;F vd;Dk; %d;W tpFjpfisf; nfhz;L tUtdTk;,itNghy;td gpwTk; tpidvr;r tpidfshk;. Kd;ida Ie;Jk;> eL epd;w xd;Wk;> gpd;ida MWk; ,we;jfhyKk; epfo;fhyKk; vjpHfhyKk; KiwNa fhl;Lk;.
nra;J> nra;G> nra;ah> nra;A+> nra;njd - ,we;jfhy tpidnar;rq;fs;
nra – epfo;fhy tpidnar;rk;
134
nrapd;> nra;apa> nra;apaH> thd;> ghd;> ghf;F – vjph;fhy tpidnar;rq;fs;
,we;j fhyk;:
nra;J– fz;L
nra;G – fhz;FG
nra;ah- fhzh
nra;a+- fhZ}
nra;njd– fz;nld
epfo; fhyk;:
nra – fhz
vjpHfhyk;:
nrapd; - fhzpz;
nra;apa - fhzpa
nra;apaH - fhzpaH
thd; - fhZthd;
ghd; - fhz;ghd;
ghf;F– fhz;ghf;F
,tw;Ws; nra;J> nra;njd vd;Dk; ,uz;Lk; ,ilepiyahYk; Vidad ,WjpepiyahYk; fhyk; fhl;Lk;
thd;> ghd;> ghf;F vd;gd mt;tt; vr;r tpFjpfis cila nkhopfis czHj;jpepd;w Fwpg;Gr; nrhy; MFk;.
,d vd;wikahy;>
Mbf; nfhz;lhd;>
Ngha;f; nfhz;lhd; vdr; nra;J vd; tha;ghL gw;wp ,fu tpFjpAk; afunka; tpFjpAk; tUk; vd;gJk;>
joP,f; nfhz;lhd; vd tpFjp tpfhug;gl;L tUk; vd;gJk;
Gf;F te;jhd; vdg; gFjp tpfhug;gl;L tUk; vd;gJk;>
135
czw;F te;jhd; vdr; nrantd; tha;ghL gw;wpf; Ft;tpFjp tUk; vd;gJk>;
cz;lhw; grpjPUk;> cz;lf;fhw; grpjPUk;> cz;lf;filg; grpjPUk;> cz;ltopg; grpjPUk;> cz;ltplj;Jg; grpjPUk;> cz;ZNkw; grpjPUk; vdr; nrap vd; tha;ghL gw;wp My;> fhy;> fil> top> ,lj;J> Vy; tpFjpfs; tUk; vd;gJk;>
vs;SNkDk; tUk;> fhz;lYk; ,JNt $Wk; vd VDk; ck;Kk; xNuhtplj;J tpFjpfsha; tUk; vd;gJk;>
cz;zhNk te;jhd;> cz;zhik te;jhd;> cz;zhikf;F te;jhd;> cz;zhky; te;jhd; vd vjpHkiw ,lj;J> Nk> ik> ikf;F> ky; tpFjpfs; tUk; vd;gJk;>
mUs; ,d;wp te;jhd;> mwky;yhjpy;iy. mwky;yhNkapy;iy> mwky;yhikapy;iy> mwky;yhkypy;iy> ePay;yhypy;iy vd tpidnar;rf; Fwpg;Gf;fSf;F> wp> J> Nk>ik ky;> My; vd;git tpFjpfshk; vd;gJk; nfhs;sg;gLk;.
ciuapw;Nfhly; vd;Dk; cj;jpapdhNy> nrantd; vr;rk; epfo;fhyk; md;wp kw;iwf;fhyKk; jUk; vd;gJk; nfhs;sg;gLk;.mJ> jdf;Fupa epfo;fhyj;jpd;fz; ,J epfohepw;f ,J epfo;e;jJ vd;Dk; nghUl;lhAk;> ,we;j fhyj;jpy; fhuzg; nghUl;lhAk;> vjpHfhyj;jpw; fhupag; nghUl;lhAk; tUk;.fhuzg;nghUl;lha; tUjyhtJ Kbf;Fk; nrhy;yhy; czug;gLk.; njhopw;F tpid vr;rj;jhy; czug;gLk; njhopy; fhuzk; vd;gJ gl tUjy;. fhupag;nghUl;lha; tUtjyhtJ> Kbf;Fk; nrhy;yhy; czug;gLk; njhopw;F tpidnar;rj;jhy; czug;gLk; njhopy; fhupak; vd;gJ gl tUjy;.
#upad; cjpf;f te;jhd;.- epfo;fhyk;
kio nga;a ney; tpise;jJ.- .,we;j fhyk;.
ney; tpisa kio nga;jJ.- vjpHfhyk;
,d;Dk;> ciuapw;Nfhly; vd;Dk; cj;jpahy;> thd;> ghd;> ghf;F vd;Dk; %d;Wk; rpWghd;ik njhopw; ngaH tpFjpfshAk; tUk; vd;gJ ngwg;gLk;.
eP tUthNdd;> ahDiug;ghNdd;> "xOf;fj;jp ndhy;fh UuNth upOf;fj;jp - Ndjk; gLghf; fwpe;J" vd tUk;. ,q;Nf> tUthd;> ciug;ghd; gLghf;F vd;gd. KiwNa> tUjy;> ciuj;jy;> gLjy; vdg; nghUs;gLjy; fhz;f.
136
4.rpid tpidfs; Fwpj;J vOJf.
rpid tpidfs;:
rpid tpid rpidNahLk; KjNyhLk; nrwpAk;
Kjy; ehd;Fk; <w;wpy; %d;Wk; vd;w tpidvr;rq;fs; rpidtpidahapd; mit> Kd; tpidKjy; nfhs;Sk; vd;w tpjpapdhNy rpidAlNd md;wp> xw;Wik gw;wp KjYlDk; KbAk;.
fhnyhbe;J tpOe;jhd;
xbjy; rpidtpid>
tpOjy; Kjy; tpid.
5.ahH> vtd; vd;gd vt;thW KbAk;?
ahH vd;Dk; Fwpg;G tpidKw;W:
ahH vd; tpdhtpidf;Fwpg;G caH Kg;ghy;
tpdhg; nghUisj; jUk; ahH vd;Dk; tpidf;Fwpg;G Kw;W caHjpiz Kg;ghy;fSf;Fk; nghJ tpidahk;.
mtd; ahH> mts; ahH> mtH ahH vd tUk;.
m/jp ahH> mit ahH vdTk;>
ahd; ahH> ahk; ahH vdTk;>
eP ahH> ePH ahH vdTk;>
m/wpiz ,UghypYk;> kw;iw <uplj;jpYk; tUjy; Gjpad GFjyhk;.
ahH vd;gJ Mnud tpfhug;gl;Lk; tUk;. ,q;Nf nrhd;d ahH vd;gJ> ahtH vd;Dk; caHjpizg; gyHghy; nrhy; tpfhug;gl;l ahH vd;gjid md;W.
vtd; vd;Dk; Fwpg;G tpidKw;W:
vtd; vd; tpdhtpidf; Fwpg;G,op ,Ughy;
tpdhg;nghUisj; jUk; vtd; vd;Dk; tpidf;Fwpg;G Kw;W m/wpiz ,UghYf;Fk; nghJ tpidahk;.
137
m/J vtd; - xd;wd; ghy;
mit vtd; - gytpd; ghy;
vtd; vd;gJ> vd;> vd;d> vd;id vd tpfhug;gl;Lk; tUk;. ,q;Nf nrhd;d vtd; vd;gJ> caHjpiz Mz;ghiy czHj;Jk; vtd; vd;gjid md;W.
$W – 10
nghJtpay;
nrhy;yjpfhuj;jpDs; Kjw;fz; nrhy;yg;ngw;w ngaHf;Fk; tpidf;Fk; ,dpNky; nrhy;yg;gltpUf;fpd;w ,ilf;Fk; cupf;Fk; nghJthd ,yf;fzq;fis czHj;Jfpd;wjhjypd; ,t;tpay; nghJtpay; vd;Dk; ngaH ngw;wJ.
ngaUk; tpidAk; ghy; nghJik ePf;Fjy;:
,U jpiz Mz; ngZs; xd;wid xopf;Fk;
ngaUk;; tpidAk;Fwpg;gp dhNd
,U jpizapYk; Mz;ghy; ngz;ghy;fSf;Fg; nghJthfpa ngaHr;nrhw;fSk; mg;gbg;gl;l tpidr;nrhw;fSk; Fwpg;gpdhy; mt; Mz;ghy; ngz;ghy;fSs; xUghiy ePf;Fk;.
Mapuk; kf;fs; NghH nra;ag; NghapdhH vd;wtop>kf;fs; vDk; caHjpiz Mz; ngz; ,Ughw;Fk; nghJg; ngaUk;> NghapdhH vd;Dk; caHjpiz Mz; ngz; ,Ughw;Fk; nghJtpidAk;> NghH nray; vd;Dk; Fwpg;gpdhy; ngz;ghiy xopj;jd.
ngUe;Njtp nghiw capHj;j fl;bw;fPo; ehy;tH kf;fs; csH> vd;gjpy;> kf;fs; vd;Dk; nghJg;ngaUk; csH vd;Dk; nghJ tpidf;Fwpg;Gk;> nghiw capHj;j vd;Dk; Fwpg;gpdhy; Mz;ghiy xopj;jd.
,g;ngw;wq;fs; coT xope;jd vd;gjpy; ngw;wq;fs; vd;Dk; m/wpiz Mz; ngz; ,Ughw;Fk; nghJg;ngaUk;>xope;jd vd;Dk; m/wpiz Mz; ngz; ,Ughw;Fk; nghJtpidAk;> coT vd;Dk; Fwpg;gpdhy; ngz;ghiy xopj;jd.
,g;ngw;wq;fs; ghy; nrhupe;jd vd;wtop> ngw;wq;fs; vd;Dk; nghJg;ngaUk;> nrhupe;jd vd;Dk; nghJtpidAk; ghy; vd;Dk; Fwpg;gpdhy; Mz;ghiy xopj;jd.
138
ngaUk; tpidAk; nra;Aspy; jpupjy;:
ngaH tpid ,lj;J d s u a <w;W may;
M X MfYk; nra;ASs; cupj;Nj
ngauplj;Jk; tpid ,lj;Jk;> dfu> sfu> ufu> afu <w;wpw;F maypy; cs;s tpFjpfspd; Kjy; vOj;jhfpa Mfhuk;nra;Asplj;J Xfhuk; MFk;.
tpy;Nyhd; fhyd foNy@
njhbNahs; nky;yb Nkyd rpyk;Ng
ey;NyhH ahH nfhy;
tiuahJ nfhLj;Njha; - ngauplj;J Mfhuk; Xfhukhapw;W.
gilj;Njhd; kd;wtg; gz;gpyhsd;@
ey;Nyhz;kd;w$g; ngaHj;NjhNs@
“nrd;Nwh ud;gpyHNjhop"
“te;Njha; kd;w njz;flw; NrHg;g" - tpidaplj;J Mfhuk; Xfhukhapw;W.
tpidahyizAk; ngauplj;J md;wp tpidaplj;Jk; xNuhtop MXthfj; jpupe;J tUjypd;> mjidAk; cld; $wpdhH.
MNththfYk; vd;w ck;ikia Mf;f ck;ikahff; nfhz;L „goKjpH Nrhiy kiyfpoNthNd" vd xNuhtop mfuk; Xfhuk; MjYk; nfhs;f.
cUGk; tpidAk; vjpHkiwapy; jpupahik:
cUGk; tpidAk; vjpHkWj;J ciug;gpDk;
jpupah jj;jk; <w;W cUgpd; vd;g
vl;LNtw;Wik cUGfSk; %tif tpidr;nrhw;fSk;> vjpHkWj;Jr; nrhy;Yk; ,lj;Jk; jj;jk; <w;wpdpd;Wk; mt;tt; cUgpdpd;Wk; NtWglhJ vd;W nrhy;YtH GytH.
mjhtJ vjpHkWj;Jf; $wpDk; cUG cUgpdpd;Wk; jpupahJ> tpid <w;wpdpd;Wk; jpupahJ.
rhj;jd; thuhd;
139
Flj;ij tidahd;>
thshnywpahd;>
Gy;yHf;Ff; nfhlhd;>
epiyapdPq;fhd;@
nghUspd jpd;ik@
jPaHfl; Nruhd;@
rhj;jh NghNfy;>
,tw;wpy; vOtha; Ntw;Wik njhlq;fp vl;lhk; Ntw;Wik tiuapyhd Ntw;Wik cUGfs; jpupahky; te;Js;sd.thuhd; njhlq;fp NghNfy; tiuapyhd tpidfSk; jj;jk; <w;wpy; jpupatpy;iy.
elthd; - Kw;W tpidr;nrhy;
elthj– nganur;r tpidr;nrhy;
elthJ– tpidnar;r tpidr;nrhy;
Nkw;fz;l %d;Wk; vjpHkWj;jypy; te;Js;sd vdpDk; <Wfs; jpupatpy;iy.
Xlhf;Fjpiu- ,jpy; Xlhj vd;Dk; ngaH vr;rtPW nfl;lJ.
ciuapw; Nfhlyhy;> nra - nra;ahky;> nra;ahNk> nra;ahik vd tpidnar;rKk;>
elj;jy; - elthik vdj; njhopw;ngaUk;>
cz;zha; - cz;Nzy;> cz;zhNj vd xUik VtYk; <W jpupe;Jk; tUk;.
cUGk; tpidAk; mLf;fp Kbjy;:
cUG gy mLf;fpDk;; tpid NtW mLf;fpDk;
xU jk; vr;rk; <W cw KbAk;
Ntw;Wik cUGfs; tpupe;Jk; njhf;Fk; jk;Ks; tputpg; gymLf;fp tUk;. jd;de; jdpahf xNu cUG gyKiw mLf;fpAk; tUk;. Kw;Wk;> nganur;rk;> tpidnar;rKkhfpa tpidr; nrhw;fs;
140
jdpj;jdpNa gy mLf;fpAk; tUk;. ,t;thW mLf;fp tUkplj;J jj;jk; vr;rk; xd;W ,Wjpapy; tu mjNdhL midj;Jk; KbAk;.
murdhdtd; giftid thshy; ntl;bdhd; vd cUGfs; tpupj;J> jk;Ks; tputpg; gytLf;fp> ntl;bdhd; vd;Dk; xUtpid nfhz;ld. ths; iff;nfhz;lhd; ,uz;L> Vohk; Ntw;Wik cUG njhf;fd
rhj;jidAk; nfhw;widAk; tho;j;jpdhd;
rhj;jDf;Fk; nfhw;wDf;Fk; je;ij
- vd;gdtw;Ws; IAUGk; Ft;TUGk; tpupe;J> NtW gymLf;fp> tho;j;jpdd; vd;Dk; xUtpidAk; je;ij vd;Dk; xUngaUk; KiwNa nfhz;ld. mUsw Kilahd; vd cUG njhf;F> mt;thW te;jd.
Mbdhd; ghbdhd; rhj;jd;
,isas; nky;ypaz; kle;ij
- vd;gdtw;Ws;;. tpidKw;wk; Fwpg;GKw;Wk;> NtW gymLf;fpr;> rhj;jhd; kle;ij vd;Dk; xU ngaH KiwNa nfhz;ld.
fw;w Nfl;l ngupNahH
neba ngupa kdpjd;
- vd;gdtw;Ws;>njupepiytpidg; nganur;rKk; Fwpg;G tpidg;nganur;rk;> NtW gymLf;fpg; ngupNahH> kdpjd; vd;Dk; xUngaH KiwNa nfhz;ld.
fw;Wf;Nfl;lwpe;jhH tpUg;gpd;wp ntWg;gpd;wp ,Ue;jhH
- vd;gdtw;Ws;>njupepiy tpidnar;rKk; Fwpg;G tpidnar;rKk;> NtW gymLf;fp> mwpe;jhH> ,Ue;jhH vd;Dk; xU tpid KiwNa nfhz;ld.
,ilg;gpwtuy;:
cUG Kw;W <H vr;rk; nfhs;Sk;
ngaH tpid ,il gpw tuYkhk; Vw;gd
Ntw;Wik cUGfSk; Kw;Wf;fSk; nganur;rq;fSk; tpidnar;rq;fSk; nfhz;L KbAk; ngaHf;Fk; tpidf;Fk;
141
,ilNa nghUe;jf; $ba Kiwapy; gpwnrhw;fs; tUk;.mit ,ilg;gpwtuy; vdg;gLk;.
rhj;jd; (tapwhu) cz;lhd;.
mwj;ij (moF ngwr;) nra;jhd;.
thshd; (kha) ntl;bdhd;.
NjtHf;Fr; (nry;tk;) Ntz;br; rpwg;ngLj;jhd;.
kiyapdpd;W (cUz;L) tPo;e;jhd;.
rhj;jdJ (,j;jlf;if) ahid.
CHf;fz; (caHe;jnthsp) khlk;.
rhj;jh (tpiue;J xb) th - Ntw;Wik cUG.
te;jhd; (mt;t+Hf;Fg; Nghd) rhj;jd; - tpidKw;W.
te;j (tlfhrp) kd;dd; - ngaH vr;rk;>
te;J (rhj;jd; mt;t+Hf;Fg;) Nghapdhd; - tpid vr;rk;.
,dp “Vw;gd" vd;wjdhy;> Vyhjd tupd; nghUs; ftHgLk; Mjyhy;> mit ,ilapy; tug; ngwh vd;gjhapw;W. ftHgLjy; ,Ughy;gl;Lj; JzpT Njhd;wh tz;zk; epw;wy;.
cz;L tpUe;NjhL te;jhd; vd;Gop> tpUe;NjhL vd;gJ> tUjiy tpNrbahJ>cz;liy tpNrbj;Jk; nghUs; ftHgLjyhy;> ,J Nghy;td ,ilapy; tug;ngwh. ty;yk; vwpe;j ey;ypsq;NfhrH je;ij ky;yy; ahidg; ngUtOjp vd;Gop> ty;yk; vwpjy;> tOjpNkyhfhJ> ey;ypsq;NfhrH NkYk; Mfpg; nghUs; ftHgLjyhy; ,J Nghy;tdTk; ,ilapy; tug;ngwhJ.
Kbf;Fk; nrhy; epw;Fkplk;:
vr;rg; ngaH tpid va;Jk; <w;wpDk;
vr;rg; ngaHtpid cUGfSk; Kw;Wf;fSk; nganur;rq;fSk; tpidnar;rq;fSk; nfhz;L KbAk; vr;rkhfpa ngaUk; tpidAk; mtw;wpw;F <w;wpYk; tUk;
<w;wpDk; vd;w ck;ikahy;> KjypDk; tUjy; cz;L vd;gJ ngwg;gLk;;;
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<w;wpy; te;jd Kjypy; te;jd
rhj;jd; te;jhd; te;jhd; rhj;jd;
kuj;ijf; Fiwj;jhd; Fiwj;jhd; kuj;ij
rhj;jdhy; te;jhd; te;jhd; rhj;jdhy;
rhj;jDf;Ff; nfhLj;jhd; nfhLj;jhd; rhj;jDf;F
rhj;jdpd; ePq;fpdhd; ePq;fpdhd; rhj;jdpd;
rhj;jd;fz; nrd;whd; nrd;whd; rhj;jd;fz;
rhj;jh th th rhj;jh
te;jhd; rhj;jd;>rhj;jd; te;jhd; - Kw;nwr;rq;fspd; vr;rq;fs; <uplj;Jk; te;jd.te;J Nghapdhd;>Nghapdhd; te;J va;JkPw;wpd; vd;whw;Nghy Kjw;fz; tUjiy vLj;J XjhJ ck;ikahy; jOtpf;nfhz;lhH. Mwd; cUgpd; vr;rKk; Vod; cUgpd; vr;rg;ngaUk; nganur;rj;jpd; vr;rKk; Kjw;fz; thuh vd;gJk;> xope;jd Kjw;fz; tupDk; ,Wjpf;fz; tUjy;Nghy; rpwg;gpd my;y vd;gJk; Njhd;Wjw;F vd;f.
vOtha; cUG tpidKw;Wg; gadpiyia ,WjpapNy nfhz;lJk;> tpidKw;Wg; ngaHg; gadpiyia KjypNy nfhz;lJk;> rhj;jd; te;jhd; vd tUk;. jk;Ks; Ntw;Wik ahNjh vdpd;> Nfl;NghHf;Fr; rhj;jd; ,J nra;jhd; vd tpidia czHj;Jk;NghJ> rhj;jd; vd;Dk; vOtha;f;F te;jhd; vd;Dk; Kw;Wtpid gadpiyahff; nfhs;sg;gLk;@ ,J nra;jhd; rhj;jd; vd tpid Kjiy czHj;Jk;NghJ> te;jhd; vd;Dk; Kw;Wtpidf;Fr; rhj;jd; vd;Dk; ngaH gadpiyahff; nfhs;sg;gLk;. te;jhd; rhj;jd; vd;Wk; Kw;Wj; njhlUf;Fk; ,t;thW mwpf.
xU nkhop xop jd; ,dk; nfhsy:;
xU nkhop xop jd;,dk; nfhsw;F cupj;Nj
ngaH> tpid> ,il>cup vd;Dk; ehy;tifr; nrhw;fSs; xt;nthd;W> xope;J epd;w jd;jd; ,dq;fisf; nfhz;L Kbjw;F cupj;jhFk;.
Nrhw;iw edp cz;lhd; vd;wtop>fwpia edp jpd;whd; vd;wy; njhlf;fj;jdTk;>
ghf;if edp jpd;whd; vd;wtop> ntw;wpiyia edp jpd;whd;> Rz;zhk;ig edp jpd;whd; vd;gdTk;>
143
eQ;Rz;ltd; rhthd; vd;wtop eQ;Rz;lts; rhths;> eQ;Rz;ltH rhthH> eQ;Rz;lJ rhk;> eQ;Rz;lit rhk; vd;gdTk; $whNj mikjypd;> ,dq;fsha; vQ;rp epd;wd.
,tw;Ws;> Nrhw;iw vd;Dk; ngaHr;nrhy;Yk; cUgpilr;nrhy;Yk; fwpia vd;Dk; ngaHr;nrhy;iyAk; cUgpilr; nrhy;iyAk;> edp cz;lhd; vd;Dk; cupr;nrhy;Yk; tpidr;nrhy;Yk; edp jpd;whd; vd;Dk; cupr;nrhy;iyAk; tpidr;nrhy;iyAk; nfhs;Sjw;F cupatha; epw;wy; fhz;f.
jpiz> ghy;> ,lg;nghJik ePf;Fjy:;
nghJg; ngaH tpidfspd; nghJik ePf;Fk;
Nky;tUk; rpwg;Gg; ngaH tpid jhNk
rpwg;ghfpa ngaH tpidfs;jpiz ghy; ,lq;fl;Fg; nghJthfpa ngaH tpidfSila nghJj;jd;ikia ePf;fp xd;ww;F cupik nra;Ak;.
xd;ww;F Kd; gpd; vd;Dk; ,UkUq;Fk; Nky; vdg;gLjyhy;> rpwg;Gg; ngaH tpid vt;tplj;J tupDk; Vw;Wf; nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;.
rhj;jdptd;> rhj;jdpJ
rhj;jd; te;jhd;> rhj;jd;te;jJ
- ngaHj; jpizg; nghJikiag;> gpd; te;j rpwg;Gg; ngaUk; tpidAk;> ePf;fp xU jpizia czHj;jpd.
xUtH vd;IaH@ xUtH vd;jhaH
kuk; tsHe;jJ> kuk; tsHe;jd
ngaHg;ghy; nghJikiag;> gpd; te;j rpwg;Gg; ngaUk; tpidAk;> ePf;fp xUghiy czHj;jpd.
ahnky;yhk; tUtk;>
ePapnuy;yhk; Nghkpd;>
mtnuy;yhk; ,Ue;jhH
- vdg; ngauplg; nghJikia Kd; te;j rpwg;Gg; ngaUk;> gpd; te;j rpwg;G tpidAk;> ePf;fp xt;NthH ,lj;ij czHj;jpd.
144
tho;f mtd;>mts;>mtH>mJ> mit> ahd;> ahk;> eP> ePH vd tpidj; jpiz ghy; ,lg; nghJikiag; gpd; te;j rpwg;Gg;ngaHfs;> ePf;fp xUjpiziaAk; ghiyAk; ,lj;ijAk; czHj;jpd.
vr;rq;fspd; KbT:
ngaH tpid ck;ik nrhy; gpupg;G vd xopapir
vjpHkiw ,ir vDk; nrhy; xopG xd;gJk;
Fwpg;Gk; jj;jk; vr;rk; nfhs;Sk;
ngaH vr;rKk;> tpid vr;rKk;> ck;ik vr;rKk;> nrhy; vr;rKk;> gpupepiy vr;rKk;> vd vr;rKk;> xop ,ir vr;rKk;> vjpHkiw vr;rKk; ,ir vr;rKk;> vd;Dk; nrhy; vr;rq;fs; xd;gJk; Fwpg;G vr;rk; xd;Wk; jj;jk; vr;rq;fisf; nfhz;L KbAk;.
vr;rq;fs; nrhy; vr;rk; Fwpg;G vr;rk; vd ,Utifg;gLk;.,g;gj;J vr;rq;fs; cs;Sk;> nganur;rk; tpidnar;rk; vd vr;rk; vd;Dk; %d;ww;Fk; vr;rr;nrhw;fs; thf;fpaq;fspy; ntspg;gl;L epw;Fk;. xope;jdtw;wpw;F vr;rr;nrhw;fs; tUtpj;J ciuf;fg;gLk;.
nganur;rk;:
nra;j rhj;jd;>
ey;y rhj;jd;
vdg; ngaH vr;rq;fs; jk; vr;rkhfpa nra;gtdJ ngaH nfhz;ld.
tpidnar;rk;:
nra;J te;jhd;>
nra;J ey;yd; Mapdhd;
vd tpid vr;rq;fs; jk; vr;rkhfpa tpidKw;Wk; Fwpg;G Kw;Wk; nfhz;ld.
ck;ik vr;rk;:
rhj;jDk; te;jhd; vd;Dk; ck;ik vr;rk; Kd;Nd nfhw;wd; te;jhd;vdj; jd;vr;rk; nfhz;lJ.
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nrhy;nyr;rk;:
ey;ytd; vd;whd; vd;Dk; nrhy; vr;rk; ey;ytd; vd;W nrhd;dhd; vdr; nrhy; vd;Dk; jd; vr;rk; nfhz;lJ.
gpupepiy vr;rk;:
rhj;jNd nfhz;lhd;> rhj;jNdh nfhz;lhd; vd;gd gpupepiy vr;rk;. ,it gpwH nfhz;byH vdj; jk; vr;rk; nfhz;ld. Nfhly; njhopyhy; rhj;jdpdpd;Wk; gpupf;fg;gl;lhH gpwH Mjypd; gpupepiy vd;f.
vd vr;rk;:
fly; xy;nyd xypj;jJ> euk;G tpz;nzd ,irj;jJ> jiy,bnad ,bj;jJ vd;gd vd vr;rk;. ,it jk; vr;rkhfpa tpid nfhz;ld. kpfTk; xypj;jJ.kpfTk; ,irj;jJ kpfTk; ,bj;jJ vd;gd ,tw;wpw;Fg; nghUshk; Mjypd;> ,t; vd vr;rk; kpFjpg; nghUisj; jUtNjhH ,ilr;nrhy;yhk; vd;f.
xopapir vr;rk;:
$upaNjhH ths;kd;> cz;Zjw;Nfh te;jhd; vd;gd xop,irvr;rk;-,it> KiwNa Nfhbw;W> fyfQ;nra;a te;jhd; vdj; jk; vr;rk; nfhz;ld.
vjpHkiw vr;rk;:
„kwg;gpDk;Xj;Jf; nfhsyhFk;>‟„ahNdh nra;Njd;‟ vd;gd vjpHkiw vr;rq;fs;> ,it KiwNa> kwf;fyhfhJ> ahd; nra;jpNyd; vdj; jk; vr;rk; nfhz;ld.
,ir vr;rk;:
“,ir vr;rkhtJ thf;fpaq;fspy; mt; mt;,lj;jpw;F Vw;g xU nrhy;Yk; gy nrhy;Ykhf tUtpj;J ciuf;fg;gl;L tUtjhk;. ,irnad;gJ nrhy;. „fw;wjdh yha gandd;‟ vd;wtop> E}iyf; fw;wjdhy; vd xU nrhy;Yk;>“me;jh kiuad;dNk epd;id ahdfd; whw;WtNdh" vd;wtop> vd; capupDk; rpwe;j epd;id vdg; gy nrhw;fSk; tUtpf;fg;gLjy; fhz;f.
Fwpg;ngr;rk;:
Fwpg;ngr;rkhtJ ngaupaypNy gd;dpuz;lhk; E}w;ghtpy; "xd;nwhop nghJr;nrhy;" vd;gJ Kjyhf „,d;d gpwTk;‟ vd;wJ tiuf;Fk; nrhy;yg;gl;litfshk;. Mapuk; kf;fs; nghUjhH vd;gjpy;> kf;fs;
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vd;Dk; nghJr;nrhy; nghUjhH vd;Dk; Fwpg;gpd;top> ngz;ghiy ePf;fp Mz;ghiy czHj;jpw;W.
njhifepiyj; njhlHnkhop:
nganuhL ngaUk;; tpidAk; Ntw;Wik
Kjypa nghUspd; mtw;wpd; cUgpil
xopa ,uz;L Kjyhj; njhlHe;njhU
nkhop Nghy; elg;gd njhifepiyj; njhlHr;nrhy;
ngaHr; nrhy;NyhL ngaHr; nrhy;Yk;> ngaHr; nrhy;NyhL tpidr;nrhy;Yk;> Ntw;Wik Kjyhfpa mWtifg; nghUs; GzHr;rpf;fz;> mtw;wpd; cUGfs; eLtpNy njhf;F epw;g>,uz;L nrhw;fs; Kjyhfg; gynrhw;fs; njhlHe;J xUnrhy;Nghy elg;git>njhifepiyj; njhlH nkhopfshFk;.
njhifepiyj; njhlHg; ghFghL:
njhif vd;gJ ,q;Nf cUG kiwjy;.
Ntw;Wik tpid gz;G ctik ck;ik
md;nkhop vd mj; njhif MW MFk;
Ntw;Wikj; njhifAk;@ tpidj;njhifAk;> gz;Gj; njhifAk;> ctikj; njhifAk;>ck;ikj; njhifAk>; md;nkhopj; njhifAk;vd Kd;Nd nrhy;yg;gl;l njhifepiyj; njhlHnkhopfs; MW tifg;gLk;.
Ntw;Wikj; njhif:
,uz;L Kjyhk;;,il MW cUGk;;
ntspg;gly; ,y;yJ Ntw;Wikj;njhifNa
vOtha;f;Fk; tpspf;Fk; ,ilNa epd;w ,uz;lhtJ Kjypa MW Ntw;Wik cUGfSk;> ntspg;gly; ,y;yJ Ntw;Wikj; njhif MFk;.
epyq; fle;jhd;.- ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif.
jiy tzq;fpdhd; - %d;whk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif.
rhj;jd; ike;jd; - ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif.
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CH ePq;fpdhd;- Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif.
rhj;jd; if - Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif.
Fd;wf; $if -. Vohk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif.
ahidf;Nfhl;L Edp Fiwj;jhd;- ,J gd;nkhopj; njhlH.
,dp MW cUGk; vd;Dk; Kw;W ck;ikia vr;r ck;ikahf;fpf;> iff;fspW> nghw;Flk; vd xNuh ,lj;J cUGk; nghUSk; cld; njhf;fdTk; Ntw;Wikj; njhif vdf; nfhs;f. mit> tpupAk; ,lj;Jf;> ifia cila fspW> nghd;dhy; nra;j Flk; vd tpupAk;.
,dp MrpupaH njhy;fhg;gpadhH IAq; fz;Zk; my;yhg; nghUs;tapd; - nka;AUG njhfh ,Wjp ahd" vdf; $Wjyhy;> IcUGk; fz;cUGk; my;yhj ehd;F cUGk; ,ilapy; md;wp ,WjpapNy njhfh vdTk;> mt; ,uz;L cUGk;> epyk; fle;jhd;> fle;jhd; epyk;@ Fd;wj;J ,Ue;jhd;> ,Ue;jhd; Fd;wj;J vd ,ilapYk; ,WjpapYk; njhFk; vd;gJk; nfhs;sg;gLk;.
Ntw;Wik cUGfs; ,ilapNy njhFk; vd;whH MapDk;> mit tpupe;J epw;Fk; ,lj;J vg;nghUs;gLNkh mg;nghUs;gLk; ,lj;Nj njhf;F epw;fg;ngWk;. mg; nghUs;glh ,lj;Nj njhf;F epw;fg; ngwhthk;
rhj;jid mbj;jhd; vd IAUG tpupe;J epw;Fk; ,lj;Jr; nrag;gLnghUs; gLjy;Nghyr; rhj;jd; mbj;jhd; vd IcUG njhf;F epw;Fk; ,lj;J mg;nghUs; glhikahy; ,q;Nf IcUG njhf;F epw;fg; ngwhJ vd;wwpjy; Ntz;Lk;.
rhj;jndhL te;jhd; vd xLcUG tpupe;J epw;Fk; ,lj;J cld; epfo;r;rpg;nghUs; gLjy; Nghyr;> rhj;jd; te;jhd; vdj; njhf;F epw;Fk; ,lj;J mg;nghUs; glhikahy; ,q;Nf xLcUG njhf;F epw;fg;ngwhJ vd;wwpf.
tpidj; njhif:
fhyk; fue;j nganur;rk; tpidj;njhif
fhyk; gw;wpg; GilngaUk; tpid cUghfpa jk; ,Wjpfs; njhf;f ngaH vr;rtpidfs;>tpidj;njhiffshk;. mjhtJ tpidg;gFjp njhfhJ epw;g tpidg;gFjpapd; Gilg; ngaHr;rpiaf; fhl;Lk; tpFjpAk; fhyk; fhl;Lk; ,ilepiy KjypadTk; njhf;Fk; tUk; vd;gjhk;.
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fhyk; vd;wJ MFngaH. fhyk;gw;wpg; GilngaH tpid cUGfs; njhFk; vdNt> Kjdpiy khj;jpuk; njhfhJ ,Uf;Fk; vd;gJ ngw;whk;.
New;Wf; nfhy; fspW Kd; tpL fiz - ,we;jfhy tpidj; njhif
,d;W nfhy; fspW> ,g;nghOJ tpL fiz - epfo;fhy tpidj; njhif
ehisf; nfhy; fspW> gpd; tpL fiz - vjpHfhy tpidj; njhif
,it> tpupAk; ,lj;Jf;> nfhd;w nfhy;fpd;w> nfhy;Yk; vdTk;> tpl;l> tpLfpd;w> tpLk; vdTk; tpupAk;.
nfhy;fspW tpLfiz vd;whw; Nghy;td> Kf;fhyKk; gw;wp tupd; Kf;fhy tpidj;njhif vdg;gLk;.
tUGdy;> jURlH> ele;jpLFjpiu vd tpidg; gFjp tpfhug;gl;Lk; tpidj;njhif tUk;.
gz;Gj;njhif:
gz;ig tpsf;Fk; nkhop njhf;fdTk;
xU nghUl;F ,U ngaH te;jTk;; Fzj;njhif
gz;NghL gz;gpw;F csjhfpa xw;Wik eaj;ij tpsf;Fjw;F tUk; Mfpa vd;Dk; gz;G cUG njhf;F epd;witAk;> xU nghUSf;Fg; nghJg;ngaUk; rpwg;Gg;ngaUk; Mfpa ,UngaHfs; te;jitAk; gz;Gj;njhiffshk;.
Fzj;njhif vd;wjdhy;> xUnghUSf;F tUk; mt; ,UngaH eLtpDk;> Mfpa vd;Dk; gz;G cUG njhf;FtUk; vd;gJ ngwg;gl;lJ.
gz;G vdg; nghJg;glr; nrhd;djdhy;> tz;zk;> tbT> msT> Rit Kjyhapdit vy;yhk; tUk; vd;gJk; ngwg;gLk;.
nre;jhkiu> fUq;Fjpiu - tz;zg; gz;Gj; njhif.
tl;lf;fy;> rJug; gyif - tbTg; gz;Gj; njhif.
xU nghUs;> Kf; Fzk; - msTg; gz;Gj;njhif.
JtHf; fha;> ,d;nrhy; - Ritg; gz;Gj;njhif.
Mad; rhj;jd;> rhiug; ghk;G - ,UngaH xl;Lg;gz;Gj; njhif
149
nre;epwf; Ftis> fUk;GUtr;rpiy - gd;nkhopj; njhlH.
,it> tpupAk; ,lj;Jr; nrk;ikahfpa jhkiu> tl;lkhfpa fy;> xd;whfpa nghUs;> JtHg;ghfpa fha;> Madhfpa rhj;jd;> nrk;ikahfpa epwkhfpa Ftis vd tpupAk;.
ctikj;njhif:
ctk cUG ,yJ ctkj;njhifNa
tpid> gad;> nka;> cU vd;gtw;iwg; gw;wp tUk; ctk cUGfs; njhf;f njhlH nkhopfs; ctkj; njhiffshk;.
Gypf; nfhw;wd;> FUtp $g;gpl;lhd; - tpid ctkj; njhif.
kiof;if> fw;gf ts;sy; - gad; ctkj;njhif
Jbapil> FUk;ig Kiy - nka; ctkj; njhif
nghw; Rzq;F> gts tha; - cU ctkj; njhif
kufjf; fpspnkhop> ,Uz; kiof; if - gd;nkhopj;njhlH
,it> tpupAk; ,lj;Jg; GypNghYk; nfhw;wd;> kioNghYk;if> JbNghYk; ,il> nghd; NghYk; Rzq;F> kufjk; NghYk; fpspNghYk; nkhop vd tpupAk;. nrag;gLnghUs; Fwpj;j ,lj;Jg;> Gypiag;NghYk; nfhw;wd; vd I cUGk; cld; tpupAk;.
Nghy Giua xg;g cwo
khd fLg;g ,iaa Va;g;g
Neu epfu md;d ,d;d
vd;gTk; gpwTk; ctkj;J cUNg
,g;Nghy Kjyhfpa nra vd; vr;rk; gj;Jk; md;d ,d;d vd;Dk; nganur;rf; Fwpg;gpuz;Lk; ,it Nghy;td gpwTk; ctk cUGfshk;.
gpw vd;wjdhy;> Nghy;> Giu vd;wy; njhlf;fj;J tpidabahy; gpwj;jw;F cupa kw;iw tpidnar;r tpfw;gq;fSk;> nganur;r tpfw;gq;fSk;> nghUt> Vw;g> mida> ,fy> vjpu> rptz> kiya KjyhditAk; nfhs;f.
150
ck;ikj;njhif:
vz;zy; vLj;jy; Kfj;jy; ePl;ly;
vDk; ehd;F msitAs; ck;,yJ mj;njhif
vz;zy; msit> vLj;jy; msit> Kfj;jy; msit> ePl;ly; msit vd;Dk; ehy;tif msitfshy; nghUs;fismsf;Fk; ,lj;Jj; njhlUk; mt; msitg; ngaHfSs; ck;ik Mfpa cUGnjhf;F epw;git mt; ck;ikj; njhiffshk;.
xd;Nw fhy;> fgpy guzH ------ vz;zy; ck;ikj;njhif.
foQ;Nr fhy;> njhbNa f/R ------ vLj;jy; ck;ikj;njhif.
fyNd J}zp> ehop Mohf;F ------ Kfj;jy; ck;ikj; njhif.
rhzq;Fyk;> rhziu ------ ePl;ly; ck;ikj;njhif.
NruNrho ghz;baH> Gyp tpy; nfz;il ------ gd;nkhopj;njhif.
,it> tpupAk; ,lj;J> xd;Wq;fhYk;> foQ;Rq;fhYk;> fyDe;J}zpAk;> rhZk; mq;FyKk;>NruDQ; NrhoDk; ghz;baDk; vd tpupAk;.
fgpy guzHg; gutpdhd; vd tUk;topf; fgpyidAk; guzidAk; gutpdhd; vd Ntw;Wik cUGk; cld; tpupANk vd;Dk; tpdh vOk;.,jw;F> gutpdhd; vd;Dk; tUnkhop Nehf;fp Ntw;Wikj; njhifahfTk;> fgpy guzH vd;Dk; epiynkhop ,uz;ilAk; Nehf;fp ck;ikj; njhifahfTk; nfhs;sg;gLk; vd;f vd tpsf;fk; jUtH MWKf ehtyH.
md;nkhopj;njhif:
Ie;njhif nkhop Nky; gpw njhfy; md;nkhop
Ntw;Wikj;njhif Kjypa Itifj; njhifepiyj; njhlH nkhopfSf;Fk; Gwj;Nj> mit my;yhj gpw nkhopfshfpa cUGfs; njhf;F tUtd md;nkhopj; njhiffshk;.
g+q;Foy; vd;gJ ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhifg; Gwj;Jg; gpwe;j md;nkhopj; njhif. ,J g+it cila Foypid cilahs; vd tpupAk;.
nghw;nwhb vd;gJ %d;whk; Ntw;Wikj; njhifg;Gwj;Jg; gpwe;j md;nkhopj;njhif. ,J nghd;dhy; Mfpa njhbapid cilahs; vd tpupAk;.
151
ftp ,yf;fzk; vd;gJ ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhifg;Gwj;Jg; gpwe;j md;nkhopj;njhif. ,J ftpf;F ,yf;fzk; nrhy;yg;gl;l E}y; vd tpupAk;.
nghw;whyp vd;gJ Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhifg;Gwj;Jg; gpwe;j md;nkhopj; njhif ,J nghd;dpd; Mfpa jhypapid cilahs; vd tpupAk;.
fps;spFb vd;gJ Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhifg;Gwj;Jg; gpwe;j md;nkhopj; njhif ,J fps;spapdJ FbapUf;Fk; CH vd tpupAk;.
fPo;tapw;Wf; foiy vd;gJ Vohk; Ntw;Wikj;njhifg; Gwj;Jg; gpwe;j md;nkhopj;njhif. ,J fPo;tapw;wpd; fz; vOe;j foiyNghy;thd; vd tpupAk;.
jho;Foy; vd;gJ tpidj;njhifg; Gwj;Jg; gpwe;j md;nkhopj;njhif. ,J jho;e;j Foypid cilahs; vd tpupAk;.
fUq;Foy; vd;gJ gz;Gj;njhifg; Gwj;Jg; gpwe;j md;nkhopj;njhif. ,J fUikahfpa Foypid cilahs; vd tpupAk;.
Jbapil vd;gJ ctkj;njhifg; Gwj;Jg; gpwe;j md;nkhopj;njhif. ,J JbNghYk; ,ilapid cilahs; vd tpupAk;.
jfuQhoy; vd;gJ ck;ikj;njhifg; Gwj;Jg; gpwe;j md;nkhopj;njhif. ,J jfuKk; QhoYk; fye;J cz;lhfpa rhe;J vd tpupAk;.
jfuQhod;Kiy vd;gJ gd;nkhopj; njhlH. ,J jfuKk; QhoYk; $b cz;lhfpa rhe;ij mzpe;j KiyapidAilahs; vd tpupAk;.
,dpg; gd;nkhopj;njhlupy; mWtifj; njhiffSk; fye;J njhFkhW: - jpfo; nrt;thd; kjpj; jpUKfg; g+q;Foy; vd tUk;. ,it> tpupAk; ,lj;Jj;> jpfo;e;j nrk;ikahfpa thdj;jpd;fz; kjpNghYk; jpUKfj;jpidAk; g+it mzpe;j FoypidAk; cilahs; vd tpupAk;.
njhlH nkhopfSs; nghUs; rpwf;Fkplk;:
Kd; nkhop gpd; nkhop gy; nkhop Gw nkhop
vDk; ehd;F ,lj;Jk; rpwf;Fk; njhifg; nghUs;
152
Kd;nkhopAk; gpd;nkhopAk;midj;J nkhopAk; midj;J nkhopf;Fk; Gwj;J tUnkhopAk;> vd;W nrhy;yg;gLk; ,e;ehd;F ,lq;fSs; xd;wpNy njhifepiyj; njhlHg;nghUs; rpwe;J epw;Fk;.
Flk; tide;jhd;>
Foprp tide;jhd;>
Ntq;ifg;g+>
rz;gfg;g+>
tpupg+>
Ftpg+>
nre;jhkiu>
ntz;lhkiu>
Ntw;fz;>
faw;fz; vd;gitfspNy> Flk; Kjypa Kd;nkhopfs; ,dk;tpyf;fp epw;wyhy;> mk;Kd;nkhopfspy; nghUs; rpwe;jd.
epyk; cOjhd;>
fz;zpik>
ePHf;Ftis>
RLjP>
nrQ;QhapW vd;gitfspNy. epyk; Kjypa Kd; nkhopfs; ,dKk; ,dj;ij tpyf;FjYk; ,d;wp epw;wyhy;> cOjhd; Kjypa gpd;nkhopfspy; nghUs; rpwe;jd.
fgpyguzH>
NruNrhoghz;baH>
Gyptpw; nfz;il vd;wy; njhlf;fj;J ck;ikj; njhiffspNy> midj;JnkhopfspYk; nghUs; rpwe;jd.
g+q;Foy;> vd;Dk; md;nkhopj;njhifapy; nrhy;YNthDila fUj;J ,t;tpU nkhopg; nghUs; Nky; MfhJ> ,t;tpU nkhopAk; my;yhj cilahs; Kjypa Gwnkhopg;nghUs; NkyJ Mjyhy;> mg; Gwnkhopfspy; nghUs; rpwe;jd.
153
,lj;njhif ngaHj;njhif NtWghL:
ty; xw;W tupNd ,lj;njhif MFk;
nky; xw;W tupNd ngaHj;njhif MFk;
ty; xw;whdJ ,ilNa te;jhy; ,lj;jpd; fz;Nz njhf;f njhifahFk;. nky; xw;whdJ ,ilNa te;jhy; ngaHj;njhif MFk;.
tLff;fz;zd; - ,J tLfehl;by; gpwe;j fz;zd; vd tpupAk;. tLfq;fz;zd;> ,J tLfdhfpa fz;zd; vd;whapDk; tLfDf;F kfdhfpa fz;zd; vd;whapDk; tpupAk;.
JStr;rhj;jd; ,J JStehl;by; gpwe;j rhj;jd; vd tpupAk;.
JStQ;rhj;jd; - ,J JStdhfpa rhj;jd; vd;whapDk;> JStDf;F kfdhfpa rhj;jd; vd;whapDk; tpupAk;.
ty;nyhw;W tupd; nky;nyhw;W tupd; vd;wjdhy;> ty;ypd Kjd;nkhop te;J GzHe;J ,lj;njhifAk; ngaHj;njhifAkha; IAw epw;Fk;NghJ ,f;FwpapdhNy Jzpag;gLk; vd;gJk;> tLfehfd;> tLftzpfd;> tLfturd; vdtupd; nrhy;Ythd; Fwpg;ghy; md;wp ,t;thW Jzpag;glh vd;gJk; jhNk NghjUk; vd;f.
caHjpiz ck;ikj;njhif gyH <Nw
caHjpiz xUikapy; tUk; ck;ikj;njhiffs; Mdit ut;nthw;Wk; fs;Sk; Mfpa gyHghy; tpFjpia ciladNtahk;.
fgpyguzH>
fy;yhlkh%yH>
Nru Nrho ghz;baH>
Njtd; Njtpfs; vd tUk;. dfu <W ,ilNa nfLjy; “rpy tpfhukh KaHjpiz" vd;gjdhYk;> ,Wjpf;fz; nfLjy; ,jDs;„gyuPNw‟ vd;gjhdhYk; nfhs;f. gyuPNw vd;Dk; Njw;wj;jhy;> m/wpiz xUikapy; tUk; ck;ikj;njhiffSk; nghJj;jpiz xUikapy; tUk; ck;ikj; njhiffSk; jj;jk; gd;ik <whfNt tuy; Ntz;Lk; vd;Dk; epajp ,d;wp cz;ik ,d;ikfs;> cz;ik ,d;ik> ,uhg;gfy;fs;> ,uhg;gfy; vdTk;> je;ij jhaH je;ijjha;fs;> je;ij jha;rhj;jd; rhj;jpaH> rhj;jd; rhj;jpfs;>rhj;jd; rhj;jp vdTk; gd;ik <w;whYk; ,ay;gha xUik <w;whYk; tUk; vd;gjhapw;W. ,ay;ghfpa xUik <w;why; te;jd
154
Mapd; ck;ikj;njhif MfhJ. fgpyd; guzd; ,UtUk; te;jhH vd;why; Nghyr; nrt; vz;zhk; md;Nwh vdpd;> gy nkhopfisAk; jpul;b xU gpz;lkhff; $wpa NghJ ck;ikj;njhifahfTk;> gpsTglf; $wpa NghJ nrt; vz;zhfTk; nfhs;sg;gLk; vd;f.
njhifepiyj; njhlHfs; gynghUs; gLjy ;:
njhf;Fop kaq;Fe ,uz;L Kjy; Vo;
vy;iyg; nghUspd; kaq;Fk; vd;g
Ntw;Wik cUG Kjyhfpa cUGfs; njhf;F epd;wtopg; nghUs;fspdhNy kaq;Fk;. Ntw;Wik Kjyhfpa njhifepiyj; njhlHnkhopfs;>,uz;L Kjy; Vohk; <whfpa nghUs;fshy; kaq;Fk; vd;W nrhy;YtH GytH.
nja;ttzf;fk; - nja;tj;ij tzq;Fk; tzf;fk;. nja;tj;Jf;F tzf;fk; vd ,UnghUs;fspdhNy kaq;fpaJ.
jw;NrHe;jhH - jd;idr; NrHe;jhH> jd;ndhL NrHe;jhH. jd;fz; NrHe;jhH vd %d;W nghUs;fspdhNy kaq;fpaJ.
nrhy;ypyf;fzk; - nrhy;ypdjpyf;fzk;> nrhw;F ,yf;fzk;> nrhy;ypd;fz; ,yf;fzk;> nrhy;ypdJ ,yf;fzk; nrhd;dE}y; vd ehd;F nghUs;fspdhNy kaq;fpaJ.
nghd;kzp - nghd;dhyhfpa kzp> nghd;dhfpa kzp> nghd;dpd;fz; kzp> nghd;ndhL NrHe;j kzp> nghd;Dk; kzpAk; vd Ie;J nghUs;fspdhNy kaq;fpaJ.
kuNtyp - kuj;ijf; fhf;Fk; Ntyp>kuj;jpw;F Ntyp> kuj;jpdJ Ntyp> kuj;jpd; Gwj;J Ntyp> kuj;jhy; Mfpa Ntyp> kukhfpa Ntyp vd MW nghUs;fspdhNy kaq;fpaJ
nrhw;nghUs; - nrhy;yhy; mwpag;gLk; nghUs;> nrhy;ypdJ nghUs;> nrhw;Fg;nghUs;> nrhy;ypd;fz; nghUs;> nrhy;Yk; nghUSk;> nrhy;yhfpa nghUs;> nrhy;yhdJ nghUs; vd VO nghUs;fspdhNy kaq;fpaJ.nrhy;yhdJ nghUs; vd;wJ njhfhepiyg; nghUshfpa vOtha;j;njhlH.
Gyp nfhy; ahid - gd;nkhopj; njhlH> Gypiaf; nfhd;w ahid> GypahdJ nfhd;w ahid> GypapdhNy nfhy;yg; gl;l ahid vd %d;W nghUs;fspdhNy kaq;fpaJ.
155
,t;thW nrk;nghUs; nfhs;shJ type;J nghUs; nfhs;sg; Gfpd;> Vo; vy;iy vd;Dk; tiuaiwapd; epy;yhJ gythkhjypd;> mJ njhd;newp md;W vd;gJ tpsf;Fjw;F vd;g vd;whH.
njhfhepiyj; njhlHnkhop:
Kw;W <H vr;rk; vOtha; tpspg; nghUs;
MW cUG ,il cup mLf;F ,it njhfhepiy
tpidKw;Wk; nganur;rKk; tpidnar;rKk; vOthAk; tpspAk; Mfpa Itifg; nghUs;fspNy ngaH tpidfs; GzUk; GzHr;rpAk;> Ntw;Wikg; nghUs;fspy; mtw;wpd; cUGfshfpa ,uz;lhtJ Kjypa MW cUGfSk; ,ilNa tpupe;J epw;fg; ngaH tpidfs; GzUk; GzHr;rpAk;>,ilr;nrhy; GzHr;rpAk; cupr;nrhy; GzHr;rpAk;@ xUnrhy; mLf;fp tUk; GzHr;rpAk; Mfpa@ ,it,t; xd;gJk; njhfhepiyj; njhlHnkhopfshk;.
cz;lhd; rhj;jd;
Fioad; nfhw;wd; - tpidKw;Wj;njhlH
cz;l rhj;jd;
fupa rhj;jd; - nganur;rj; njhlH.
cz;Lte;jhd;
cOjd;wpAz;zhd; - tpidnar;rj;njhlH.
rhj;jd; te;jhd; - vOtha;j;njhlH.
rhj;jh th - tpspj;njhlH.
Flj;ij tide;jhd;
thshy; ntl;bdhd;
,ug;NghHf;fPe;jhd;
kiyapdpope;jhd;
rhj;jdJ if
kiyapd;fz; xsp -Ntw;Wikj; njhfhepiyj; njhlH.
156
kw;nwhd;W - ,ilr;nrhy; njhlH.
edpNgijNa - cupr;nrhy; njhlH.
ghk;G ghk;G. - mLf;Fj; njhlH.
Ntw;Wikj; njhif tpupe;j ,lj;J Ntw;Wikj; njhfhepiyj; njhluhk;.Ntw;Wik cUGk; nghUSk; cld; njhf;fj;njhif tpupe;j ,lj;J> Kd;dJ Ntw;Wikj; njhfhepiyj; njhlUk;> gpd;dJ. nganur;rj; njhfhepiyj; njhlUk; MFk;.tpidj;njhif tpupe;j ,lj;Jg; nganur;rj; njhfhepiyj; njhluhk;.gz;Gj;njhifAk; ck;ikj;njhifAk; tpupe;j ,lj;J ,ilr;nrhy; njhluhk;.ctkj;njhif tpupe;j ,lj;J> Kd;dJ ,ilr;nrhy; njhlUk;>gpd;dJ ,ilr;nrhy; mbahfg; gpwe;j nganur;r tpidnar;rj; njhlUkhk;.md;nkhopj;njhif tpupe;j ,lj;J Ntw;Wikj; njhfhepiyj;njhlH Kjy; Vw;gdthk;
tohepiy tOtikjp:
jpizNa ghy; ,lk; nghOJ tpdh ,iw
kughk; VOk; kaq;fpdhk; tONt
,UjpizAk; Ik;ghYk; %tplKk; Kf;fhyKk; tpdhTk; tpilAk; gytif kuGfSk; Mfpa VOk;> jj;jk; newp kaq;fpd; tOthk;.
jpiz Kjypa midj;Jk; kughk; MapDk;> ,q;qdk; tpjthJ xope;jdtw;iw kuG vdf;nfhs;f ntd;ghH> mjid ,WjpapNy nrhd;dhH. kughtJ njhd;Wnjhl;L toq;Fk; Kiwik MFk;.
mtd; te;jJ -jpiz tO.
mtd; te;jhs; -ghy; tO.
ahd; te;jhd;-,l tO.
ehis te;jhd; - fhy tO.
fwf;fpd;w vUik ghNyh rpidNah?--tpdh tO.
flk;g+Hf;F topahJ? vdpd;,lk;g+zp vd;dhtpd;fd;wd;W vd;gJ - tpil tO.
ahidNka;g;ghid ,ilad; - MLNka;g;ghidg; ghfd; vd;gd - kuG tO
157
,t;thNw vOtif tOf;fisAk; czue;J tof;fpd; cs;Sk; nra;As; cs;Sk; mit thuhky; ePf;Ff.
,lk;g+zp - ,lg;gf;fj;jpy; g+l;lg;gl;l vUJ.
tpdh tpilfs; tOthky; fhj;jy;:
Iak; jpiz ghy; mt;tg; nghJtpDk;
nka; njup nghUs; Nky; md;ikAk; tpsk;Gg
jpiz Iaj;ijAk; ghy; Iaj;ijAk; mt;mtw;wpd; nghJr;nrhy;yhYk; Jzpe;j nghUs;Nky; my;yhj jd;ikia itj;Jk; nrhy;YtH GytH.
xU nghUisf; fz;l ,lj;Jf; Fw;wpNah kfNdh vd;W jpizapy; Iak; Njhd;wpa NghJ> Fw;wpNah kfNdh mt;tplj;Jj; Njhd;Wfpd;w cU vdg; nghJr;nrhy;yhy; tpdt Ntz;Lk;.Fw;wpf;Fk; kfDf;Fk; cUg; nghJg;gl epw;wyhy;> cUg; nghJr;nrhy; Mapw;W> Fw;wp - kuf;fl;il.. ,q;qdk; $whJ> Njhd;wh epd;wJ> Njhd;wh epd;whd; vdr; rpwg;Gr; nrhy;yhy; $wpd; jpiztOTk; tpdhtOTkhk;.
Mz;kfNdh ngz;kfNsh vd caH jpizapy; ghy; Iak; Njhd;wpaNghJ> Mz;kfNdh ngz;kfNsh mq;Nf Njhd;WfpwtH vdg; nghJr; nrhy;yhy; tpdty; Ntz;Lk;. Mz;ngz; ,uz;ly;yJ gyH ghnyd Ntnwhd;W ,d;wp mt;tpU ghw;Fk; nghJg;gl epw;wyhy; Njhd;WfpwtH vd;gJ nghJr;nrhy; Mapw;W. ,q;qdk; $whJ> Njhd;Wfpwtd;. Njhd;Wfpwts; vdr; rpwg;Gr; nrhy;yhy; $wpd; ghy;tOTk; tpdhtOTk; Mk;.
xd;Nwh gyNth vd m/wpizapy; ghy; Iak; Njhd;wpaNghJ> xd;Nwh gyNth ,r;nra; Gf;f ngw;wk; vdg; nghJr;nrhy;yhy; tpdTjy; Ntz;Lk;. ngw;wk; vd;gJ ghy;gfh m/wpizg; ngauha; mj;jpiz ,Ughw;Fk; nghJg;gl epw;wyhy; nghJr;nrhy; Mapw;W>nra; - tay;> ngw;wk; vd;gJ gRTk; fhisAk;. ,q;qdk; $whJ> Gf;fJ> Gf;fd vdr; rpwg;Gr; nrhy;yhy; $wpd; ghy;tOTk; tpdhtOTkhk;.
tpil Fw;wpNah kfNdh vd;W IAw;wNghJ> Jzpe;j nghUs; Fw;wp vdpd;> kfd; md;W vdTk;> kfd; vdpy; Fw;wp my;yd; vdTk;> Jzpe;j nghUs;Nky; kw;nwhd;W my;yhj jd;ikia itj;Jf; $Wjy; Ntz;Lk;..
Mz;kfNdh ngz;kfNsh vd;W IAw;w NghJ> Jzpe;j nghUs; Mz;kfd; vdpd; ngz; kfs; my;yd; vdTk;> ngz;kfs; vdpd;>
158
Mz;kfd; my;ys; vdTk; Jzpe;j nghUs;Nky; kw;nwhd;W my;yhj jd;ikia itj;Jf; $Wjy; Ntz;Lk;
xd;Nwh gyNth vd;W IAw;wNghJ> Jzpe;j nghUs; xd;W vdpd;> gymd;W vdTk;> gyvdpd;> xd;W my;y vdTk; Jzpe;j nghUs;Nky; kw;nwhd;W my;yhj jd;ikia itj;Jf; $wy; Ntz;Lk;.
kfd; md;W vd;gij kfdpd; md;W vd Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wikg; GzHr;rp vd;ghUk; csH. mJNghy; tUk; ePay;yd; vd;gJk; mq;qdk; tpupj;jy; $lhikahy;> my;topg; GzHr;rpAs; vLj;J tpje;j gjpdhd;fpd; Gwj;jha; mlq;Fk; vd;f. xope;j Ie;J cjhuzq;fSk; mt;thNw MFk; vd;f.
kfd; my;yd; mt;cUFw;wp vdf; $wpd; nrhy; gy;Fjy; vd;Dk; tpiltOthk;.
jpiz tOtikjp:
caHjpiz njhlHe;j nghUs; Kjy; MWk;
mjndhL rhHj;jpd; mj;jpiz Kbgpd
caHjpiz vOthiaj; njhlHe;j m/wpizg; nghUs;> ,lk;> fhyk;> rpid> Fzk;> njhopy; vd;w MWk; mt; caHjpizNahL NrHj;J Kbj;jhy; mt; caHjpiz Kbgpidg; ngWk;.
njhlHjyhtJ m/wpizg; nghUshjp MWk; caHjpizf;Ff; fpoikg; nghUs;fsha; epw;wy;. rhHj;jyhtJ caHjpiz vOthapd; gadpiyNahL m/wpiznaOthiaAk; cld; Kbj;jy;.
ek;gp nghd; ngupad;
ek;gp ehL ngupad;
ek;gp tho;ehs; ngupad;
ek;gp %f;Ff; $upad;
ek;gp Fbik ey;yd;
ek;gp eil fbad; -- ,q;Nf caHjpiz vOthapd; gadpiyNahL m/wpiz vOthAk; Kbe;jJ.
“nrhw;nwhW kpw;wpjd; ngw;wp" vd;gjdhNy. fpzW eP&wpw;W> khL NfhL $upJ vd m/wpizNahL NrHg;gpd;> m/wpiz Kbgpd MjYk; nfhs;f.
159
rhHj;jpd; vdNt> rhHj;jhtpbd;> tohepiyahf> ek;gpf;Fg; nghd; ngupJ> %f;Ff; $upJ vdj; jk; KbG nfhs;Sk;.
nghd; vd;Dk; m/wpiz vOtha;> ek;gp vd;Dk; caHjpiz vOthapdJ gadpiyahfpa ngupad; vd;Dk; caHjpiz tpidiaf; nfhz;L Kbjyhy; tO Mfpj;> njhlHG cz;lhapUj;jy;gw;wpr; rhHj;jp Kbj;jyhy; tO mikjp Mapw;W.
jpiz> ghy;> kuG tOtikjp:
jpiz ghy; nghUs; gy tputpd rpwg;gpDk;
kpftpDk; ,opgpDk; xU KbgpdNt
jpizfSk; ghy;fSk; ntt;NtW tpidf;F cupa gy nghUs;fSk; jj;jkpy; fye;J xUnjhluhf tUtd Mapd; mit rpwg;gpdhYk; kpFjpapdhYk; ,optpdhYk; xUKbgpdthFk;.
jpiz:
mq;fz; tpRk;gp dfdpyhg; ghupf;Fe;
jpq;fSQ; rhd;NwhU nkhg;gH kd; - jpq;fz;
kWthw;WQ; rhd;NwhHm/ jhw;whH njUke;J.
Nja;t nuhUkh Rwpd;
- vd;gjpy;> ,UjpizAk; fye;J> rpwg;gpdhy; xg;gH vd;Dk; caHjpiz Kbigg; ngw;wd> rhd;NwhH jpq;fs;Nghy kWj; jhq;f khl;lhik ,q;Nf rpwg;G.
“ghHg;ghH jtNu Rke;jhH gpzpg;gl;lhH
%j;jhupisahH gRg;ngz;b nud;wptHfl;
fhw;w top tpyq;fp dhNu gpwg;gpilg;
Nghw;wp nadg;gLthH"
vd;gjdpy;> ,UjpizAk; fye;J> kpFjpahy; ',tHfs;” vd;Dk; caHjpiz Kbigg; ngw;wd. gR vd m/wpizg;nghUs; xd;Nw Mfg; ghHg;ghH Kjypa caHjpizg; nghUs; VO Mjy; ,q;Nf kpFjp.
“%Hf;fD KjiyAq; nfhz;lJ tplh" vd;Gop> ,UjpizAk; fye;J> ,optpdhy; tplh vd m/wpizKbigg; ngw;wd.
160
ghy;:
ehDk;vd;rpe;ijA ehafDf; nft;tplj;Njhe;
jhDe;jd; iwaYe; jho;rilNah dhz;byNdy;...
thDe; jpirfS khflY khagpuhd;.
NjDe;J Nrtbf;Nf nrd;W}jha; Nfhj;Jk;gP" vd;gjpy;> Mz;ghYk; ngz;ghYk; fye;J> rpwg;gpdhy; 'Mz;byd;” vd Mz;ghy; Kbigg; ngw;wd.ngz;zpDk; Mz; caHe;jik ,q;Nf rpwg;G.
“nrhw;nwhW kpw;wpjd; ngw;wp" vd;gjdhNy fythJ vz;zpj;> NjhoDk; jhDk; te;jhd;. NjhopAk; jhDk; te;jhs; vd KbjYk; nfhs;f.
kuG:
fwpAQ; NrhWk; cz;lhd;@ khiyAk; KbAk; ftpj;jhd; vd;Gop> NtWtpidg; gy;nghUs;fs; fye;J> rpwg;gpdhy; „cz;lhd;‟„ftpj;jhd;‟ vd xUnghUl;F cupa tpid Kbigg; ngw;wd. cz;ly; vd;Dk; tpidf;F cupa NrhW jpd;wy; vd;Dk; tpidf;F cupa fwpapDk; jiyik cilikAk;>ftpj;j vd;Dk; tpidf;F cupa Kb #Ljy; vd;Dk; tpidf;F cupa khiyapDk; jiyik cilikAk; ,q;Nf rpwg;G.
ghy; jpiz tOtikjp:
ctg;gpDk;; caHtpDk; rpwg;gpDk;; nrwypDk;
,opg;gpDk;; ghy; jpiz ,Of;fpDk; ,ay;Ng
kfpo;r;rpapdhYk; Nkd;ikapdhYk;> rpwg;gpdhYk; Nfhgj;jpdhYk; gopg;gpdhYk;; ghYk; jpizAk; tOtp tupDk; ,ay;ghk;.
ghy; tOtikjp:
jd; Gjy;tid vd;dk;ik te;jhs; vd;gJ> ctg;gpdhy; Mz;ghy; ngz;ghy; Mapw;W.
xUtid „mtH te;jhH‟ vd;gJ> caHtpdhy; xUikg;ghy; gd;ikg;ghy; Mapw;W.
„jhjha; %Nto; cyFf;Fe; jhNa‟ vd;gJ rpwg;gpdhy; Mz;ghy; ngz;ghy; Mapw;W.
161
"vidj;Jiza uhapD nkd;dhe; jpidj;JizAe; Njuhd; gpwdpy; Gfy;" vd;gJ> nrwypdhy; gd;ikg;ghy; xUikg;ghy; Mapw;W.
ngz;topr; nry;thid Nehf;fp ',td; ngz;” vd;gJ> ,opg;gpdhy; Mz;ghy; ngz;ghy; Mapw;W.
jpiz tOtikjp:
XU gRit“vd;dk;ik te;jhs;:” vd;gJ> ctg;gpdhy; m/wpiz caHjpiz Mapw;W.
“nre;jhHg; gRq;fpspahH nrd;whHf;Nfh upd;Diu je;jhNuw; we;jhnud; dpd;DapH” vd;gJ caHtpdhy; m/wpiz caHjpiz Mapw;W.
“jk;nghU nsd;gjk; kf;fs;" vd;gJ rpwg;gpdhy; caHjpiz m/wpiz Mapw;W.
“VtTQ; nra;fyhd; whd;Nwuh dt;TapH -Nghx ksTNkhH Neha;" vd;gJ nrwypdhy; caHjpiz m/wpiz Mapw;W.
ehkuDilik vd;gJ ,opg;gpdhy; caHjpiz m/wpiz Mapw;W.
,dpr; “nrhw;nwhW kpw;wpjd; ngw;wp" vd;gjdhNy> Gjy;tid 'mg;gd; te;jhd;” vd;Wk;> Gjy;tpia 'mk;ik te;jhs;” vd;Wk;>toq;Fk; kuG tOtikjpfSk; nfhs;f.
ghy; ,l tOtikjp:
xUikapd; gd;ikAk; gd;ikapd; xUikAk;
Xuplk; gpw ,lk; jOtYk; csNt
xUikg;ghypy; gd;ikg;ghy; nrhy;iyAk;> gd;ikg;ghypy; xUikg;ghy; nrhy;iyAk; Xuplj;jpy; gpw ,lr; nrhy;iyAk; jOtpf; $Wjy;fSk; cz;L. ,it ghy; ,l tOtikjpfs; vdg;gLk;.
ghy; :
ntapnyy;yhk; kiwj;jJ Nkfk; - m/wpizapNy ntapy; vd;Dk; xUikg;ghypd; vy;yhk; vd;Dk; gd;ikr;nrhy; NrHj;Jr; nrhy;yg;gl;lJ.
“m/ij je;ij mz;zy; ahid mLNghHr; nropaH”- caHjpizapNy je;ij vd;Dk; xUikg;ghypy; nropaH vd;Dk; gd;ikr;nrhy; NrHj;Jr; nrhy;yg;gl;lJ.
162
je;ij vd;Dk; xUikapy; nropaH vdg;gd;ik te;jJ tO@ jdpj;jdp xt;nthUtuhff; $br; nropaH vd epd;w gd;ikapy;> xt;nthUtUk; jdpj;jdp m/ijf;Fj; je;ij Nghy;tH Mjyhy;> tO mikjp Mapw;W.
,uz;Lfz;Zk; rpte;jJ - m/wpizapNy ,uz;L vd;Dk; gd;ikg;ghypy; rpte;jJ vd;Dk; xUikr;nrhy; NrHj;Jr; nrhy;yg;gl;lJ.
Giyad; vwpe;j g+rw; wz;Zik - VtypisaH jha; tapW fupg;g" - caHjpizapNy Vty; ,isaH vd;Dk; gd;ikg; ghypy; jha; vd;Dk; xUikr;nrhy; NrHj;Jr; nrhy;yg;gl;lJ
Nrid KOikAk; cs;s ,isaUf;Fj; jha; xUj;jp Mjy; $lhikahy;> ,q;Nf jhnad xUik tUjy; tO@ ,r;NridapNy jpuz;L epd;w ,isaUs; xt;nthUtUf;Fk; jha; vdj; jdpj;jdp nrd;W ,iajyhy; tOtikjp Mapw;W.
,lk;:
rhj;jd; jha; ,it nra;tNyh - ahd; vdr; nrhy;yy; Ntz;Lk; jd;ikapNy rhj;jd; jha; vdg; glHf;ifr; nrhy; NrHj;Jr; nrhy;yg;gl;lJ. rhj;jd; jhahfpa ahd; vd;gJ
vk;gpia <q;Fg; ngw;Nw ndd;nddf; fupanjd;whd;" - jd;jk;gpia Kd;dpiyg;gLj;J mtidNa Nehf;fpf; $Wjyhy;> epd;id vdr; nrhy;yy;Ntz;Lk;. Kd;dpiyapNy vk;gpia vdg; glHf;ifr; nrhy; NrHj;Jr; nrhy;yg;gl;lJ.
ePNah mtNdh ahupJ nra;jhH> ahNdh mtNdh ahupJ nra;jhH> ePNah ahNdh ahupJ nra;jhH@ ePNah mtNdh ahNdh ahupJ nra;jhH vd tputp Xuplj;jpy; gpw ,lk; tUjYk; nfhs;f.
,lk; tOthkw; fhj;jy;:
juy; tuy; nfhil nryy; rhUk; glHf;if
vOtha; ,uz;Lk; vQ;rpa Vw;Fk;
juy;> tuy;> nfhil> nryy; vd;Dk; ,e;ehd;F nrhw;fSk; glHf;ifapy; tUk;. ,tw;Ws; KjypNy epd;w juy;> tuy; vd;Dk; ,uz;L nrhw;fSk; jd;ik Kd;dpiyfspy;tUk;.
juy;> tuy;> nfhil> nryy; vd;gd mt;tg; gFjpfis czHj;jp epd;wd. Mjyhy;> mg;gFjpfshy; gpwf;Fk; tpidtpfw;gq;fs; midj;Jk; nfhs;f.
163
mtDf;Fj; je;jhd;@
mtdplj;J te;jhd;@
mtDf;Ff; nfhLj;jhd;@
mtdplj;Jr; nrd;whd;
- glHf;ifapy; te;jd.
vdf;Fj; je;jhd;@
vd;dplj;J te;jhd;
jd;ikaplj;jpy; te;jd.
cdf;Fj; je;jhd;@
cd;dplj;J te;jhd;
- Kd;dpiyapy; te;jd.
juy;> tuy; vd;Dk; ,uz;ilAk; jd;ik Kd;dpiyf;Fk; $l;bdikahy; glHf;iff;Nf rpwe;jd. nfhilnryy; vd;Dk; ,uz;Lk; vd;gJk;> xope;j juYk; tuYk; mj;Jizr; rpwg;gpd my;y vd;gJk; ngwg;gLk;.
fhyk;:
,wg;G vjpHT epfo;T vdf; fhyk; %d;Nw
,we;jfhyKk; vjpHfhyKk; epfo;fhyKk; vdf; fhyk; %d;whk;.
fhy tOtikjp:
Kf; fhyj;jpDk; xj;J ,ay; nghUis
nrg;GtH epfOk; fhyj; jhNd
je;njhopy; ,iltplhky; %d;W fhyq;fspYk; xU jd;ikia ciladtha; epfOk; nghUs;fis> epfo;fhyj;jpdhy; nrhy;YtH GytH.
kiyepw;fpd;wJ
nja;tk; ,Uf;fpd;wJ
flTs; mspf;fpd;whH
164
vd tUk;. kiyf;F epw;wYk;> nja;tj;jpw;F ,Uj;jYk;> flTl;F mspj;jYk; Kf;fhyj;jpDk; cs;sd Mjy; fhz;f.
tpiutpDk;kpftpDk; njsptpDk; ,ay;gpDk;
gpwoTk; ngW}ck; Kf;fhyKk; Vw;Gop
tpiutpdhYk;> kpFjpapdhYk;> njsptpdhYk;> ,ay;gpdhYk; %d;W fhyq;fSk; nghUe;Jk; ,lj;J xd;W kw;nwhd;whfr; nrhy;yg;glTk; ngWk;.
NrhW Ntthepw;f mjid cz;LNghjw;F ,Ug;ghid> tpiutpy; cld; nfhz;LNghf Ntz;ba kw;nwhUtd; ghHj;J ,d;Dk; cz;biyNah vd;why;> cz;Nld; cz;Nld; vd;ghd;> cz;zhepw;ghid mt;thW tpdhtpdhYk;> 'cz;Nld; cz;Nld;” vd;ghd;. ,q;Nf tpiuTgw;wp vjpHfhyKk; epfo;fhyKk; ,we;jfhykhfr; nrhy;yg;gl;ld.
mf;fhl;by; Gfpd; $iw gwpnfhLj;jhd;> fsT nra;a epidapd; if mWg;Gz;lhd; vd;wtop> kpFjpgw;wp vjpHfhyk; ,we;jfhykhfr; nrhy;yg;gl;lJ. $iw gwpnfhLj;jYk; if mWg;Gz;ZjYk; jtwpDk; jtWk; Mjyhy; kpFjp vdg;gl;ld.
mwk; nrapd; RtHf;fk; Gf;fhd;> vWk;G Kl;il nfhz;L jpl;il Vwpd; kio nga;jJ vd;wtopj;> njsptpdhy; vjpHfhyk; ,we;jfhykhfr; nrhy;yg;gl;lJ. RtHf;fk; GFjw;F mwk; nra;jy; fhuzk; vd;gJ ciu msitapdhYk;> kionga;jw;F vWk;G Kl;il vLj;J Nkl;by; VWjy; fhuzk; vd;gJ fhl;rp msitapdhYk; njspag;gl;likapdhNy> njspthapd.
ahk; gz;L tpisahLtJ ,r;Nrhiy@ ahk;gz;L tpisahLfpwJ ,r;Nrhiy vd;w topf;> fhuzk; ,d;wp ,ay;gpdhy; ,we;jfhyk; vjpHfhyKk; epfo;fhyKk; Mfr; nrhy;yg;gl;lJ.
gapw;rp tpdhf;fs;:
1.gj;Jtif vr;rq;fs; Fwpj;J vOJf.
vr;rq;fspd; KbT:
ngaH tpid ck;ik nrhy; gpupg;G vd xopapir
vjpHkiw ,ir vDk; nrhy; xopG xd;gJk;
Fwpg;Gk; jj;jk; vr;rk; nfhs;Sk;
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ngaH vr;rKk;> tpid vr;rKk;> ck;ik vr;rKk;> nrhy; vr;rKk;> gpupepiy vr;rKk;> vd vr;rKk;> xop ,ir vr;rKk;> vjpHkiw vr;rKk; ,ir vr;rKk;> vd;Dk; nrhy; vr;rq;fs; xd;gJk; Fwpg;G vr;rk; xd;Wk; jj;jk; vr;rq;fisf; nfhz;L KbAk;.
vr;rq;fs; nrhy; vr;rk; Fwpg;G vr;rk; vd ,Utifg;gLk; ,g;gj;J vr;rq;fs; cs;Sk;> nganur;rk; tpidnar;rk; vd vr;rk; vd;Dk; %d;ww;Fk; vr;rr;nrhw;fs; thf;fpaq;fspy; ntspg;gl;L epw;Fk;. xope;jdtw;wpw;F vr;rr;nrhw;fs; tUtpj;J ciuf;fg;gLk;.
nganur;rk;:
nra;j rhj;jd;>
ey;y rhj;jd;
vdg; ngaH vr;rq;fs; jk; vr;rkhfpa nra;gtdJ ngaH nfhz;ld.
tpidnar;rk;:
nra;J te;jhd;>
nra;J ey;yd; Mapdhd;
vd tpid vr;rq;fs; jk vr;rkhfpa tpidKw;Wk; Fwpg;G Kw;Wk; nfhz;ld.
ck;ik vr;rk;:
rhj;jDk; te;jhd; vd;Dk; ck;ik vr;rk; Kd;Nd nfhw;wd; te;jhd;vdj; jd;vr;rk; nfhz;lJ.
nrhy;nyr;rk;:
ey;ytd; vd;whd; vd;Dk; nrhy; vr;rk; ey;ytd; vd;W nrhd;dhd; vdr; nrhy; vd;Dk; jd; vr;rk; nfhz;lJ.
gpupepiy vr;rk;:
rhj;jNd nfhz;lhd;> rhj;jNdh nfhz;lhd; vd;gd gpupepiy vr;rk;. ,it gpwH nfhz;byH vdj; jk vr;rk; nfhz;ld. Nfhly; njhopyhy; rhj;jdpdpd;Wk; gpupf;fg;gl;lhH gpwH Mjypd; gpupepiy vd;f.
166
vd vr;rk;:
fly; xy;nyd xypj;jJ> euk;G tpz;nzd ,irj;jJ> jiy,bnad ,bj;jJ vd;gd vd vr;rk;. ,it jk; vr;rkhfpa tpid nfhz;ld. kpfTk; xypj;jJ>kpfTk; ,irj;jJ kpfTk; ,bj;jJ vd;gd ,tw;wpw;Fg; nghUshk; Mjypd;> ,t; vd vr;rk; kpFjpg; nghUisj; jUtNjhH ,ilr;nrhy;yhk; vd;f.
xopapir vr;rk;:
$upaNjhH ths;kd;> cz;Zjw;Nfh te;jhd; vd;gd xop,irvr;rk;-,it> KiwNa Nfhbw;W> fyfQ;nra;a te;jhd; vdj; jk; vr;rk; nfhz;ld.
vjpHkiw vr;rk;:
„kwg;gpDk;Xj;Jf; nfhsyhFk;>‟„ahNdh nra;Njd;‟ vd;gd vjpHkiw vr;rq;fs;> ,it KiwNa> kwf;fyhfhJ'> ahd; nra;jpNyd; vdj; jk; vr;rk; nfhz;ld.
,ir vr;rk;:
,ir vr;rkhtJ thf;fpaq;fspy; mt; mt;,lj;jpw;F Vw;g xU nrhy;Yk; gy nrhy;Ykhf tUtpj;J ciuf;fg;gl;L tUtjhk;. ,irnad;gJ nrhy;. „fw;wjdh yha gandd;‟ vd;wtop> E}iyf; fw;wjdhy; vd xU nrhy;Yk;> "me;jh kiuad;dNk epd;id ahdfd; whw;WtNdh" vd;wtop> vd; capupDk; rpwe;j epd;id vdg; gy nrhw;fSk; tUtpf;fg;gLjy; fhz;f.
Fwpg;ngr;rk;:
Fwpg;ngr;rkhtJ ngaupaypNy gd;dpuz;lhk; E}w;ghtpy; "xd;nwhop nghJr;nrhy;" vd;gJ Kjyhf „,d;d gpwTk;‟ vd;wJ tiuf;Fk; nrhy;yg;gl;litfshk;. Mapuk; kf;fs; nghUjhH vd;gjpy;> kf;fs; vd;Dk; nghJr;nrhy; nghUjhH vd;Dk; Fwpg;gpd;top> ngz;ghiy ePf;fp Mz;ghiy czHj;jpw;W.
2.njhifepiyj; njhlHnkhop gw;wp tpsf;Ff.
njhifepiyj; njhlHnkhop:
nganuhL ngaUk;; tpidAk; Ntw;Wik
Kjypa nghUspd; mtw;wpd; cUgpil
167
xopa ,uz;L Kjyhj; njhlHe;njhU
nkhop Nghy; elg;gd njhifepiyj; njhlHr;nrhy;
ngaHr; nrhy;NyhL ngaHr; nrhy;Yk;> ngaHr; nrhy;NyhL tpidr;nrhy;Yk;> Ntw;Wik Kjyhfpa mWtifg; nghUs; GzHr;rpf;fz;> mtw;wpd; cUGfs; eLtpNy njhf;F epw;g>,uz;L nrhw;fs; Kjyhfg; gynrhw;fs; njhlHe;J xUnrhy;Nghy elg;git>njhifepiyj; njhlH nkhopfshFk;.
njhif vd;gJ ,q;Nf cUG kiwjy;.
njhifepiyj; njhlHg; ghFghL:
Ntw;Wik tpid gz;G ctik ck;ik
md;nkhop vd mj; njhif MW MFk;
Ntw;Wikj; njhifAk;@ tpidj;njhifAk;> gz;Gj; njhifAk;> ctikj; njhifAk;>>ck;ikj; njhifAk>; md;nkhopj; njhifAk;vd Kd;Nd nrhy;yg;gl;l njhifepiyj; njhlHnkhopfs; MW tifg;gLk;.
Ntw;Wikj; njhif:
,uz;L Kjyhk;;,il MW cUGk;;
ntspg;gly; ,y;yJ Ntw;Wikj;njhifNa
vOtha;f;Fk; tpspf;Fk; ,ilNa epd;w ,uz;lhtJ Kjypa MW Ntw;Wik cUGfSk;> ntspg;gly; ,y;yJ Ntw;Wikj; njhif MFk;.
epyq; fle;jhd;.- ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif.
jiy tzq;fpdhd; - %d;whk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif.
rhj;jd; ike;jd; - ehyhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif.
CH ePq;fpdhd;- Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif.
rhj;jd; if - Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif .
Fd;wf; $if -. Vohk; Ntw;Wikj;njhif.
ahidf;Nfhl;L Edp Fiwj;jhd;- ,J gd;nkhopj; njhlH.
,dp MW cUGk; vd;Dk; Kw;W ck;ikia vr;r ck;ikahf;fpf;> iff;fspW> nghw;Flk; vd xNuh ,lj;J cUGk; nghUSk; cld;
168
njhf;fdTk; Ntw;Wikj; njhif vdf; nfhs;f. mit> tpupAk; ,lj;Jf;> ifia cila fspW> nghd;dhy; nra;j Flk; vd tpupAk;.
,dp MrpupaH njhy;fhg;gpadhH :IAq; fz;Zk; my;yhg; nghUs;tapd; - nka;AUG njhfh ,Wjp ahd" vdf; $Wjyhy;> IcUGk; fz;cUGk; my;yhj ehd;F cUGk; ,ilapy; md;wp ,WjpapNy njhfh vdTk;> mt; ,uz;L cUGk;> epyk; fle;jhd;> fle;jhd; epyk;@ Fd;wj;J ,Ue;jhd;> ,Ue;jhd; Fd;wj;J vd ,ilapYk; ,WjpapYk; njhFk; vd;gJk; nfhs;sg;gLk;.
Ntw;Wik cUGfs; ,ilapNy njhFk; vd;whH MapDk;> mit tpupe;J epw;Fk; ,lj;J vg;nghUs;gLNkh mg;nghUs;gLk; ,lj;Nj njhf;F epw;fg;ngWk;. mg; nghUs;glh ,lj;Nj njhf;F epw;fg; ngwhthk;
rhj;jid mbj;jhd; vd IAUG tpupe;J epw;Fk; ,lj;Jr; nrag;gLnghUs; gLjy;Nghyr; rhj;jd; mbj;jhd; vd IcUG njhf;F epw;Fk; ,lj;J mg;nghUs; glhikahy; ,q;Nf IcUG njhf;F epw;fg; ngwhJ vd;wwpjy; Ntz;Lk;.
rhj;jndhL te;jhd; vd xLcUG tpupe;J epw;Fk; ,lj;J cld; epfo;r;rpg;nghUs; gLjy; Nghyr;> rhj;jd; te;jhd; vdj; njhf;F epw;Fk; ,lj;J mg;nghUs; glhikahy; ,q;Nf xLcUG njhf;F epw;fg;ngwhJ vd;wwpf.
tpidj; njhif:
fhyk; fue;j nganur;rk; tpidj;njhif
fhyk; gw;wpg; GilngaUk; tpid cUghfpa jk; ,Wjpfs; njhf;f ngaH vr;rtpidfs; >tpidj;njhiffshk;. mjhtJ tpidg;gFjp njhfhJ epw;g tpidg;gFjpapd; Gilg; ngaHr;rpiaf; fhl;Lk; tpFjpAk; fhyk; fhl;Lk; ,ilepiy KjypadTk; njhf;Fk; tUk; vd;gjhk;.
fhyk; vd;wJ MFngaH. fhyk;gw;wpg; GilngaH tpid cUGfs; njhFk; vdNt> Kjdpiy khj;jpuk; njhfhJ ,Uf;Fk; vd;gJ ngw;whk;.
New;Wf; nfhy; fspW Kd; tpL fiz - ,we;jfhy tpidj; njhif
,d;W nfhy; fspW> ,g;nghOJ tpL fiz - epfo;fhy tpidj; njhif
169
ehisf; nfhy; fspW> gpd; tpL fiz - vjpHfhy tpidj; njhif
,it> tpupAk; ,lj;Jf;> nfhd;w nfhy;fpd;w> nfhy;Yk; vdTk;> tpl;l> tpLfpd;w> tpLk; vdTk; tpupAk;.
nfhy;fspW tpLfiz vd;whw; Nghy;td> Kf;fhyKk; gw;wp tupd; Kf;fhy tpidj;njhif vdg;gLk;.
tUGdy;> jURlH> ele;jpLFjpiu vd tpidg; gFjp tpfhug;gl;Lk; tpidj;njhif tUk;.
gz;Gj;njhif:
gz;ig tpsf;Fk; nkhop njhf;fdTk;
xU nghUl;F ,U ngaH te;jTk;; Fzj;njhif
gz;NghL gz;gpw;F csjhfpa xw;Wik eaj;ij tpsf;Fjw;F tUk; Mfpa vd;Dk; gz;G cUG njhf;F epd;witAk;> xU nghUSf;Fg; nghJg;ngaUk; rpwg;Gg;ngaUk; Mfpa ,UngaHfs; te;jitAk; gz;Gj;njhiffshk;.
Fzj;njhif vd;wjdhy;> xUnghUSf;F tUk; mt; ,UngaH eLtpDk;> Mfpa vd;Dk; gz;G cUG njhf;FtUk; vd;gJ ngwg;gl;lJ.
gz;G vdg; nghJg;glr; nrhd;djdhy;> tz;zk;> tbT> msT> Rit Kjyhapdit vy;yhk; tUk; vd;gJk; ngwg;gLk;.
nre;jhkiu> fUq;Fjpiu - tz;zg; gz;Gj; njhif.
tl;lf;fy;> rJug; gyif - tbTg; gz;Gj; njhif.
xU nghUs;> Kf; Fzk; - msTg; gz;Gj;njhif.
JtHf; fha;> ,d;nrhy; - Ritg; gz;Gj;njhif.
Mad; rhj;jd;> rhiug; ghk;G - ,UngaH xl;Lg;gz;Gj; njhif
nre;epwf; Ftis> fUk;GUtr;rpiy - gd;nkhopj; njhlH.
,it> tpupAk; ,lj;Jr; nrk;ikahfpa jhkiu> tl;lkhfpa fy;> xd;whfpa nghUs;> JtHg;ghfpa fha;> Madhfpa rhj;jd;> nrk;ikahfpa epwkhfpa Ftis vd tpupAk;.
170
ctikj;njhif:
ctk cUG ,yJ ctkj;njhifNa
tpid> gad;> nka;> cU vd;gtw;iwg; gw;wp tUk; ctk cUGfs; njhf;f njhlH nkhopfs; ctkj; njhiffshk;.
Gypf; nfhw;wd;> FUtp $g;gpl;lhd; - tpid ctkj; njhif.
kiof;if> fw;gf ts;sy; - gad; ctkj;njhif
Jbapil> FUk;ig Kiy - nka; ctkj; njhif
nghw; Rzq;F> gts tha; - cU ctkj; njhif
kufjf; fpspnkhop> ,Uz; kiof; if - gd;nkhopj;njhlH
,it> tpupAk; ,lj;Jg; GypNghYk; nfhw;wd;> kioNghYk;if> JbNghYk; ,il> nghd; NghYk; Rzq;F> kufjk; NghYk; fpspNghYk; nkhop vd tpupAk;. nrag;gLnghUs; Fwpj;j ,lj;Jg;> Gypiag;NghYk; nfhw;wd; vd IcUGk; cld; tpupAk;.
Nghy Giua xg;g cwo
khd fLg;g ,iaa Va;g;g
Neu epfu md;d ,d;d
vd;gTk; gpwTk; ctkj;J cUNg
,g;Nghy Kjyhfpa nra vd; vr;rk; gj;Jk; md;d ,d;d vd;Dk; ngnur;rf; Fwpg;gpuz;Lk; ,it Nghy;td gpwTk; ctk cUGfshk;.
gpw vd;wjdhy;> Nghy;> Giu vd;wy; njhlf;fj;J tpidabahy; gpwj;jw;F cupa kw;iw tpidnar;r tpfw;gq;fSk;> nganur;r tpfw;gq;fSk;> nghUt> Vw;g> mida> ,fy> vjpu> rptz> kiya KjyhditAk; nfhs;f.
ck;ikj;njhif:
vz;zy; vLj;jy; Kfj;jy; ePl;ly;
vDk; ehd;F msitAs; ck;,yJ mj;njhif
vz;zy; msit vLj;jy; msit Kfj;jy; msit ePl;ly; msit vd;Dk; ehy;tif msitfshy; nghUs;fismsf;Fk; ,lj;Jj; njhlUk; mt; msitg; ngaHfSs; ck;ik Mfpa cUGnjhf;F epw;git mt; ck;ikj; njhiffshk;.
171
xd;Nw fhy;> fgpy guzH ------ vz;zy; ck;ikj;njhif.
foQ;Nr fhy;> njhbNa f/R ------ vLj;jy; ck;ikj;njhif.
fyNd J}zp> ehop Mohf;F ------ Kfj;jy; ck;ikj; njhif.
rhzq;Fyk;> rhziu ------ ePl;ly; ck;ikj;njhif.
NruNrho ghz;baH> Gyp tpy; nfz;il ------ gd;nkhopj;njhif.
,it> tpupAk; ,lj;J> xd;Wq;fhYk;> foQ;Rq;fhYk;> fyDe;J}zpAk;> rhZk; mq;FyKk;>NruDQ; NrhoDk; ghz;baDk; vd tpupAk;.
fgpy guzHg; gutpdhd; vd tUk;topf; fgpyidAk; guzidAk; gutpdhd; vd Ntw;Wik cUGk; cld; tpupANk vd;Dk; tpdh vOk;.,jw;F gutpdhd; vd;Dk; tUnkhop Nehf;fp Ntw;Wikj; njhifahfTk;> fgpy guzH vd;Dk; epiynkhop ,uz;ilAk;Nehf;fp ck;ikj; njhifahfTk; nfhs;sg;gLk; vd;f vd tpsf;fk; jUtH MWKf ehtyH.
md;nkhopj;njhif:
Ie;njhif nkhop Nky; gpw njhfy; md;nkhop
Ntw;Wikj;njhif Kjypa Itifj; njhifepiyj; njhlH nkhopfSf;Fk; Gwj;Nj> mit my;yhj gpw nkhopfshfpa cUGfs; njhf;F tUtd md;nkhopj; njhiffshk;.
g+q;Foy; vd;gJ ,uz;lhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhifg; Gwj;Jg; gpwe;j md;nkhopj; njhif. ,J g+it cila Foypid cilahs; vd tpupAk;.
nghw;nwhb vd;gJ %d;whk; Ntw;Wikj; njhifg;Gwj;Jg; gpwe;j md;nkhopj;njhif. ,J nghd;dhy; Mfpa njhbapid cilahs; vd tpupAk;.
ftp ,yf;fzk; vd;gJ ehd;fhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhifg;Gwj;Jg; gpwe;j md;nkhopj;njhif. ,J ftpf;F ,yf;fzk; nrhy;yg;gl;l E}y; vd tpupAk;.
nghw;whyp vd;gJ Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhifg;Gwj;Jg; gpwe;j md;nkhopj; njhif ,J nghd;dpd; Mfpa jhypapid cilahs; vd tpupAk;.
172
fps;spFb vd;gJ Mwhk; Ntw;Wikj; njhifg;Gwj;Jg; gpwe;j md;nkhopj; njhif ,J fps;spapdJ FbapUf;Fk; CH vd tpupAk;.
fPo;tapw;Wf; foiy vd;gJ Vohk; Ntw;Wikj;njhifg; Gwj;Jg; gpwe;j md;nkhopj;njhif. ,J fPo;tapw;wpd; fz; vOe;j foiyNghy;thd; vd tpupAk;.
jho;Foy; vd;gJ tpidj;njhifg; Gwj;Jg; gpwe;j md;nkhopj;njhif. ,J jho;e;j Foypid cilahs; vd tpupAk;.
fUq;Foy; vd;gJ gz;Gj;njhifg; Gwj;Jg; gpwe;j md;nkhopj;njhif. ,J fUikahfpa Foypid cilahs; vd tpupAk;.
Jbapil vd;gJ ctkj;njhifg; Gwj;Jg; gpwe;j md;nkhopj;njhif. ,J JbNghYk; ,ilapid cilahs; vd tpupAk;.
.jfuQhoy; vd;gJ ck;ikj;njhifg; Gwj;Jg; gpwe;j md;nkhopj;njhif. ,J jfuKk; QhoYk; fye;J cz;lhfpa rhe;J vd tpupAk;.
jfuQhod;Kiy vd;gJ gd;nkhopj; njhlH. ,J jfuKk; QhoYk; $b cz;lhfpa rhe;ij mzpe;j KiyapidAilahs; vd tpupAk;.
,dpg; gd;nkhopj;njhlupy; mWtifj; njhiffSk; fye;J njhFkhW: - jpfo; nrt;thd; kjpj; jpUKfg; g+q;Foy; vd tUk;. ,it> tpupAk; ,lj;Jj;> jpfo;e;j nrk;ikahfpa thdj;jpd;fz; kjpNghYk; jpUKfj;jpidAk; g+it mzpe;j FoypidAk; cilahs; vd tpupAk;.
3.njhfhepiyj; njhlHnkhopapid tptup.
njhfhepiyj; njhlHnkhop:
Kw;W <H vr;rk; vOtha; tpspg; nghUs;
MW cUG ,il cup mLf;F ,it njhfhepiy
tpidKw;Wk; nganur;rKk; tpidnar;rKk; vOthAk; tpspAk; Mfpa Itifg; nghUs;fspNy ngaH tpidfs; GzUk; GzHr;rpAk;> Ntw;Wikg; nghUs;fspy; mtw;wpd; cUGfshfpa ,uz;lhtJ Kjypa MW cUGfSk; ,ilNa tpupe;J epw;fg; ngaH tpidfs; GzUk; GzHr;rpAk; >,ilr;nrhy; GzHr;rpAk;
173
cupr;nrhy; GzHr;rpAk;@ xUnrhy; mLf;fp tUk; GzHr;rpAk; Mfpa@ ,it,t; xd;gJk; njhfhepiyj; njhlHnkhopfshk;.
cz;lhd; rhj;jd;
Fioad; nfhw;wd - tpidKw;Wj;njhlH
cz;l rhj;jd;
fupa rhj;jd; - nganur;rj; njhlH.
cz;Lte;jhd;
cOjd;wpAz;zhd; - tpidnar;rj;njhlH.
rhj;jd; te;jhd;.- vOtha;j;njhlH.
rhj;jh th. - tpspj;njhlH.
Flj;ij tide;jhd
thshy; ntl;bdhd;
,ug;NghHf;fPe;jhd;
kiyapdpope;jhd;
rhj;jdJ if
kiyapd;fz; xsp -Ntw;Wikj; njhfhepiyj; njhlH.
kw;nwhd;W - ,ilr;nrhy; njhlH.
edpNgijNa - cupr;nrhy; njhlH.
ghk;G ghk;G. - mLf;Fj; njhlH.
Ntw;Wikj; njhif tpupe;j ,lj;J Ntw;Wikj; njhfhepiyj; njhluhk;.Ntw;Wik cUGk; nghUSk; cld; njhf;fj;njhif tpupe;j ,lj;J> Kd;dJ Ntw;Wikj; njhfhepiyj; njhlUk;> gpd;dJ. nganur;rj; njhfhepiyj; njhlUk; MFk;.tpidj;njhif tpupe;j ,lj;Jg; nganur;rj; njhfhepiyj; njhluhk;.gz;Gj;njhifAk; ck;ikj;njhifAk; tpupe;j ,lj;J ,ilr;nrhy; njhluhk;.ctkj;njhif tpupe;j ,lj;J> Kd;dJ ,ilr;nrhy; njhlUk;>gpd;dJ ,ilr;nrhy; mbahfg; gpwe;j nganur;r tpidnar;rj; njhlUkhk;.md;nkhopj;njhif tpupe;j ,lj;J Ntw;Wikj; njhfhepiyj;njhlH Kjy; Vw;gdthk;
174
5.tohepiy> tOtikjp Fwpj;J vOJf.
tohepiy tOtikjp:
jpizNa ghy; ,lk; nghOJ tpdh ,iw
kughk; VOk; kaq;fpdhk; tONt
,UjpizAk; Ik;ghYk; %tplKk; Kf;fhyKk; tpdhTk; tpilAk; gytif kuGfSk; Mfpa VOk;> jj;jk; newp kaq;fpd; tOthk;.
jpiz Kjypa midj;Jk; kughk; MapDk;> ,q;qdk; tpjthJ xope;jdtw;iw kuG vdf;nfhs;f ntd;ghH> mjid ,WjpapNy nrhd;dhH. kughtJ njhd;Wnjhl;L toq;Fk; Kiwik MFk;.
mtd; te;jJ..-.jpiz tO.
mtd; te;jhs;.-.ghy; tO.
ahd; te;jhd;-,l tO.
ehis te;jhd;- fhy tO.
fwf;fpd;w vUik ghNyh rpidNah?--.tpdh tO.
flk;g+Hf;F topahJ? vdpd; ,lk;g+zp vd;dhtpd;fd;wd;W vd;gJ - .tpil tO.
ahidNka;g;ghid ,ilad; - MLNka;g;ghidg; ghfd; vd;gd - kuG tO
,t;thNw vOtif tOf;fisAk; czue;J tof;fpd; cs;Sk; nra;As; cs;Sk; mit thuhky; ePf;Ff.
,lk;g+zp - ,lg;gf;fj;jpy; g+l;lg;gl;l vUJ.
tpdh tpilfs; tOthky; fhj;jy;:
Iak; jpiz ghy; mt;tg; nghJtpDk;
nka; njup nghUs; Nky; md;ikAk; tpsk;Gg
jpiz Iaj;ijAk; ghy; Iaj;ijAk; mt;mtw;wpd; nghJr;nrhy;yhYk; Jzpe;j nghUs;Nky; my;yhj jd;ikia itj;Jk; nrhy;YtH GytH.
xU nghUisf; fz;l ,lj;Jf; Fw;wpNah kfNdh vd;W jpizapy; Iak; Njhd;wpa NghJ> Fw;wpNah kfNdh mt;tplj;Jj; Njhd;Wfpd;w cU vdg; nghJr;nrhy;yhy; tpdt Ntz;Lk;.Fw;wpf;Fk; kfDf;Fk;
175
cUg; nghJg;gl epw;wyhy;> cUg; nghJr;nrhy; Mapw;W> Fw;wp - kuf;fl;il. ,q;qdk; $whJ> Njhd;wh epd;wJ> Njhd;wh epd;whd; vdr; rpwg;Gr; nrhy;yhy; $wpd; jpiztOTk; tpdhtOTkhk;.
Mz;kfNdh ngz;kfNsh vd caH jpizapy; ghy; Iak; Njhd;wpaNghJ> Mz;kfNdh ngz;kfNsh mq;Nf Njhd;WfpwtH vdg; nghJr; nrhy;yhy; tpdty; Ntz;Lk;.. Mz;ngz; ,uz;ly;yJ gyH ghnyd Ntnwhd;W ,d;wp mt;tpU ghw;Fk; nghJg;gl epw;wyhy; Njhd;WfpwtH vd;gJ nghJr;nrhy; Mapw;W. ,q;qdk; $whJ. Njhd;Wfpwtd;. Njhd;Wfpwts; vdr; rpwg;Gr; nrhy;yhy; $wpd; ghy;tOTk; tpdhtOTk; Mk;.
xd;Nwh gyNth vd m/wpizapy; ghy; Iak; Njhd;wpaNghJ> xd;Nwh gyNth ,r;nra; Gf;f ngw;wk; vdg; nghJr;nrhy;yhy; tpdTjy; Ntz;Lk;. ngw;wk; vd;gJ ghy;gfh m/wpizg; ngauha; mj;jpiz ,Ughw;Fk; nghJg;gl epw;wyhy; nghJr;nrhy; Mapw;W>nra; - tay;> ngw;wk; vd;gJ gRTk; fhisAk;. ,q;qdk; $whJ> Gf;fJ> Gf;fd vdr; rpwg;Gr; nrhy;yhy; $wpd; ghy;tOTk; tpdhtOTkhk;.
tpil Fw;wpNah kfNdh vd;W IAw;wNghJ> Jzpe;j nghUs; Fw;wp vdpd;> kfd; md;W vdTk;> kfd; vdpy; Fw;wp my;yd; vdTk;> Jzpe;j nghUs;Nky; kw;nwhd;W my;yhj jd;ikia itj;Jf; $Wjy; Ntz;Lk;..
Mz;kfNdh ngz;kfNsh vd;W IAw;w NghJ> Jzpe;j nghUs; Mz;kfd; vdpd; ngz; kfs; my;yd; vdTk;> ngz;kfs; vdpd;> Mz;kfd; my;ys; vdTk; Jzpe;j nghUs;Nky; kw;nwhd;W my;yhj jd;ikia itj;Jf; $Wjy; Ntz;Lk;
xd;Nwh gyNth vd;W IAw;wNghJ> Jzpe;j nghUs; xd;W vdpd;> gymd;W vdTk;> gyvdpd;> xd;W my;y vdTk; Jzpe;j nghUs;Nky; kw;nwhd;W my;yhj jd;ikia itj;Jf; $wy; Ntz;Lk;.
kfd; md;W vd;gij kfdpd; md;W vd Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wikg; GzHr;rp vd;ghUk; csH. mJNghy; tUk; ePay;yd; vd;gJk; mq;qdk; tpupj;jy; $lhikahy;> my;topg; GzHr;rpAs; vLj;J tpje;j gjpdhd;fpd; Gwj;jha; mlq;Fk; vd;f. xope;j Ie;J cjhuzq;fSk; mt;thNw MFk; vd;f.
kfd; my;yd; mt;cUFw;wp vdf; $wpd; nrhy; gy;Fjy; vd;Dk; tpiltOthk;.
176
jpiz tOtikjp:
caHjpiz njhlHe;j nghUs; Kjy; MWk;
mjndhL rhHj;jpd; mj;jpiz Kbgpd
caHjpiz vOthiaj; njhlHe;j m/wpizg; nghUs;> ,lk;> fhyk;> rpid> Fzk;> njhopy; vd;w MWk; mt; caHjpizNahL NrHj;J Kbj;jhy; mt; caHjpiz Kbgpidg; ngWk;.
njhlHjyhtJ m/wpizg; nghUshjp MWk; caHjpizf;Ff; fpoikg; nghUs;fsha; epw;wy;. rhHj;jyhtJ caHjpiz vOthapd; gadpiyNahL m/wpiznaOthiaAk; cld; Kbj;jy;.
ek;gp nghd; ngupad;
ek;gp ehL ngupad;
ek;gp tho;ehs; ngupad;
ek;gp %f;;Ff; $upad;
ek;gp Fbik ey;yd;
ek;gp eil fbad; -- ,q;Nf caHjpiz vOthapd; gadpiyNahL m/wpiz vOthAk; Kbe;jJ.
“nrhw;nwhW kpw;wpjd; ngw;wp" vd;gjdhNy. fpzW eP&wpw;W> khL NfhL $upJ vd m/wpizNahL NrHg;gpd;> m/wpiz Kbgpd MjYk; nfhs;f.
rhHj;jpd; vdNt> rhHj;jhtpbd;> tohepiyahf> ek;gpf;Fg; nghd; ngupJ> %f;Ff; $upJ vdj; jk; KbG nfhs;Sk;.
nghd; vd;Dk; m/wpiz vOtha;> ek;gp vd;Dk; caHjpiz vOthapdJ gadpiyahfpa ngupad; vd;Dk; caHjpiz tpidiaf; nfhz;L Kbjyhy; tO Mfpj;> njhlHG cz;lhapUj;jy;gw;wpr; rhHj;jp Kbj;jyhy; tO mikjp Mapw;W.
jpiz> ghy;> kuG tOtikjp:
jpiz ghy; nghUs; gy tputpd rpwg;gpDk;
kpftpDk; ,opgpDk; xU KbgpdNt
jpizfSk; ghy;fSk; ntt;NtW tpidf;F cupa gy nghUs;fSk; jj;jkpy; fye;J xUnjhluhf tUtd Mapd; mit rpwg;gpdhYk; kpFjpapdhYk; ,optpdhYk; xUKbgpdthFk;.
177
jpiz:
mq;fz; tpRk;gp dfdpyhg; ghupf;Fe;
jpq;fSQ; rhd;NwhU nkhg;gH kd; - jpq;fz;
kWthw;WQ; rhd;Nwhu/ jhw;whH njUke;J.
Nja;t nuhUkh Rwpd;
- vd;gjpy;> ,UjpizAk; fye;J> rpwg;gpdhy; xg;gH vd;Dk; caHjpiz Kbigg; ngw;wd> rhd;NwhH jpq;fs;Nghy kWj; jhq;f khl;lhik ,q;Nf rpwg;G.
"ghHg;ghH jtNu Rke;jhH gpzpg;gl;lhH
%j;jhupisahH gRg;ngz;b nud;wptHfl;
fhw;w top tpyq;fp dhNu gpwg;gpilg;
Nghw;wp nadg;gLthH"
vd;gjdpy;> ,UjpizAk; fye;J> kpFjpahy; ',tHfs;” vd;Dk; caHjpiz Kbigg; ngw;wd. gR vd m/wpizg;nghUs; xd;Nw Mfg; ghHg;ghH Kjypa caHjpizg; nghUs; VO Mjy; ,q;Nf kpFjp.
“%Hf;fD KjiyAq; nfhz;lJ tplh" vd;Gop> ,UjpizAk; fye;J> ,optpdhy; tplh vd m/wpizKbigg; ngw;wd.
ghy;:
ehDk;vd;rpe;ijA ehafDf; nft;tplj;Njhe;
jhDe;jd; iwaYe; jho;rilNah dhz;byNdy;...
thDe; jpirfS khflY khagpuhd;.
NjDe;J Nrtbf;Nf nrd;W}jha; Nfhj;Jk;gP" vd;gjpy;> Mz;ghYk; ngz;ghYk; fye;J> rpwg;gpdhy; 'Mz;byd;” vd Mz;ghy; Kbigg; ngw;wd.ngz;zpDk; Mz; caHe;jik ,q;Nf rpwg;G.
“nrhw;nwhW kpw;wpjd; ngw;wp" vd;gjdhNy fythJ vz;zpj;> NjhoDk; jhDk; te;jhd;. NjhopAk; jhDk; te;jhs; vd KbjYk; nfhs;f.
178
kuG::
fwpAQ; NrhWk; cz;lhd;@ khiyAk; KbAk; ftpj;jhd; vd;Gop> NtWtpidg; gy;nghUs;fs; fye;J> rpwg;gpdhy; „cz;lhd;‟„ftpj;jhd;‟ vd xUnghUl;F cupa tpid Kbigg; ngw;wd. cz;ly; vd;Dk; tpidf;F cupa NrhW jpd;wy; vd;Dk; tpidf;F cupa fwpapDk; jiyik cilikAk;>ftpj;j vd;Dk; tpidf;F cupa Kb #Ljy; vd;Dk; tpidf;F cupa khiyapDk; jiyik cilikAk; ,q;Nf rpwg;G.
ghy; jpiz tOtikjp:
ctg;gpDk;; caHtpDk; rpwg;gpDk;; nrwypDk;
,opg;gpDk;; ghy; jpiz ,Of;fpDk; ,ay;Ng
kfpo;r;rpapdhYk; Nkd;ikapdhYk;> rpwg;gpdhYk; Nfhgj;jpdhYk; gopg;gpdhYk;; ghYk; jpizAk; tOtp tupDk; ,ay;ghk;.
ghy; tOtikjp:
jd; Gjy;tid vd;dk;ik te;jhs; vd;gJ> ctg;gpdhy; Mz;ghy; ngz;ghy; Mapw;W.
xUtid „mtH te;jhH‟ vd;gJ> caHtpdhy; xUikg;ghy; gd;ikg;ghy; Mapw;W.
„jhjha; %Nto; cyFf;Fe; jhNa‟ vd;gJ rpwg;gpdhy; Mz;ghy; ngz;ghy; Mapw;W.
"vidj;Jiza uhapD nkd;dhe; jpidj;JizAe; Njuhd; gpwdpy; Gfy;" vd;gJ> nrwypdhy; gd;ikg;ghy; xUikg;ghy; Mapw;W.
ngz;topr; nry;thid Nehf;fp ',td; ngz;” vd;gJ> ,opg;gpdhy; Mz;ghy; ngz;ghy; Mapw;W.
jpiz tOtikjp:
XU gRit“vd;dk;ik te;jhs;:” vd;gJ> ctg;gpdhy; m/wpiz caHjpiz Mapw;W.
“nre;jhHg; gRq;fpspahH nrd;whHf;Nfh upd;Diu je;jhNuw; we;jhnud; dpd;DapH” vd;gJ caHtpdhy; m/wpiz caHjpiz Mapw;W.
“jk;nghU nsd;gjk; kf;fs;" vd;gJ rpwg;gpdhy; caHjpiz m/wpiz Mapw;W.
179
“VtTQ; nra;fyhd; whd;Nwuh dt;TapH -Nghx ksTNkhH Neha;" vd;gJ nrwypdhy; caHjpiz m/wpiz Mapw;W.
.ehkuDilik vd;gJ ,opg;gpdhy; caHjpiz m/wpiz Mapw;W.
,dpr; " nrhw;nwhW kpw;wpjd; ngw;wp " vd;gjdhNy> Gjy;tid 'mg;gd; te;jhd;' vd;Wk;> Gjy;tpia 'mk;ik te;jhs;” vd;Wk;>toq;Fk; kuG tOtikjpfSk; nfhs;f.
ghy; ,l tOtikjp:
xUikapd; gd;ikAk; gd;ikapd; xUikAk;
Xuplk; gpw ,lk; jOtYk; csNt
xUikg;ghypy; gd;ikg;ghy; nrhy;iyAk;> gd;ikg;ghypy; xUikg;ghy; nrhy;iyAk; Xuplj;jpy; gpw ,lr; nrhy;iyAk; jOtpf; $Wjy;fSk; cz;L. ,it ghy; ,l tOtikjpfs; vdg;gLk;.
ghy; :
. ntapnyy;yhk; kiwj;jJ Nkfk; - m/wpizapNy ntapy; vd;Dk; xUikg;ghypd; vy;yhk; vd;Dk; gd;ikr;nrhy; NrHj;Jr; nrhy;yg;gl;lJ.
“m/ij je;ij mz;zy; ahid mLNghHr; nropaH”- caHjpizapNy je;ij vd;Dk; xUikg;ghypy; nropaH vd;Dk; gd;ikr;nrhy; NrHj;Jr; nrhy;yg;gl;lJ.
je;ij vd;Dk; xUikapy; nropaH vdg;gd;ik te;jJ tO@ jdpj;jdp xt;nthUtuhff; $br; nropaH vd epd;w gd;ikapy;> xt;nthUtUk; jdpj;jdp m/ijf;Fj; je;ij Nghy;tH Mjyhy;> tO mikjp Mapw;W.
,uz;Lfz;Zk; rpte;jJ - m/wpizapNy ,uz;L vd;Dk; gd;ikg;ghypy; rpte;jJ vd;Dk; xUikr;nrhy; NrHj;Jr; nrhy;yg;gl;lJ.
Giyad; vwpe;j g+rw; wz;Zik - VtypisaH jha; tapW fupg;g" - caHjpizapNy Vty; ,isaH vd;Dk; gd;ikg; ghypy; jha; vd;Dk; xUikr;nrhy; NrHj;Jr; nrhy;yg;gl;lJ
Nrid KOikAk; cs;s ,isaUf;Fj; jha; xUj;jp Mjy; $lhikahy;> ,q;Nf jhnad xUik tUjy; tO@ ,r;NridapNy
180
jpuz;L epd;w ,isaUs; xt;nthUtUf;Fk; jha; vdj; jdpj;jdp nrd;W ,iajyhy; tOtikjp Mapw;W.
,lk;:
rhj;jd; jha; ,it nra;tNyh - ahd; vdr; nrhy;yy; Ntz;Lk; jd;ikapNy rhj;jd; jha; vdg; glHf;ifr; nrhy; NrHj;Jr; nrhy;yg;gl;lJ. rhj;jd; jhahfpa ahd; vd;gJ
vk;gpia <q;Fg; ngw;Nw ndd;nddf; fupanjd;whd;" - jd;wk;gpia Kd;dpiyg;gLj;J mtidNa Nehf;fpf; $Wjyhy;> epd;id vdr; nrhy;yy;Ntz;Lk; Kd;dpiyapNy vk;gpia vdg; glHf;ifr; nrhy; NrHj;Jr; nrhy;yg;gl;lJ.
ePNah mtNdh ahupJ nra;jhH> ahNdh mtNdh ahupJ nra;jhH> ePNah ahNdh ahupJ nra;jhH@ ePNah mtNdh ahNdh ahupJ nra;jhH vd tputp Xuplj;jpy; gpw ,lk; tUjYk; nfhs;f.
,lk; tOthkw; fhj;jy;:
juy; tuy; nfhil nryy; rhUk; glHf;if
vOtha; ,uz;Lk; vQ;rpa Vw;Fk;
juy; tuy; nfhil nryy; vd;Dk; ,e;ehd;F nrhw;fSk; glHf;ifapy; tUk;.> ,tw;Ws; KjypNy epd;w juy; tuy; vd;Dk; ,uz;L nrhw;fSk; jd;ik Kd;dpiyfspy;tUk;.
juy;> tuy;> nfhil> nryy; vd;gd mt;tg; gFjpfis czHj;jp epd;wd Mjyhy;> mg;gFjpfshy; gpwf;Fk; tpidtpfw;gq;fs; midj;Jk; nfhs;f.
mtDf;Fj; je;jhd;@
mtdplj;J te;jhd;@
mtDf;Ff; nfhLj;jhd;@
mtdplj;Jr; nrd;whd;
- glHf;ifapy; te;jd.
vdf;Fj; je;jhd;@
vd;dplj;J te;jhd;
- jd;ikaplj;jpy; te;jd..
181
cdf;Fj; je;jhd;@
cd;dplj;J te;jhd;
- Kd;dpiyapy; te;jd.
juy;> tuy; vd;Dk; ,uz;ilAk; jd;ik Kd;dpiyf;Fk; $l;bdikahy; glHf;iff;Nf rpwe;jd nfhilnryy; vd;Dk; ,uz;Lk; vd;gJk;> xope;j juYk; tuYk; mj;Jizr; rpwg;gpd my;y vd;gJk; ngwg;gLk;.
fhyk;:
,wg;G vjpHT epfo;T vdf; fhyk; %d;Nw
,we;jfhyKk; vjpHfhyKk; epfo;fhyKk; vdf; fhyk; %d;whk;.
fhy tOtikjp:
Kf; fhyj;jpDk; xj;J ,ay; nghUis
nrg;GtH epfOk; fhyj; jhNd
je;njhopy; ,iltplhky; %d;W fhyq;fspYk; xU jd;ikia ciladtha; epfOk; nghUs;fis> epfo;fhyj;jpdhy; nrhy;YtH GytH.
kiyepw;fpd;wJ
nja;tk; ,Uf;fpd;wJ
flTs; mspf;fpd;whH
vd tUk;. kiyf;F epw;wYk;> nja;tj;jpw;F ,Uj;jYk;> flTl;F mspj;jYk; Kf;fhyj;jpDk; cs;sd Mjy; fhz;f.
tpiutpDk; kpftpDk; njsptpDk; ,ay;gpDk;
gpwoTk; ngW}ck; Kf;fhyKk; Vw;Gop
tpiutpdhYk;> kpFjpapdhYk;> njsptpdhYk;> ,ay;gpdhYk; %d;W fhyq;fSk; nghUe;Jk; ,lj;J xd;W kw;nwhd;whfr; nrhy;yg;glTk; ngWk
NrhW Ntthepw;f mjid cz;LNghjw;F ,Ug;ghid> tpiutpy; cld; nfhz;LNghf Ntz;ba kw;nwhUtd; ghHj;J ,d;Dk; cz;biyNah vd;why;> cz;Nld; cz;Nld; vd;ghd;>
182
cz;zhepw;ghid mt;thW tpdhtpdhYk;> 'cz;Nld; cz;Nld;” vd;ghd;. ,q;Nf tpiuTgw;wp vjpHfhyKk; epfo;fhyKk; ,we;jfhykhfr; nrhy;yg;gl;ld.
mf;fhl;by; Gfpd; $iw gwpnfhLj;jhd;> fsT nra;a epidapd; if mWg;Gz;lhd; vd;wtop> kpFjpgw;wp vjpHfhyk; ,we;jfhykhfr; nrhy;yg;gl;lJ. $iw gwpnfhLj;jYk; if mWg;Gz;ZjYk; jtwpDk; jtWk; Mjyhy; kpFjp vdg;gl;ld.
mwk; nrapd; RtHf;fk; Gf;fhd;> vWk;G Kl;il nfhz;L jpl;il Vwpd; kio nga;jJ vd;wtopj;> njsptpdhy; vjpHfhyk; ,we;jfhykhfr; nrhy;yg;gl;lJ. RtHf;fk; GFjw;F mwk; nra;jy; fhuzk; vd;gJ ciu msitapdhYk;> kionga;jw;F vWk;G Kl;il vLj;J Nkl;by; VWjy; fhuzk; vd;gJ fhl;rp msitapdhYk; njspag;gl;likapdhNy> njspthapd.
ahk; gz;L tpisahLtJ ,r;Nrhiy@ ahk;gz;L tpisahLfpwJ ,r;Nrhiy vd;w topf;>fhuzk; ,d;wp ,ay;gpdhy; ,we;jfhyk; vjpHfhyKk; epfo;fhyKk; Mfr; nrhy;yg;gl;lJ.
$W 11
mWtif tpdh:
mwpT mwpahik IAwy; nfhsy; nfhil
Vty; jUk; tpdh MWk; ,Of;fhH
mwpT mwpahik IAwy;; nfhs;SjYk; nfhLj;jYk; VTjYk; Mfpa mWtifg; nghUisAk; jUjyhy; tUk; tpdhf;fs; MwidAk; fisahJ nfhs;tH GytH.
Mrpupad; ,r;#j;jpuj;jpw;Fg; nghUs;ahJ vd tpdty; - mwptpdh.
khzhf;fd; mg;gbr; nrhy;tJ - mwpah tpdh.
Fw;wpNah kfNdh - Ia tpdh.
gaW csNjh tzpfPH - nfhsy; tpdh.
rhj;jDf;F Milapy;iyah - nfhil tpdh.
rhj;jh cz;lhah - Vty; tpdh.
183
vz;tif tpil:
Rl;L kiw NeH Vty; tpdhjy;
cw;wJ ciuj;jy; cWtJ $wy;
,dnkhop vDk; vz; ,iwAs; ,Wjp
epytpa Ie;Jk; mg; nghUz;ikapd; NeHg
Rl;Lk;>vjpHkWj;jYk; cld;glYk;> VTjYk;> vjpHtpdhTjYk;> cw;wijr; nrhy;YjYk; cWtijr; nrhy;YjYk;>,dj;ijr; nrhy;YjYk;> vd;Dk; ,t; vl;L tpilfSs; <w;wpy; tpsq;fpa Ie;Jk; mt;tpilg; nghUisj; jUjypdhNy tpilfshfNt jOtpf; nfhs;thH GytH.
vdNt> Kjd; %d;Wk; nrt;td; ,iwAk;> gpd;ida Ie;Jk; ,iwgag;gdTkhk; vd;gJ Mapw;W.
jpy;iyf;F top ahJ vdpd;> ,J vd;gJ Rl;L tpil.
rhj;jh ,J nra;thah vd;w NghJ> nra;Nad; vd;gJ kiwtpil
nra;Ntd; vd;gJ NeHtpil.
eP nra; vd;gJ Vty; tpil.
nra;NtNdh vd;gJ tpdhtpil.
clk;G nehe;jJ> Nehthepd;wJ vd;gd cw;wJ ciuj;jy; tpil.
clk;G Nehk; vd;gJ cWtJ $wy; tpil.
kw;iwaJ nra;Ntd; vd;gJ ,dnkhoptpil.
tpdh tpilfspy; rpid Kjy; tOthik fhj;jy;:
tpdhtpDk; nrg;gpDk;;; tputh rpid Kjy;
tpdhTjy; fz;Zk; tpil nfhLj;jy; fz;Zk; rpidAk; KjYk; xw;Wik fUjp kaq;fr; nrhy;yg;glhthk;.
fz; gpwo;e;jNjh>fay; gpwo;e;jNjh
rhj;jd; ey;yNdh nfhw;wd; ey;yNdh
,t;thW tpdhtpdhHf;Ff;> fz; gpwo;e;jJ> fay; gpwo;e;jJ> rhj;jd; ey;yd;> nfhw;wd; ey;yd; vdTk; tUk;.
184
gpwTk; md;d> vdNt> fz; gpwo;e;jNjh vdr; rpidia tpdTthd; mjid xopj;J mjid cilahisf; fUjp ,ts; gpwo;e;jhNsh fay; gpwo;e;jNjh vd tpdTjYk;> ,ts; gpwo;e;jhs; vdr; nrg;GjYk;> ,t;thW Kjiy tpdTthDk; nrg;GthDk; mjid xopj;Jr; rpidia tpdTjYk; nrg;GjYk; tOthk; vd;gjhapw;W.
kuG:
vg;nghUs; vr;nrhypd; vt;thW caHe;NjhH
nrg;gpdH mg;gbr; nrg;Gjy; kuNg
ahnjhU nghUis ahnjhU nrhy;yhy; ahnjhU topahy; mwpTilNahHfs; nrhd;dhHfNsh mg;nghUis mr;nrhy;yhy; mt;topahy; nrhy;Yjy; kuG Mk;.
Fjpiuf;Fl;b> ahidf;Fl;b> Gypf;Fl;b
ahidf;fd;W> gRf;fd;W> khd;fd;W
ahidapyz;lk;> Ml;Lg;GOf;if> vUikr;rhzk;
,g;gb md;wpg;> gRtpd;Fl;b> Fjpiuf;fd;W> ahidr;rhzk;> vUikapyz;lk; vdf; $wpd;> kuG tOthk;.
kuG tohepiy:
NtW tpid gy; nghUs; jOtpa nghJr; nrhy;Yk;
NtW mtw;W vz;Zk; XH nghJ tpid Ntz;Lk;
ntt;NtW tpidfSf;F cupa gy nghUs;fisAk; xUq;F jOtp epw;Fk; xU nghJr;nrhy;Yk; mtw;wpd; rpwg;Gr; nrhw;fshf vz;zp epw;Fk; gy nrhw;fSk; xd;ww;F cupa rpwg;Gtpidia Ntz;lhJ vy;yhtw;wpw;Fk; cupaNjhH nghJtpidiaf; nfhz;L KbAk;.
mbrpy; vd;gJ cz;gd> jpd;gd> ef;Ftd> gUFtdtw;wpw;F vy;yhk; nghJr;nrhy; Mjyhy;> mbrpy; mapd;whH> mbrpy; kpire;jhH vd;f>
mzp vd;gJ ftpg;gd> fl;Ltd> ,Ltd> njhLtdtw;wpw;F vy;yhk; nghJr;nrhy; Mjyhy;> mzp mzpe;jhH mzp jhq;fpdhH vd;f.
,ak; vd;gJ nfhl;Ltd> CJtdtw;wpw;F vy;yhk; nghJr;nrhy; Mjyhy;> ,ak; ,ak;gpdhH ,ak;gLj;jhH vd;f.
185
gil vd;gJ va;td vwptd> ntl;Ltd> Fj;Jtdtw;wpw;F vy;yhk; nghJr;nrhy; Mjyhy;>gil toq;fpdhH gilnjhl;lhH vd;f.
rpy ehs; NrhWk; rpyehs; khTk; rpyehs; ghYk; rpyehs; ePUk; rpyehs; rUFk; mapd;whH my;yJ kpire;jhH vd;f.
KbAk; FioAk; NkhjpuKk;> neLehZk; mzpe;jhH@
giwAk; FoYk; ,ak;gpdhH
thSk; NtYk; toq;fpdhH vd;f.
tpid rhHG ,dk; ,lk; Nktp tpsq;fhg;
gy nghUs; xU nrhy; gzpg;gH rpwg;G vLj;Nj
Fwpj;j nghUis tpsf;Fk; tpidAk; rhHGk; ,dKk; ,lKk; nghUe;jp tpsq;fhj gynghUs; xUnrhy;iyr; rpwg;Gr; nrhy;NyhL $l;br; nrhy;YtH GytH.
vdNt> tpid Kjypatw;Ws; xd;iwg; nghUe;jp tpsq;fpf; fple;j gynghUs; xUnrhy;iy ,ay;ghaf;; $WtH vd;gjhapw;W.
kh vd;gJ khkuj;jpw;Fk; tz;bw;Fk; xUrhH tpyq;fpw;Fk; jpUtpw;Fk; nghJthd gy nghUnshUnrhy;. ,g; nghUs;fSs;> khg; g+j;jJ> khf; fha;j;jJ vd;wtop> kuk; vd;gJ tpidahy; tpsq;fpw;W. khtPo; kyH vd;wtop> tz;L vd;gJ rhHghy; tpsq;fpw;W. NjH>fupkh fhyhs; vd;w topf;> Fjpiu vd;gJ ,dj;jhy; tpsq;fpw;W> khkWj;j khHgd; vd;w topj;> jpU vd;gJ ,lj;jhy; tpsq;fpw;W. ,it thsh $wg;gl;ld.
,dp> kh Vwpdhd;> khtp ahJ vd;w topf;>Fwpj;j nghUs; tpsq;fhikahy;> tpsq;F jw; nghUl;Lg; gha;kh Vwpdhd;> khkuk; Vwpdhd;> gha;kh ahJ> khkuk; ahJ vdr; rpwg;Gr; nrhy;NyhL $l;bf; $wg;ngWk;.
vOj;J ,ay; jpupahg; nghUs;jpup GzHnkhop
,ir jpupghy; njspT va;Jk; vd;g
vOj;jpdJ jd;ik NtWglhJ nghUs; NtWgl;Lr; nrhy;Yk; nghUSk; IAw epw;Fk; njhlHnkhopfs; Fwpf;fg;gl;l nrhw;fspd; ,WjpAk; KjYk; Njhd;w ,iraWj;Jr; nrhy;Yk; NtWghl;bdhNy Jzpag;gLk; vd;W nrhy;YtH GytH.
nrk;nghd;gjpd;nwhb- nrk; - nghd;gjpd;njhb vd ,iraWj;Jf; $wpd; nrk;G xd;gJ gyk; vd tUk;.
186
ehfd;Njtd;Nghj;J - ehfd; - Njtd; - Nghj;J vd ,iraWj;Jf; $wpd;> ehfDk; NjtDk; Nghj;Jk; vdTk;. ehfd;Nw- td;Nghj;J vd ,iraWj;Jf; $wpd;> ,sk;ngz; vUikad;W> KjpHe;j vUikf;flh vdTk; tUk;.
Fd;Nwwhkh - Fd;Nwwh - kh vd ,iraWj;Jf; $wpd;> Fd;wpd;Nky; Vwhj tpyq;F vdTk;> Fd;Nw - whkh vd ,iraWj;Jf; $wpd;. Fd;wpd;Nky; VWq; fhl;Lg;gR vdTk;. tUk;.
FWk;guk;G - FWk;g - uk;G vd ,iraWj;Jf; $wpd;> FWepy kd;dUila mk;G vdTk;> FWk; - guk;G vd ,iraWj;Jf;$wpd;> FWikahfpa fodp jpUj;Jk; gyif vdTk; nghUs;Jzpaf; fplf;Fk;.
kuG tohepiyAk; tOtikjpAk;:
xU nghUs; Nky; gy ngaH tupd; ,Wjp
xU tpid nfhLg;g jdpAk; xNuh top
xU nghUspd; NkNy gyngaHfs; tUkhapd;> nghUs; xd;Nw vd;gJ Njhd;w ,Wjpapy; xUKbf;Fk; nrhy;iyf; nfhLj;Jf; $WtH. xUnghUNs vd;gJ njupa tUkplj;J ngaHNjhWk; Kbf;Fk; nrhy;iyf; nfhLj;Jk; $WtH GytH.
Mrpupad; Ng&Hf;fpohd; rhj;jd; te;jhd; vdTk;>
“Fapiyr; rpyk;gbf; nfhk;gpidj; jpy;iynaq; $j;jg;gpuhd;
fapiyr; rpyk;gpw;igk; g+k;Gdq; fhf;Fq; fUq;fl; nrt;tha;
kapiyr; rpyk;gfz;bahd; Ngha; tUtd; tz; g+q;nfhbfs;
“gapyr; rpyk;ngjpH $a;g; gz;iz ez;Zk; gspf;fiwf;Nf" vdTk;> ,it> ,WjpapNy KiwNa> te;jhd; vdTk;> fz;L vdTk; xU Kbf;FQ; nrhy;iyf; nfhz;ld.
“%tHfz; Kjy;td; te;jhd; Kf;fzhd; Fkud; te;jhd;
NktyH klq;fy; te;jhd; Ntw;gil tPud; te;jhd;
VtUe; njupjNww;wh jpUe;jpLnkhUtd; te;jhd;
NjtHfhltd; te;jhd;vd;wd rpd;d nky;yhk;" vd;gjpy;> Kjy;td;> Fkud;> klq;fy;> tPud;> xUtd;> Njtd; vd;gd KUfd; vd;Dk; xU nghUNs vd;gJ njspa epd;wikapdhNy> ngaHNjhWk; te;jhd; vd xUtpid nfhLf;fg;gl;lik fhz;f.
187
jpiz epyk; rhjp FbNa cilik
Fzk; njhopy; fy;tp rpwg;ghk; ngaNuhL
,aw;ngaH Vw;wpbd; gpd; tuy; rpwg;Ng
Ie;jpizAk; epyKk;> FyKk;> FbAk;> cilikAk;> FzKk;> njhopYk;> fy;tp;Ak; Mfpa ,tw;iwg;gw;wp tUk; rpwg;Gg; ngaUlNd ,aw;ngaiu xUnghUs; xUq;F Vw;Fkhapd; mt; ,aw;ngaH gpd; tUjy; rpwe;j kughk;.
gpd;tuy; rpwg;Ng vd;wjdhy;. Kd; tUk; vd;gJk; mJ tOtikjp vd;gJk; ngwg;gLk;.
Fd;wtd; nfhw;wd;> nfhw;wd; Fd;wtd; - jpiz.
mUthsd; mofd;> mofd; mUthsd; -epyk;.
ghHg;ghd; ghuhazd;> ghuhazd; ghHg;ghd;-rhjp.
CHfpohd; Xzd;> Xzd; CHfpohd;--Fb.
nghd;dd; nghiwad;> nghiwad; nghd;dd; -cilik.
fupad; fk;gd;> fk;gd; fupad;--Fzk;.
ehlfp ek;gp> ek;gp ehlfp---njhopy;.
Mrpupad; mkpo;jd;> mkpo;jd; Mrpupad;- fy;tp.
,d;Dk;> ,aw;ngaH Kd;tUk; ,lj;J itj;jpaehj ehtyd;> fr;rpag;gg; Gytd; vd ,Wjp tpfhukhf tUjYk; fhz;f.
glHf;if Kg; ngaNuhL mizapd; Rl;Lg;
ngaH gpd; tUk;: tpid vdpd; ngaHf;F vq;Fk;
kUTk; tof;F ,ilr; nra;Al;F Vw;Gop
glHf;if ,lj;ijAila caHjpizg;ngaH m/wpizg;ngaH> tpuTg;ngaH vd;Dk; %tifg; ngaHfNshL Rl;Lg;ngaH Nrupd;> mr;Rl;Lg; ngaH mk;%tifg; ngaHf;Fk; gpd; tUk;. mt;tplj;Nj tpidahfpa Kbf;Fk;nrhy; tUkhapd; mk;Kbf;Fk; nrhy; ,y;iyahapd; mg;ngaHf;Fg; gpd;Dk; Kd;Dk; tUk;. ,k;kuG tof;fj;jpd; ,lj;Njahk;. nra;Asplj;Nj Kd;> gpd; NtWghL ,d;wp Ntz;bathNw tug;ngWk;.
188
ek;gp te;jhd;> mtDf;Fr; NrhwpLf
vUJ te;jJ> mjw;Fg; Gy;ypLf
rhj;jd; nja;tk; mtDf;Fg; gyp ,Lf
rhj;jd; te;jJ mjw;Fg; Gy; ,Lf
- vdTk; tpid epfo; topr; Rl;Lg;ngaH gpd; te;jd.
ek;gpatd;>
mtd; ek;gp
- vdg; ngaHf;Fg; gpd;Dk; Kd;Dk; Rl;Lg;ngaH te;jd.
mtdzq;F Neha;nra;jh dhapoha; Ntyd;
tpwd;kpFjhHr; Nre;jd;NgH tho;j;jp KfdkHe;
jd;id ayHflg; ge; jhuzpap ndd;idnfhy;
gpd;id Mjd;fz; tpioT
- vdr; nra;Aspy; tpid tUtopAk; Kd; te;jJ.
Rl;Lg;ngaH nra;Asplj;Jg; gpd; tUjy; tohepiy@ Kd;tUjy; tOtikjp> tof;fplj;J tpid epfo; topg; gpd;tUjy; tohepiy.
mLf;Fj; njhlH:
mirepiy nghUs;epiy ,irepiwf;F xU nrhy;
,uz;L %d;W ehd;F vy;iy Kiw mLf;Fk;
mirepiyf;Fk; tpiuT> ntFsp> ctif> mr;rk;> mtyk; Kjypa nghUs; epiyf;Fk; ,irepiwf;Fk;>xU nkhop ,uz;L %d;W ehd;F msT KiwNa mLf;Fk;.
vdNt> mirepiyf;F ,uz;Lk; nghUs; epiyf;F ,uz;Lk; %d;Wk; ,irepiwf;F ,uz;Lk; %d;Wk; ehd;Fk; mLf;Fk; vd;gjhapw;W.
md;Nw md;Nw- mirepiy
cz;Nld; cz;Nld;> Ngh Ngh Ngh - tpiuT.
va; va;> vwp vwp vwp - .ntFsp.
tUf tUf> nghypf nghypf nghypf - ctif.
189
ghk;G ghk;G@ jPj;jPj;jP - mr;rk;
ca;Nad; ca;Nad;@ thNod; thNod; thNod; - mtyk;.
VNa ak; gd; nkhope;jds; ahNa
ey;FNk ey;FNk ey;FNk ehkfs;
ghLNfh ghLNfhghLNfh - ,irepiw.
xUnrhy;iyg; gyfhw; nrhy;Yjy; tOthapDk; ,t;tplj;Nj Mk; vd;wy; tOtikjpAk; > ,jw;F ,t; vy;iy flthJ vd;wy; tOthky; fhj;jYkhk;.
,ul;ilf; fpstp:
,ul;ilf;fpstp ,ul;L ,d; gpupe;J ,irah
,ul;ilr; nrhw;fs;,t; ,ul;bg;gpdpd;Wk; gpupe;J jdpj;J xypahthk;.
vdNt type;J gpupj;Jf; $wpw; nghUs;glhJ vd;gJk; ,ul;bj;Jf; $WjNy kuG vd;gJk; Mapw;W.
“ry ry Kk;kjk; nghopa"
“fy fy $e;Jiz my;yhy;”
FWFW ele;J>
“tw;wpaNthiy fyfyf;Fk;"
“Jb Jbj;Jj; Js;sptUk;”
JbJbj;J
vd;gjpy; gpd;idaJ gpupe;J ,irf;Fk; MapDk;> Kd;idaJ gpupe;J ,irahikahy; ,ul;ilr; nrhy;Nyahk.;
xUnghUl; gy;ngaH:
xU nghUs; gy; ngaH gpuptpy tiuahH
xUnghUisf; Fwpj;J tUk; gy;ngaH mg;nghUs;fspdpd;Wk; gpupjy; ,y;yhjtw;iw ePf;fhJ $WtH GytH.;
Mrpupad; Ng&Hf;fpohd; rhj;jd; te;jhd;
gy;ahf rhiy KJFLkpg; ngUtOjp te;jhd;.
190
xUnghUl; gd;nkhop:
xUnghUl;gd;nkhop rpwg;gpdpd; toh
xUnghUisf; Fwpj;J tUk; gynrhw;fs; mt;thW tUjw;F XH fhuzk; ,d;whapDk; rpwe;J epw;ifahy; mit tO vd;W ePf;fg;glhthk;.
rpwe;Jepw;wy; - nrtpf;Fr; nrhy;ypd;gk; Njhd;w epw;wy;.
kPkpir QhapW> Gdpw;wpsq; fd;W> ehfpsq; fKF> caHe;Njhq;F ngUtiu> Fope;jho;e;j fz; vdtUk;.
,idj;njd mwp nghUs;:
,idj;J vd;W mwp nghUs; cyfpd; ,yhg; nghUs;
tpidg;gLj;J ciug;gpd; ck;ik Ntz;Lk;
,t; mstpdJ vd;W tiuaiw czug;gLk; nghUSk; vf;fhyj;Jk; vt; ,lj;Jk; ,y;yhj nghUSk; tpidg;gLj;Jr; nrhy;Yk; NghJ Kw;Wk;ikia Ntz;b epw;Fk;.
jkpo;ehl;L %Nte;jUk; te;jhH
,iwtw;Ff; fz; %d;Wk; Kr;RlH
Ntjk; ehd;Fk; czHe;jhd;
- vd ,idj;J vd;W mwp nghUs;fs; tpidg;gLj;Jr; nrhy;Yk; NghJ Kw;Wk;ik Ntz;b epd;wd.
Kaw;NfhL Mfhag;g+ vd;Wk; ,y;iy
xsp Kd;,Us; vq;Fk; ,y;iy
- vd cyfpd; ,yhg; nghUs;fs; tpidg;gLj;Jr; nrhy;Yk; NghJ Kw;Wk;ik Ntz;b epd;wd.
nrag;gL nghUs ;:
nrag;gL nghUisr; nra;jJ Nghyj;
njhopw;glf; fpsj;jYk; tof;fpDs; cupj;J
191
nrag;gLnghUisf; fUj;jhitg;Nghy itj;J mjd;Nky; mt;tpidKjy; tpid Vw;wpf; $WjYk; tof;fpd; ,lj;J cupj;jhk;.
,k;khL ahd; nfhz;lJ
,r;NrhW ahd; nfhLj;jJ
,t;ntOj;J ahd; vOjpaJ - vd tUk;
fpsj;jYk; vd;w ck;ikapdhNy> fUkj;ijf; fUj;jhthff; $WjNy md;wpf; > fUtp epyk;> nray;> fhyq;fisf; fUj;jhthff; $WjYk; mikAk; vd;gJ ngwg;gLk;.
,t; vOj;jhzp ahd; vOjpaJ - fUtp
,t;tPL ahd; ,Ue;jJ - epyk;
,j;njhopy; ahd; nra;jJ - nray;
,e;ehs; ahd; gpwe;jJ - fhyk;
milaLj;J tUk; nkhopapdk;:
nghUs; Kjy; Mwhk; mil NrH nkhop ,dk;
cs;sTk; ,y;yTk;; Mk:; ,U tof;fpDk;
nghUshjp Mwhfpa nghUs;> ,lk;> fhyk;> rpid> Fzk;> njhopy; vd;w Mwhfpa milfs; mLj;J tUk; nkhopfs; ,dk; cs;sitNa md;wp ,dk; ,y;yhjitahAk; tUk;.,it cyf tof;fpd; cs;Sk; nra;As; tof;fpd; cs;Sk; tUk; vd;gjhk;.
milapdhy; mLf;fg;gl;lJ milnfhsp vdg;gLk;. mil vdpDk; tpNrlzk; vdpDk; nghUe;Jk;. milnfhsp vdpDk; tpNrbak; vdpDk; nghUe;Jk;. ,dr;Rl;Ls;s mil gpwpjpd; ,iaG ePf;fpa tpNrlzk; vdTk; ,dr;Rl;by;yh mil jd;NdhL ,iagpd;ik ePf;fpa tpNrlzk; vdTk; ngaH ngWk;.
,dk; cs;sd ,dk; ,y;yd
nea;f;Flk; cg;gsk; - nghUs;
Fsney; CHkd;W - ,lk;
fhHj;jpiftpsf;F ehsUk;G -fhyk;
g+kuk; ,iykuk; -rpid
192
nre;jhkiu nrk;Nghj;J - Fzk;
MLghk;G Njha;japH - njhopy;
vd tof;F ,lj;J te;jd.
msk; vdNt cg;G vd;gJk; kd;W vdNt CH vd;gJk; mUk;G vdNt ehs; vd;gJk; kuk; vdNt ,iy vd;gJk; Nghj;J vdNt nrk;ik vd;gJk; japH vdNt Njha;jy; vd;gJk; jhNkte;J ,iajyhy; msk; Kjypad mil ,d;wpAk; ,g;nghUshjp MiwAk; czHj;Jk;. cg;gpy;yh msKk; Cupy;yh kd;Wk; ehs; ,y;yh mUk;Gk; ,iyapy;yh kuKk; nrk;ikapy;yhg; Nghj;Jk; Njha;jy; ,y;yhj; japUk; ,y;iy Mjyhy; ,it ,dkpy;yd Mapd. ,dp Kw;$wpa nea;f;Flk; Kjypa ,dk; cs;sdtw;iw mil nfhlhJ $wpy; Fwpj;jnghUs; tpsq;fhky; nghJikapd; epw;Fk>; Mjyhy;mtw;wpw;F milnfhLj;Jf; $WjNy kughapw;W.
,dpr; nra;As;tof;fpy; tUkhW : -
nghUl; ngz;bH ngha;k;ik Kaf;fk; - nghUs;
fhd;ahw;wilfiu - ,lk;.
Ke;ehl; gpiwapd; KdpahJ tsHe;jJ - fhyk;.
fytkh kapnyUj;jpw; fbky utpo;e;jd fhah - rpid.
rpWNfhl;Lg; ngUk;goe; J}q;fpahq; fpts; - Fzk;.
Mlu thl thLk; mk;gyj; jkpHNj - njhopy;
,it ,d Ks;sd.
nghw;Nfhl; bkaKk; nghjpaKk; Nghd;Nw - nghUs;.
tlNtq;fle; njd;Fkup - ,lk;
Ntdpw; Nfhq;fpd; g+k;nghFl; ld;d - fhyk;.
rpwfH tz;L nry;top ghl - rpid.
nrQ;Qhapw;W epyT Ntz;bDk; - Fzk;
Koq;F flNyhj %o;fpg; Nghf - njhopy; ,it ,dk; ,y;yd
,dk; cs;sdtw;iw mil nfhLj;Jf; $Wjy; tohepiyAk; ,dk; ,y;ydtw;iw mil nfhLj;Jf; $Wjy; tOtikjpAkhk; vd;f.
mil nkhop ,dk; my;yJk; jUk; Mz;L cwpd;
193
nghUshjp Mwhfpa nghUs;> ,lk;> fhyk;> rpid> Fzk;> njhopy; vd;w Mwhfpa milfs; mLj;J tUk; nkhop,dj;ijj; jUjNy md;wp> nghUe;Jk; ,lj;JmjNdhL ,dk; my;yhjijAk; jUk.;
ghtQ; nra;jhd; eufk; GFthd; vd;w mstpNy Gz;zpak; nra;jhd; RtHf;fk; GFthd; vd ,dj;ijj; jUjNy md;wp> mtd; ,J nra;apd; ,J tUk; vd;Dk; mwptpyp vd;Dk; ,dk; my;yhjijAk; je;jJ
Nkiyr;Nrupr; Nrty; miyj;jJ vd;w mstpNy>fPior;Nrupr; Nrty; miyg;Gz;lJ vd ,dj;ijj; jUjNy md;wp> mr;Nrtiy cilahHf;F ntw;wp Mapw;W vd;Dk; ,dk; my;yhjijAk; je;jJ.
mil rpid Kjw; nrhw;fs;:
mil rpid Kjy; Kiw miljYk; <H mil
KjNyhL MjYk; tof;F ,ay;:<H mil
rpidnahL nrwpjYk; kaq;fYk; nra;Al;Nf
XuilAk; xUrpidAk; xUKjYk; xd;iwnahd;W tpNrbj;J tUk;. ,uz;L mil Kjiy tpNrbj;J tUk;. ,q;qdk; cyf tof;fpy; tUk;. Mdhy; nra;As; tof;fpNyh ,uz;L milr; nrhw;fs; rpidia tpNrbj;J tUk.;,t;tuk;G fle;Jk; tUk;.
tof;F:-
Ntw;if KUfd;
nrq;fhy; ehiu
Koq;F jpiuf;fly;
- ,it XuilAk; xUrpidAk; xUKjYkhfp xd;iw xd;W tpNrbj;J te;jd.
kidr;rpW fpzW
rpWfUq; fhf;if
- ,it ,uz;lil Kjiyr; rpwg;gpj;J te;jd.
nra;As;:-
rpWige; J}tpapw; nrapuwr; nra;j
fUneLq; fz;lUq; fhk NehNa
194
- ,it ,uz;lil rpidia tpNrbj;J te;jd.
ngUe;Njhl; rpWkUq;Fw; NgukHf;fl; Ngij
rpWEjw; NgukHf; fl;nra;a thiaa Ez;zpilaha;
- ,it ,t;tuk;G fle;J te;jd.
milrpid Kjd; Kiw miljy; xd;Wk; tOthkw; fhj;jy;. Vida %d;Wk; tO MFk;.
,aw;ifg; nghUs;:
,aw;ifg; nghUis ,w;nwdf; fpsj;jy;
,aw;ifg; nghUs;> nraw;ifg;nghUs; vd ,Utifg;gLk; nghUs;fSs; ,aw;ifg; nghUis >,j;jd;ikj;J vd;W nrhy;Yjy; Ntz;Lk;.
,aw;ifg; nghUs; jdf;Fg; gpd;Njhd;whJ jhd;Njhd;Wk;NghJ cld;Njhd;wpa jd;ikia cila nghUs;
nraw;ifg; nghUs; jdf;Fk; gpd;Njhd;wpa jd;ikia cila nghUs;
epyk; typJ@ ePH jz;zpJ@ jP nta;J@ kapH fupJ@ ghy; ntspJ@ gapH grpaJ@ nka; cs;sJ@ ngha; ,y;yJ vdtUk;.
,aw;ifg; nghUis ,w;W vd;Dk; tpidf;Fwpg;ghfpa nraw;gLj;Jf; $Wjypd;> ,J tOtikjp Mapw;W.
nraw;ifg; nghUs;:
fhuzk; KjyhMf;fk; ngw;Wk;
fhuzk; ,d;wp Mf;fk; ngw;Wk;
Mf;fk; ,d;wpf; fhuzk; mLj;Jk;
,UikAk; ,d;wpAk; ,aYk; nrAk; nghUs;
nraw;ifg; nghUs;> fhuzr;nrhy; Kd;tu Mf;fr;nrhy; gpd;tug; ngw;Wk;> fhuzr;nrhy; njhf;F epw;f Mf;fr; nrhy; tug;ngw;Wk; Mf;fr;nrhy; njhf;F epw;ff; fhuzr;nrhy; tug;ngw;Wk;,t; ,Utifr; nrhy;Yk; njhf;F epw;fTk; elf;Fk;.
fLTq; ifgpop naz;nzAk; ngw;wikahd; kapH ey;ythapd:
195
vUg;nga;J ,sq;fisfl;L ePHfhy; ahj;jikahy; gapH ey;y thapd.
- ,it Kd; fhuzr;nrhy;Yk; gpd; Mf;fr;nrhy;Yk; tug;ngw;wd.
kapH ey;ythapd gapHey;y thapd
- ,it fhuzr;nrhy; njhf;F epw;f Mf;fr;nrhy; tug;ngw;wd.
fLTk; ifgpop vz;nzAk; ngw;wikahd; kapH ey;y
vUg; nga;J ,sq;fis fl;L ePHfhy; ahj;jikahy; gapH ey;y
- ,it Mf;fr;nrhy; njhf;F fhuzr;nrhy; tug;ngw;wd.
kapH ey;y
gapHey;y
- ,it fhuzr;nrhy; Mf;fr; nrhy; ,uz;Lk; njhf;F epw;fg; ngw;wd.
fhuzKjyh Mf;fk; ngWjy; xd;Wk; tOthky; fhj;jYk; xope;j %d;Wk; tOtikjpAkhk; vd;f.
tpdhtpil kuG:
jk;ghy; ,y;yJ ,y; vdpd; ,ddha;
cs;sJ $wp khw;wpAk; cs;sJ
Rl;bAk; ciug;gH nrhy;RUq; Fjw;Nf
tpdhTk; tpilAk; Mfpa nrhw;fs; RUq;Fjy; nghUl;L .jk;kplj;J ,y;yhj nghUisr; nrhy;yp mr;nrhy;iyf; nfhz;L mjid ,y;iy vd;Wk; cs;s nghUshapd; ,t;tsT cz;nld;Wk; ciug;gH;.
Fd;wf; $wy; Kjypa Fw;wq;fis ePf;fpr; RUq;fr; nrhy;yy; Kjypa moNfhL $Wjy; tof;fpw;Fk; Ntz;Lk; vd;ghH nrhy; RUq;Fjw;Nf vd;whH.
gaWz;Nlh tzpfPNu vd;wtUf;F m/J ,y;iy vd;ghH cOe;Jz;L cOe;Jk; JtiuAk; cz;L vd mjd; ,dj;ije; nrhy;yf; fltH. ,t; ,dnkhopfs; gaW ,y;iy vd;Dk; tpilg;nghUs; je;Jepw;wNy md;wp>NkNy cOe;Jz;Nlh.
196
JtiuAz;Nlh vd;Dk; tpdhf;fSk; mtw;wpw;F tpilfSk; gy;fhky; fhj;J epw;wYk; ciladthjy; fhz;f.
gaWz;Nlh tzpfPNu vd;wtUf;F m/J cz;nld;ghH ,Ufyk; cz;L ,UJ}zp cz;L vd mjd; msitr; nrhy;yf;fltH. ,t; msit nkhopfs; gaW cz;nld;Dk; tpilg;nghUisj; je;J epw;wNyad;wp> NkNy vt;tsT cz;L vd;Dk; tpdhTk; mjw;F tpilAk; gy;fhky; fhj;J epw;wYk; cilad Mjy; fhz;f.
,ug;Giur; nrhw;fs;:
< jh nfhL vDk; %d;Wk; KiwNa
,ope;Njhd; xg;Nghd; kpf;Nfhd; ,ug;Giu
<> jh> nfhL vd;Dk; %d;W nrhw;fSk; KiwNa ,ope;jtDk; xg;gtDk; caHe;jtDk; ,uj;jw;F tUk; nrhw;fshFk;.
vdNt> '<' vd;gJ ,ope;Njhd; caHe;Njhdplj;J ,uf;Fk; ,ug;GiuAk; „jh‟ vd;gJ caHe; Njhd; ,ope;Njhdplj;J ,uf;Fk; ,ug;GiuAkhk; vdf; nfhs;f.
jiyth < - ,ope;Njhd; ,ug;G
Njhoh jh - xg;Nghd; ,ug;G
ike;jh nfhL - caHe;Njhd; ,ug;G vd tUk;
Kd;dj;jpd; czUk; fpstpAk; csNt
ntspg;gilahd; md;wpf; Fwpg;gpdhy; nghUs; mwpag;gLk; nrhw;fSk; rpy csthk;>
mitahtd xd;nwhop nghJr;nrhy; Kjw; nrhy;Ythd; Fwpg;G <whfg; ngaupaypNy gd;dpuz;lhk; #j;jpuj;Jr; nrhy;yg;gl;ldthk;.
Fio nfhz;L Nfhop vwpAk; tho;f;ifaH vd;wtopg;> ngUQ;nry;t tho;f;ifaH vd;gJ Fwpg;gpdhy; czug;gl;l nghUshk;.
Nfl;gtHfs; tUj;jg;glhky; mtHfSf;Fg; nghUs;tpsq;fr; nrhy;yy; kuG Mjyhy;> ,J tOtikjp Mapw;W.
m/wpiz kUq;fpDk; miwag;gLjy;:
Nfl;Fe NghyTk; fpsf;Fe NghyTk;
,aq;Fe NghyTk; ,aw;We NghyTk;
197
m/wpiz kUq;fpDk; miwag;gLNk
Nfshjdtw;iwf; Nfl;gd NghyTk; Ngrhjdtw;iwg; NgRtd NghyTk; elthjdtw;iw elg;gd NghyTk;,j;njhopy;fs; my;yd gpw nra;ahjdtw;iwr; nra;td NghyTk; m/wpiz ,lj;Jk; nrhy;yg;gLk;.
"ed;dPiu thop mdpr;rNk" vd;Gopf; NfshjJ Nfl;gJ Nghyr; nrhy;yg; gl;lJ.
"gifikAk; Nfz;ikAk; fz;Ziuf;Fk;" vd;Gopg; > NgrhjJ NgRtJ Nghyr; nrhy;yg;gl;lJ.
",t;top mt;t+Hf;Fg; NghFk;" vd;Gop> elthjJ elg;gJNghyr; nrhy;yg;gl;lJ.
"jd;ndQ;Nr jd;idr; RLk;" vd;Gopr;>nra;ahjJ nra;tJ Nghyr; nrhy;yg; gl;lJ.
cUtf ctikfs;:
cUtf ctikapy; jpiz rpid Kjy;fs;
gpwo;jYk; gpwTk; NgzpdH nfhsNy
cUtfj;jpYk; ctikapYk; caHjpiz m/wpiz Mfpa ,it jk;Ks; kaq;FjYk; gpwTk; Nghw;wpf; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;
kd;dH klq;fy; kiwatH nrhd;khiy
md;d eilapdHf;F MuKjk; - Jd;Dk;
guprpyHf;F thdk; gdpkyHg;G+k; ige;jhH
vuprpdNty; jhid vq;Nfh
,jpy; muridg; gifkd;dHf;Fr; rpq;fkhfTk; kiwatHf;Fr; nrhy; khiyahfTk; cUtfpj;jpUg;gjid mwpayhk;. murd; - caHjpiz – klq;fy; - m/wpiz- ,t; cUftj;jpy; caHjpiz m/wpizNahL kaq;fp te;jJ.
ky;yy; kiyaida khjtiu itJiuf;Fk;
mjpu; kiyaida vd:Dk; ctik te;Js;sJ> kiy – m/wpiz- khjtH – caHjpiz: ,t; cUftj;jpy; caHjpiz m/wpizNahL kaq;fp te;jJ.
198
nghUs;Nfhs; :
ahw;WePH nkhopkhw;W epuy;epiw tpw;g+z;
jhg;gpir miskwpghg;G nfhz;L$l;L
mbkwpkhw;W vdg; nghUs;Nfhs; vl;Nl
ahw;WePHg; nghUs;NfhSk; nkhopkhw;Wg; nghUs;NfhSk; epudpiwg; nghUs;NfhSk; tpw;g+l;Lg; nghUs;NfhSk; jhg;gpirg; nghUs;NfhSk; miskwp ghg;Gg; nghUs;NfhSk; nfhz;L $l;Lg; nghUs;NfhSk; mbkwpkhw;Wg; nghUs;NfhSk; vdg; nghUs; Nfhs; vl;lhk;.
ahw;WePHg; nghUs;Nfhs;:
kw;iwa Nehf;fhJ mb njhWk; thd; nghUs;
mw;W mw;W xOFk; m/J ahw;Wg;GdNy
nkhopkhw;W Kjypait Nghyg; gpwo;e;J nry;y Ntz;lhJ ahw;W ePH xOf;Fg;Nghy newpg;gl;L mbNjhWk; rpwe;j nghUs; mw;W mw;W xOFtjhfpa mg;nghUs;Nfhs; ahw;W ePHg; nghUs;Nfhshk;.
"nrhy;yUQ; #w;gRk; ghk;gpd; Njhw;wk; Nghy;
nky;yNt fUtpUe; jPd;W - NkyyhH
nry;tNk Nghw;wiy epWtpj; NjHe;jE}w;
fy;tpNrH khe;jup dpiwQ;rpf; fha;j;jNt"
vd tUk;. ,g;ghl;bDs; nrhy; vd;Dk; vOthapid Kjy; vLj;J> mjd; njhopyhfpa ,Ue;J><d;W> epWtp> ,iwQ;rp vd;Dk; tpid vr;rq;fs; xd;wid xd;W nfhs;s ,ilNa Kiw epWj;jpf;> fha;j;j vd;Dk; gadpiyia ,WjpapNy je;J Kbj;jikahy;> ,g;nghUs; xOFjy; ahw;W ePH xOf;Fg; NghYjy; fhz;f.
nkhopkhw;Wg; nghUs;Nfhs;:
Vw;w nghUSf;F ,iaAk; nkhopfis
khw;wp XH mbAs; toq;fy; nkhopkhw;Nw
Vw;w ,uz;L gadpiyfSf;Fg; nghUe;Jk; nkhopfis khw;wp Vyhj gadpiyfSf;Fj; jdpj;jdp $l;b XH mbAs;Ns nrhy;Yk; nghUs;Nfhs; nkhopkhw;Wg; nghUs;Nfhshk;.
199
“Riuaho mk;kp kpjg;g tiuaida
ahidf;F ePj;J Kaw;F epiynad;g
fhdf ehld; Rid"
vd tUk;. ,jDs;> Mo vd;Dk; gadpiyf;F ,iae;j mk;kp vd;Dk; nkhopapid kpjg;g vd;Dk; gadpiyf;Fk;> kpjg;gntd;Dk; gadpiyf;F ,iae;j Riu nad;Dk; nkhopapid Montd;Dk; gadpiyf;Fk;> ePj;J vd;Dk; gadpiyf;F ,iae;j Kay;vd;Dk; nkhopapid epiy vd;Dk; gadpiyf;Fk;> epiy vd;Dk; gadpiyf;F ,iae;j ahid vd;Dnkhopapid ePj;J vd;Dk; gadpiyf;Fkhf khw;wpg; nghUs; nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;.
epudpiwg; nghUs;Nfhs;:
ngaUk; tpidAkhk; nrhy;iyAk;nghUisAk;
NtW epuy; epwP, KiwapDk; vjpupDk;
NeUk; nghUs;Nfhs; epuy;epiw newpNa
ngaUk; tpidAkhfpa nrhw;fisAk; mit nfhs;Sk; ngaUk; tpidAkhfpa gadpiyfisAk; NtWNtW tupirahf epWj;jp KiwahfNtDk; vjpuhfNtDk; ,jw;F ,J gadpiy vd;gJglf; $Wk; nghUs;Nfhs; newpg;gl;l epuy; epiwg; nghUs;Nfhshk;.
nfhbFtis nfhl;il ERg;Gz;fz; Nkdp –
kjpgts Kj;j Kfk;tha; KWty;
gpbgpiz kQ;iQ eilNehf;Fr; rhay;
tbtpdNs tQ;rp kfs;
,J> nfhb ERg;G> Ftis cz;fz;> nfhl;il Nkdp vdTk;@ kjp Kfk;> gtsk; tha;>Kj;jk; KWty; vdTk;@ gpb eil> gpiz Nehf;F> kQ;iQ rhay; vdTk; ngaHr;nrhw;fSk; ngaHg; gadpiyfSkha; epd;w Kiwepuy; epiw.
fhJNrH jho;Fioaha; fd;dpj; Jiwr;NrHg;g
NghJNrH jhHkhHg NghHr;nropa – ePjpahd;
kz;zkpHj kq;ifaHNjhs; khw;whiu Naw;whHf;F
200
Ez;zpa tha nghUs;.
,J> fh kz;> J mkpHjk;> NrH kq;ifaH Njhs;> jho; khw;whiu> Fio Vw;whHf;F> Ma; Ez;zpa tha nghUs; vd tpidg; gadpiyfSk; ngaHfSkha; epd;w Kiwepuy; epiw.
fspWq; fe;Jk; Nghy espflw;
$k;Gq; fyDe; Njhd;We;
Njhd;wd; kwe;NjhH JiwnfO ehl;Nl
,J> fspW fyd;> fe;J $k;G vdg; ngaHr;nrhw;fSk; ngaHg; gadpiyfSkha; epd;w vjpHepuy; epiw
“MltHf nst;th wfd;nwhopthH nt/fhTk;
ghlfK %ufKk; gQ;rukh - ePbakh
dpd;wh dpUe;jhd; fple;jhdpJ td;Nwh
kd;whH kjpw;fr;rp khz;G."
,J> nt/fh fple;jhd;> ghlfk; ,Ue;jhd;> Cufk; epd;whd; vdg; ngaHr; nrhw;fSk; tpidg; gadpiyfSkha; epd;w vjpHepuy; epiw.
G+l;Ltpw; nghUs;Nfhs;:
vOtha; ,Wjp epiy nkhop jk;Ks;
nghUs; Nehf;F cilaJ g+l;Ltpy; MFk;
nra;As; KjypYk; ,WjpapYk; epw;Fk; nkhopfs; jk;Ks;Ns nghUis Nehf;FjYila nghUs;Nfhs; g+l;Ltpy; nghUs;Nfhshk;.
jpwe;jpLkpd; wPait gpw;fhz;L khj
upwe;J gbw;ngupjh Nkj - Kwe;ijaHNfhd;
wz;zhu khHgpw; wkpoH ngU khidf;
fz;zhuf; fhzf; fjT"
,jpNy> jpwe;jpLkpd; fjT vd Nehf;fpw;W. mjhtJ jpwe;jpLkpd; vd Kjypy; epw;Fk; nkhopapidAk; fjT vd ,Wjpapy; epw;Fk; nkhopapidAk; ,izj;Jj; jpwe;jpLkpd; fjT vdg; nghUs; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
201
jhg;gpirg; nghUs;Nfhs ;:
,il epiy nkhopNa Vid<H ,lj;Jk;
ele;J nghUis ez;Zjy; jhg;gpir
,ilapNy epw;Fk; nkhop xope;j KjypDk; <w;wpDk; nrd;W nghUisf;$Lk; nghUs;Nfhs; jhg;gpirg; nghUs;Nfhshk;.
jhg;gpir vd;gjw;F Cry;Nghy; ,ilepd;W ,UkUq;Fk; nry;Yk; nrhy; vd;gJ nghUs;. jhk;G - Cry;. ,ir -nrhy;.
“cz;zhik cs;sJ capHepiy Cd; cz;z
mz;zhj;jy; nra;ahJ msW"
,jDs;> Cd; vd ,ilapNy epd;w nkhop CDz;zhik cs;sJ vd KjypYk;> Cd; cz;z vdg; gpd;dUk; nrd;W$Ljy; fhz;f.
miskwpg; ghg;Gg; nghUs;Nfhs ;:
nra;As; ,Wjp nkhop ,il KjypDk;
va;jpa nghUs;Nfhs; miskwpghg;Ng
nra;Aspy; ,Wjpapy; epd;wnrhy;,ilapYk; KjypYk; nrd;w nghUs;Nfhs; miskwpghg;Gg; nghUs;Nfhshk;.
Gw;wpNy jiyitj;J klq;Fk; ghk;G NghYjyhy;> mg;ngaH ngw;wJ. mis - Gw;W. kwpjy; - klq;Fjy;.
"jho;e;j czHtpduha;j; jhSile;J
jz;^d;wpj; jsHthH jhKQ;
#o;e;j tpidahf;if Rltpspe;J
ehw;fjpapw; Roy;thH jhKk;
%o;e;j gpzpeypa Kd;nra;j
tpidnad;Nw KdpthH jhKk;
tho;e;jnghOjpNd
thnda;Jk; newp Kd;dp Kayh jhNu" vd tUk;.
202
,jDs;> tho;e;j nghOjpNd
thnda;J newp Kd;dp KayhjhH
%o;e;j gpzp eypa Kd; nra;j
tpidnad;Nw KdpthH
#o;e;j tpidahf;if Rltpspe;J
ehw;fjpapy; Roy;thH>
jho;e;j czHtpduha;j; jhSile;J
jz;^d;wpj; jsHthH
- vdj; jiyfPoha; ,ilapYk; KjypYk; nrd;W $Ljy; fhz;f.
nfhz;L$l;Lg; nghUs;Nfhs;:
ahg;G mb gytpDk; Nfhg;Gil nkhopfis
Vw;Gop ,irg;gJ nfhz;L$l;Nl
nra;As; mbfs; gytw;wpDk; Nfhf;fg; gLjiyAila nrhw;fis> vLj;j nghUSf;F Vw;w ,lj;Jf; $l;Lk; nghUs;Nfhs; nfhz;L$l;Lg; nghUs;Nfhshk;.
"njq;fq;fha; Nghyj; jpuz;LUz;l igq;$e;jy;
ntz;Nfhop Kl;il Ailj;jd;d khNkdp
aQ;rdj;jd;d griy jzpthNk
tq;fj;Jr; nrd;whH tupd;" vd tUk;.
,jDs;> tq;fj;Jr; nrd;whH tupd; mQ;rdj;jd;d igq;$e;jiyAilahsJ khNkdpNky; njq;fq;fha; Nghyj; jpuz;L cUz;lNfhopntz;Kl;il cilj;jd;d griy jzpthk; vdf; nfhz;L $l;Lf.
mbkwpkhw;Wg; nghUs;Nfhs;:
Vw;Gop vLj;J cld; $l;LWk; mbaTk;
ahg;G <W ,il Kjy; Mf;fpDk; nghUs; ,ir
khl;rpAk; khwh mbaTk; mbkwp
203
nghUSf;F Vw;Fk; ,lj;J vLj;J ePq;fhJ $l;Lk; mbia cilaitAk; ahjhDk; XH mbia vLj;J mr;nra;Aspd; ,Wjp eL Kjy;fspy; ahjhDk; Xuplj;Jf; $l;bDk; nghUNshL Xir khl;rpAk; Xir xopag; nghUs; khl;rpAk; NtWglhj mbia cilaitAk;mbkwpkhw;Wg; nghUs;Nfhshk;.
eLf;Fw;Wj; jw;NrHe;jhH Jd;ge; JilahH
nfhLj;Jj; jhd; Wa;g;gpDk; <z;Lq;fh yPz;L
kpLf;Fw;Wg; gw;wpD epy;yhJ nry;tk;
tpLf;Fk; tpidAye;jf; fhy;"
vd;gjDs;> nfhLj;Jj;jhd; Wa;g;gpD kPz;Lq;fhy; <z;Lk; tpLf;Fk; tpid cye;jf;fhy; ,Lf;Fw;Wg; gw;wpDk; epy;yhJ nry;tk; (,/jwpahH) eLf;Fw;Wj; jw;NrHe;jhH Jd;gk; JilahH vd mbfis Vw;Fk; ,lj;J vLj;Jf; $l;Lf.
"khwhf; fhjyH kiykwe; jdNu
ahwhf; fl;gdp tuyh dhNt
Ntwh nkd;Nwhs; tis nefp Ok;Nk
$wha; Njhopahd; thOkhNw
,jDs; vt;tbiavq;Nf $l;bDk; nghUSk; XirAk; NtWglhik fhz;f.
miyg;ghd; gpwpJapiu ahf;fYq;Fw;wk;
tpiyg;ghypw; nfhz;^d; kpirjYq; Fw;wk;
nrhyw; ghy ty;yhj nrhy;YjYq; Fw;wq;
nfhiyg;ghYq; Fw;wNkahk;.
,jDs;><w;wb xope;j %d;wbAs; ahjhDk; xd;iw vLj;J ahjhDk; Xuplj;Jf; $l;b cr;rupj;Jg; nghUSk; XirAk; NtWglhikAk;><w;wbia vLj;J ahjhDk; Xuplj;Jf; $l;b cr;rupj;J Xir NtWgl;Lg; nghUs; NtWglhikAk; fhz;f.
gapw;rp tpdhf;fs:
1.mWtif tpdhf;fs; Fwpj;J vOJf.
mWtif tpdh:
204
mwpT mwpahik IAwy; nfhsy; nfhil
Vty; jUk; tpdh MWk; ,Of;fhH
mwpT mwpahik IAwy;; nfhs;SjYk; nfhLj;jYk; VTjYk; Mfpa mWtifg; nghUisAk; jUjyhy; tUk; tpdhf;fs; MwidAk; fisahJ nfhs;tH GytH.
Mrpupad; ,r;#j;jpuj;jpw;Fg; nghUs;ahJ vd tpdTtJ
- mwptpdh.
khzhf;fd; mg;gbr; nrhy;tJ - mwpah tpdh.
Fw;wpNah kfNdh - Ia tpdh.
gaW csNjh tzpfPH - nfhsy; tpdh.
rhj;jDf;F Milapy;iyah - nfhil tpdh.
rhj;jh cz;lhah - Vty; tpdh
2.vz;tif tpilfs; ahit?.
vz;tif tpil:
Rl;L kiw NeH Vty; tpdhjy;
cw;wJ ciuj;jy; cWtJ $wy;
,dnkhop vDk; vz; ,iwAs; ,Wjp
epytpa Ie;Jk; mg; nghUz;ikapd; NeHg
Rl;Lk;>vjpHkWj;jYk; cld;glYk;> VTjYk;> vjpHtpdhTjYk;> cw;wijr; nrhy;YjYk; cWtijr; nrhy;YjYk;>,dj;ijr; nrhy;YjYk;> vd;Dk; ,t; vl;L tpilfSs; <w;wpy; tpsq;fpa Ie;Jk; mt;tpilg; nghUisj; jUjypdhNy tpilfshfNt jOtpf; nfhs;thH GytH.
vdNt> Kjd; %d;Wk; nrt;td; ,iwAk;> gpd;ida Ie;Jk; ,iwgag;gdTkhk; vd;gJ Mapw;W.
jpy;iyf;F top ahJ vdpd;> ,J vd;gJ Rl;L tpil.
rhj;jh ,J nra;thah vd;w NghJ> nra;Nad; vd;gJ kiwtpil
nra;Ntd; vd;gJ NeHtpil.
205
eP nra; vd;gJ Vty; tpil.
nra;NtNdh vd;gJ tpdhtpil.
clk;G nehe;jJ> Nehthepd;wJ vd;gd cw;wJ ciuj;jy; tpil.
clk;G Nehk; vd;gJ cWtJ $wy; tpil.
kw;iwaJ nra;Ntd; vd;gJ ,dnkhoptpil
3.<>jh>nfhL vd;gd vt;thW tUk;?
,ug;Giur; nrhw;fs;:
< jh nfhL vDk; %d;Wk; KiwNa
,ope;Njhd; xg;Nghd; kpf;Nfhd; ,ug;Giu
<> jh> nfhL vd;Dk; %d;W nrhw;fSk; KiwNa ,ope;jtDk; xg;gtDk; caHe;jtDk; ,uj;jw;F tUk; nrhw;fshFk;.
vdNt> '<' vd;gJ ,ope;Njhd; caHe;Njhdplj;J ,uf;Fk; ,ug;GiuAk; „jh‟ vd;gJ caHe; Njhd; ,ope;Njhdplj;J ,uf;Fk; ,ug;GiuAkhk; vdf; nfhs;f.
jiyth < - ,ope;Njhd; ,ug;G
Njhoh jh - xg;Nghd; ,ug;G
ike;jh nfhL - caHe;Njhd; ,ug;G vd tUk;
4..,idj;njd mwpnghUis vt;thW Rl;ly; Ntz;Lk;?
,idj;njd mwp nghUs;:
,idj;J vd;W mwp nghUs; cyfpd; ,yhg; nghUs;
tpidg;gLj;J ciug;gpd; ck;ik Ntz;Lk;
,t; mstpdJ vd;W tiuaiw czug;gLk; nghUSk; vf;fhyj;Jk; vt; ,lj;Jk; ,y;yhj nghUSk; tpidg;gLj;Jr; nrhy;Yk; NghJ Kw;Wk;ikiar; NrHj;Jr;nrhy;yNtz;Lk;.
jkpo;ehl;L %Nte;jUk; te;jhH
,iwtw;Ff; fz; %d;Wk; Kr;RlH
206
Ntjk; ehd;Fk; czHe;jhd;
- vd ,idj;J vd;W mwp nghUs;fs; tpidg;gLj;Jr; nrhy;Yk; NghJ Kw;Wk;ik Ntz;b epd;wd.
Kaw;NfhL Mfhag;g+ vd;Wk; ,y;iy
xsp Kd;,Us; vq;Fk; ,y;iy
- vd cyfpd; ,yhg; nghUs;fs; tpidg;gLj;Jr; nrhy;Yk; NghJ Kw;Wk;ik Ntz;b epd;wd.
5.,aw;ifg;nghUs;> nraw;ifg;nghUs; Fwpj;J vOJf.
,aw;ifg; nghUs;:
,aw;ifg; nghUis ,w;nwdf; fpsj;jy;
,aw;ifg; nghUs;> nraw;ifg;nghUs; vd ,Utifg;gLk; nghUs;fSs; ,aw;ifg; nghUis>,j;jd;ikj;J vd;W nrhy;Yjy; Ntz;Lk;.
,aw;ifg; nghUs; jdf;Fg; gpd;Njhd;whJ jhd;Njhd;Wk;NghJ cld;Njhd;wpa jd;ikia cila nghUs;
nraw;ifg; nghUs; jdf;Fk; gpd;Njhd;wpa jd;ikia cila nghUs;
epyk; typJ @ ePH jz;zpJ @ jP nta;J @ kapH fupJ @ ghy; ntspJ @ gapH grpaJ @ nka; cs;sJ @ ngha; ,y;yJ vdtUk;.
,aw;ifg; nghUis ,w;W vd;Dk; tpidf;Fwpg;ghfpa nraw;gLj;Jf; $Wjypd;> ,J tOtikjp Mapw;W.
nraw;ifg; nghUs;:
fhuzk; Kjyh Mf;fk; ngw;Wk;
fhuzk; ,d;wp Mf;fk; ngw;Wk;
Mf;fk; ,d;wpf; fhuzk; mLj;Jk;
,UikAk; ,d;wpAk; ,aYk; nrAk; nghUs;
nraw;ifg; nghUs;> fhuzr;nrhy; Kd;tu Mf;fr;nrhy; gpd;tug; ngw;Wk;> fhuzr;nrhy; njhf;F epw;f Mf;fr; nrhy; tug;ngw;Wk; Mf;fr;nrhy; njhf;F epw;ff; fhuzr;nrhy; tug;ngw;Wk;,t; ,Utifr; nrhy;Yk; njhf;F epw;fTk; elf;Fk; .
207
fLTq; ifgpop naz;nzAk; ngw;wikahd; kapH ey;ythapd:
vUg;nga;J ,sq;fisfl;L ePHfhy; ahj;jikahy; gapH ey;y thapd
- ,it Kd; fhuzr;nrhy;Yk; gpd; Mf;fr;nrhy;Yk; tug;ngw;wd.
kapH ey;ythapd gapHey;y thapd
- ,it fhuzr;nrhy; njhf;F epw;f Mf;fr;nrhy; tug;ngw;wd .
fLTk; ifgpop vz;nzAk; ngw;wikahd; kapH ey;y
vUg; nga;J ,sq;fis fl;L ePHfhy; ahj;jikahy; gapH ey;y
- ,it Mf;fr;nrhy; njhf;F fhuzr;nrhy; tug;ngw;wd
kapH ey;y
gapHey;y
- ,it fhuzr;nrhy; Mf;fr; nrhy; ,uz;Lk; njhf;F epw;fg; ngw;wd.
fhuzKjyh Mf;fk; ngWjy; xd;Wk; tOthky; fhj;jYk; xope;j %d;Wk; tOtikjpAkhk; vd;f.
6.nghUs;Nfhs; vd;gjid tpsf;fp tiuf.
nghUs;Nfhs; :
ahw;WePH nkhopkhw;W epuy;epiw tpw;g+z;
jhg;gpir miskwpghg;G nfhz;L$l;L
mbkwpkhw;W vdg; nghUs;Nfhs; vl;Nl
ahw;WePHg; nghUs;NfhSk; nkhopkhw;Wg; nghUs;NfhSk; epudpiwg; nghUs;NfhSk; tpw;g+l;Lg; nghUs;NfhSk; jhg;gpirg; nghUs;NfhSk; miskwp ghg;Gg; nghUs;NfhSk; nfhz;L $l;Lg; nghUs;NfhSk; mbkwpkhw;Wg; nghUs;NfhSk; vdg; nghUs; Nfhs; vl;lhk;.
ahw;WePHg; nghUs;Nfhs;:
kw;iwa Nehf;fhJ mb njhWk; thd; nghUs;
208
mw;W mw;W xOFk; m/J ahw;Wg;GdNy
nkhopkhw;W Kjypait Nghyg; gpwo;e;J nry;y Ntz;lhJ ahw;W ePH xOf;Fg;Nghy newpg;gl;L mbNjhWk; rpwe;j nghUs; mw;W mw;W xOFtjhfpa mg;nghUs;Nfhs; ahw;W ePHg; nghUs;Nfhshk;.
"nrhy;yUQ; #w;gRk; ghk;gpd; Njhw;wk; Nghy;
nky;yNt fUtpUe; jPd;W - NkyyhH
nry;tNk Nghw;wiy epWtpj; NjHe;jE}w;
fy;tpNrH khe;jup dpiwQ;rpf; fha;j;jNt"
vd tUk;. ,g;ghl;bDs; nrhy; vd;Dk; vOthapid Kjy; vLj;J> mjd; njhopyhfpa ,Ue;J><d;W> epWtp> ,iwQ;rp vd;Dk; tpid vr;rq;fs; xd;wid xd;W nfhs;s ,ilNa Kiw epWj;jpf;>fha;j;j vd;Dk; gadpiyia ,WjpapNy je;J Kbj;jikahy;> ,g;nghUs; xOFjy; ahw;W ePH xOf;Fg; NghYjy; fhz;f.
nkhopkhw;Wg; nghUs;Nfhs;:
Vw;w nghUSf;F ,iaAk; nkhopfis
khw;wp XH mbAs; toq;fy; nkhopkhw;Nw
Vw;w ,uz;L gadpiyfSf;Fg; nghUe;Jk; nkhopfis khw;wp Vyhj gadpiyfSf;Fj; jdpj;jdp $l;b XH mbAs;Ns nrhy;Yk; nghUs;Nfhs; nkhopkhw;Wg; nghUs;Nfhshk;.
"Riuaho mk;kp kpjg;g tiuaida
ahidf;F ePj;J Kaw;F epiynad;g
fhdf ehld; Rid"
vd tUk;. ,jDs;> Mo vd;Dk; gadpiyf;F ,iae;j mk;kp vd;Dk; nkhopapid kpjg;g vd;Dk; gadpiyf;Fk;> kpjg;gntd;Dk; gadpiyf;F ,iae;j Riu nad;Dk; nkhopapid Montd;Dk; gadpiyf;Fk;> ePj;J vd;Dk; gadpiyf;F ,iae;j Kay;vd;Dk; nkhopapid epiy vd;Dk; gadpiyf;Fk;> epiy vd;Dk; gadpiyf;F ,iae;j ahid vd;Dnkhopapid ePj;J vd;Dk; gadpiyf;Fkhf khw;wpg; nghUs; nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;.
epudpiwg; nghUs;Nfhs;:
ngaUk; tpidAkhk; nrhy;iyAk;nghUisAk;
209
NtW epuy; epwP, KiwapDk; vjpupDk;
NeUk; nghUs;Nfhs; epuy;epiw newpNa
ngaUk; tpidAkhfpa nrhw;fisAk; mit nfhs;Sk; ngaUk; tpidAkhfpa gadpiyfisAk; NtWNtW tupirahf epWj;jp KiwahfNtDk; vjpuhfNtDk; ,jw;F ,J gadpiy vd;gJglf; $Wk; nghUs;Nfhs; newpg;gl;l epuy; epiwg; nghUs;Nfhshk;.
nfhbFtis nfhl;il ERg;Gz;fz; Nkdp –
kjpgts Kj;j Kfk;tha; KWty;
gpbgpiz kQ;iQ eilNehf;Fr; rhay;
tbtpdNs tQ;rp kfs;
,J> nfhb ERg;G> Ftis cz;fz;> nfhl;il Nkdp vdTk;@ kjp Kfk;> gtsk; tha;>Kj;jk; KWty; vdTk;@ gpb eil> gpiz Nehf;F> kQ;iQ rhay; vdTk; ngaHr;nrhw;fSk; ngaHg; gadpiyfSkha; epd;w Kiwepuy; epiw.
fhJNrH jho;Fioaha; fd;dpj; Jiwr;NrHg;g
NghJNrH jhHkhHg NghHr;nropa – ePjpahd;
kz;zkpHj kq;ifaHNjhs; khw;whiu Naw;whHf;F
Ez;zpa tha nghUs;.
,J> fh kz;> J mkpHjk;> NrH kq;ifaH Njhs;> jho; khw;whiu> Fio Vw;whHf;F> Ma; Ez;zpa tha nghUs; vd tpidg; gadpiyfSk; ngaHfSkha; epd;w Kiwepuy; epiw.
fspWq; fe;Jk; Nghy espflw;
$k;Gq; fyDe; Njhd;We;
Njhd;wd; kwe;NjhH JiwnfO ehl;Nl
,J> fspW fyd;> fe;J $k;G vdg; ngaHr;nrhw;fSk; ngaHg; gadpiyfSkha; epd;w vjpHepuy; epiw
"MltHf nst;th wfd;nwhopthH nt/fhTk;
ghlfK %ufKk; gQ;rukh – ePbakh
210
dpd;wh dpUe;jhd; fple;jhdpJ td;Nwh
kd;whH kjpw;fr;rp khz;G."
,J> nt/fh fple;jhd;> ghlfk; ,Ue;jhd;> Cufk; epd;whd; vdg; ngaHr; nrhw;fSk; tpidg; gadpiyfSkha; epd;w vjpHepuy; epiw.
G+l;Ltpw; nghUs;Nfhs;:
vOtha; ,Wjp epiy nkhop jk;Ks;
nghUs; Nehf;F cilaJ g+l;Ltpy; MFk;
nra;As; KjypYk; ,WjpapYk; epw;Fk; nkhopfs; jk;Ks;Ns nghUis Nehf;FjYila nghUs;Nfhs; g+l;Ltpy; nghUs;Nfhshk;.
jpwe;jpLkpd; wPait gpw;fhz;L khj
upwe;J gbw;ngupjh Nkj - Kwe;ijaHNfhd;
wz;zhu khHgpw; wkpoH ngU khidf;
fz;zhuf; fhzf; fjT"
,jpNy> jpwe;jpLkpd; fjT vd Nehf;fpw;W. mjhtJ jpwe;jpLkpd; vd Kjypy; epw;Fk; nkhopapidAk; fjT vd ,Wjpapy; epw;Fk; nkhopapidAk; ,izj;Jj; jpwe;jpLkpd; fjT vdg; nghUs; nfhs;s Ntz;Lk;.
jhg;gpirg; nghUs;Nfhs;:
,il epiy nkhopNa Vid<H ,lj;Jk;
ele;J nghUis ez;Zjy; jhg;gpir
,ilapNy epw;Fk; nkhop xope;j KjypDk; <w;wpDk; nrd;W nghUisf;$Lk; nghUs;Nfhs; jhg;gpirg; nghUs;Nfhshk;.
jhg;gpir vd;gjw;F Cry;Nghy; ,ilepd;W ,UkUq;Fk; nry;Yk; nrhy; vd;gJ nghUs;. jhk;G - Cry;. ,ir -nrhy;.
"cz;zhik cs;sJ capHepiy Cd; cz;z
mz;zhj;jy; nra;ahJ msW"
,jDs;> Cd; vd ,ilapNy epd;w nkhop CDz;zhik cs;sJ vd KjypYk;> Cd; cz;z vdg; gpd;dUk; nrd;W$Ljy; fhz;f.
211
miskwpg; ghg;Gg; nghUs;Nfhs;:
nra;As; ,Wjp nkhop ,il KjypDk;
va;jpa nghUs;Nfhs; miskwpghg;Ng
nra;Aspy; ,Wjpapy; epd;wnrhy;,ilapYk; KjypYk; nrd;w nghUs;Nfhs; miskwpghg;Gg; nghUs;Nfhshk;.
Gw;wpNy jiyitj;J klq;Fk; ghk;G NghYjyhy;> mg;ngaH ngw;wJ. mis - Gw;W. kwpjy; - klq;Fjy;.
"jho;e;j czHtpduha;j; jhSile;J
jz;^d;wpj; jsHthH jhKQ;
#o;e;j tpidahf;if Rltpspe;J
ehw;fjpapw; Roy;thH jhKk;
%o;e;j gpzpeypa Kd;nra;j
tpidnad;Nw KdpthH jhKk;
tho;e;jnghOjpNd
thnda;Jk; newp Kd;dp Kayh jhNu" vd tUk;.
,jDs;> tho;e;j nghOjpNd
thnda;J newp Kd;dp KayhjhH
%o;e;j gpzp eypa Kd; nra;j
tpidnad;Nw KdpthH
#o;e;j tpidahf;if Rltpspe;J
ehw;fjpapy; Roy;thH>
jho;e;j czHtpduha;j; jhSile;J
jz;^d;wpj; jsHthH
- vdj; jiyfPoha; ,ilapYk; KjypYk; nrd;W $Ljy; fhz;f.
212
nfhz;L$l;Lg; nghUs;Nfhs;:
ahg;G mb gytpDk; Nfhg;Gil nkhopfis
Vw;Gop ,irg;gJ nfhz;L$l;Nl
nra;As; mbfs; gytw;wpDk; Nfhf;fg; gLjiyAila nrhw;fis> vLj;j nghUSf;F Vw;w ,lj;Jf; $l;Lk; nghUs;Nfhs; nfhz;L$l;Lg; nghUs;Nfhshk;.
"njq;fq;fha; Nghyj; jpuz;LUz;l igq;$e;jy;
ntz;Nfhop Kl;il Ailj;jd;d khNkdp
aQ;rdj;jd;d griy jzpthNk
tq;fj;Jr; nrd;whH tupd;" vd tUk;.
,jDs;> tq;fj;Jr; nrd;whH tupd; mQ;rdj;jd;d igq;$e;jiyAilahsJ khNkdpNky; njq;fq;fha; Nghyj; jpuz;L cUz;lNfhopntz;Kl;il cilj;jd;d griy jzpthk; vdf; nfhz;L $l;Lf.
mbkwpkhw;Wg; nghUs;Nfhs;:
Vw;Gop vLj;J cld; $l;LWk; mbaTk;
ahg;G <W ,il Kjy; Mf;fpDk; nghUs; ,ir
khl;rpAk; khwh mbaTk; mbkwp
nghUSf;F Vw;Fk; ,lj;J vLj;J ePq;fhJ $l;Lk; mbia cilaitAk; ahjhDk; XH mbia vLj;J mr;nra;Aspd; ,Wjp eL Kjy;fspy; ahjhDk; Xuplj;Jf; $l;bDk; nghUNshL Xir khl;rpAk; Xir xopag; nghUs; khl;rpAk; NtWglhj mbia cilaitAk;mbkwpkhw;Wg; nghUs;Nfhshk;.
eLf;Fw;Wj; jw;NrHe;jhH Jd;ge; JilahH
nfhLj;Jj; jhd; Wa;g;gpDk; <z;Lq;fh yPz;L
kpLf;Fw;Wg; gw;wpD epy;yhJ nry;tk;
tpLf;Fk; tpidAye;jf; fhy;"
vd;gjDs;> nfhLj;Jj;jhd; Wa;g;gpD kPz;Lq;fhy; <z;Lk; tpLf;Fk; tpid cye;jf;fhy; ,Lf;Fw;Wg; gw;wpDk; epy;yhJ nry;tk;
213
(,/jwpahH) eLf;Fw;Wj; jw;NrHe;jhH Jd;gk; JilahH vd mbfis Vw;Fk; ,lj;J vLj;Jf; $l;Lf.
"khwhf; fhjyH kiykwe; jdNu
ahwhf; fl;gdp tuyh dhNt
Ntwh nkd;Nwhs; tis nefp Ok;Nk
$wha; Njhopahd; thOkhNw
,jDs; vt;tbiavq;Nf $l;bDk; nghUSk; XirAk; NtWglhik fhz;f.
miyg;ghd; gpwpJapiu ahf;fYq;Fw;wk;
tpiyg;ghypw; nfhz;^d; kpirjYq; Fw;wk;
nrhyw; ghy ty;yhj nrhy;YjYq; Fw;wq;
nfhiyg;ghYq; Fw;wNkahk;.,jDs;>
<w;wb xope;j %d;wbAs; ahjhDk; xd;iw vLj;J ahjhDk; Xuplj;Jf; $l;b cr;rupj;Jg; nghUSk; XirAk; NtWglhikAk;><w;wbia vLj;J ahjhDk; Xuplj;Jf; $l;b cr;rupj;J Xir NtWgl;Lg; nghUs; NtWglhikAk; fhz;f.
$W - 12
,ilapay;
Ntw;Wik tpid rhupia xg;G cUGfs;
jj;jk; nghUs ,irepiw mirepiy
Fwpg;G vd; vz; gFjpapd; jdpj;J ,ay; ,d;wpg;
ngaupDk;; tpidapDk; gpd; Kd; XH ,lj;J
xd;Wk; ; gyTk; te;J xd;WtJ ,ilr;nrhy;
Ik; Kjypa Ntw;Wik cUGfs;> tpFjpfSk; ,ilepiyfSk; Mfpa tpid cUGfs;> md; Md; Kjypa rhupia cUGfs;> Nghyg; Giua Kjypa ctk cUGfs;>gpwthW jj;jkf;F cupa nghUis czHj;jp tUgit> NtW nghUs; ,d;wp ,irepiwNa nghUshf tUgit> mirepiyNa nghUshf epw;git>ntspg;gilapd; tUk; ,it NghyhJ xyp> mr;rk;> tpiuT>,tw;iwf; Fwpg;ghy; czHj;jp tUgit>vd;Dk;
214
vl;Ltifapid ciladtha; jdpj;J elj;jy; ,d;wpg; ngaupd; mfj;Jk; tpidapd; mfj;Jk; mtw;wpd; Gwkhfpa gpd;Dk; Kd;Dk; ,t;tplq;fs; MwDs; Xuplj;J>xd;whapDk; gythapDk; te;J mg;ngaH tpidfSf;F mfj;J cWg;ghAk; Gwj;J cWg;ghAk; xd;Wgl;L elf;Fk; jd;ikaJ ,ilr;nrhy; MFk;.
ngaHr;nrhy; tpidr;nrhw;fSk; MfhJ mtw;wpd; NtWk; MfhJ ,ilepfudtha; epw;wypd; ,ilr; nrhy; vdg;gl;ld. jdpj;J elj;jy; ,d;wpg; ngaH tpidfs; ,lkhf elj;jypd;> ,ilr;nrhy; vdg;gl;ld vdpDk; mikAk;.
,irepiw vd;gJ NtWnghUs; czHj;jhJ nra;Aspy; Xiria epiwj;J epw;gJ.
mirepiy vd;gJ NtWnghUs; czHj;jhJ ngaHr;nrhy;NyhLk; tpidr;nrhy;NyhLk; rhHj;jpr; nrhy;yg;gl;L epw;gJ.
Fioad; vd;gjpy; ngaupd; mfj;J cWg;gha; tpFjp ,ilr;nrhy; xd;W te;jJ.
„jr;rpr;rp’ epyj;jpdd;‟ vd;gjpy;> ngaupd; mfj;J cWg;gha; KiwNa ,ilepiyAk; tpFjpAk;> ,ilepiyAk; rhupiaAk; tpFjpAkhfpa ,ilr;nrhw;fs; gy te;jd.
cz;zha; vd;Gop tpidapd; mfj;JWg;gha; tpFjp ,ilr;nrhy; xd;W te;jJ. ele;jhd; ele;jdd; vd;gjpy; tpidapd; mfj;JWg;gha; KiwNa ,ilepiyAk; tpFjpAk>; ,ilepiyAk; rhupiaAk; tpFjpAkhfpa ,ilr;nrhw;fs; gy te;jd.
mJkd;> nfhd;D}H vd;gjpy;> ngaupd; Gwj;J cWg;gha;g; gpd;Dk; Kd;Dk; xd;W te;jJ. mJ kw;wk;k> ,dp kw;nwhd;W vd;Gopg; ngaupd; Gwj;JWg;gha;g; gpd;Dk; Kd;Dk; gy te;jd.
te;jhNdh> INah ,we;jhd; vd;gjpy; tpidapd; Gwj;J cWg;gha;g; gpd;Dk; Kd;Dk; xd;W te;jJ.
nfhd;whd; $$> rPrP Ngh vd;wtop> tpidapd; Gwj;J cWg;gha;g; gpd;Dk; Kd;Dk; gy te;jd.
,ilr;nrhw;fspd; nghUs;:
njupepiy Njw;wk; Iak; Kw;W vz; rpwg;G
vjpHkiw vr;rk; tpdh tpioT xopapir
gpupg;G fopT Mf;fk; ,d;dd ,ilg; nghUs;
215
njupepiy> njspT>Iak;;>Kw;W> vz;> rpwg;G> vjpHkiw> vr;rk;> tpdh> tpUg;gk;> xopapir> gpupepiy> fopT> Mf;fk;>,it Nghy;td gpwTk; ,ilr;nrhw;fSila nghUs;fshk; .
,d;dd vd;wjdhy; rpy tUkhW :-
m> ,> c vd;gd Rl;Lg;nghUisj; jUtd.
v>V> ah>M> X vd;gd tpdhg;nghUisj; jUtd.
Kd;> gpd; vd;gd fhyg;nghUisAk; ,lg;nghUisAk; jUtd.
,dp vd;gJ fhy ,lq;fspd; vy;iyg; nghUisj; jUtJ.
njhWk;> NjhWk; vd;gd ,lg;gd;ikg; nghUisAk; njhopy; gapy;Tg; nghUisAk; jUtd.
thsh> Rk;kh vd;gd gad; ,d;ikg; nghUisj; jUtd.
MtJ>Mjy;> MapDk;> jhd; vd;gd tpfw;gg; nghUisj; jUtd.
INah> me;Njh Kjypait ,uf;fg; nghUisj; jUtd.
M> mk;k> X> XNfh Kjypait tpag;Gg; nghUisj; jUtd.
$$>INah Kjypait mr;rg;nghUisj; jUtd.
rP> rpr;rP> ir Kjypait ,fo;r;rpg; nghUisj; jUtd.
Fwpg;gpd;tUk; ,ilr; nrhw;fs; tUkhW :-
mk;nkd> ,k;nkd> Nfhntd> Nrhntd> JLnkd> xy;nyd> f/nwd>R/nwd vdTk; flfnld> fsfnsd> jpLjpnld> neWnenwd> glgnld vdTk; tUtd xypf;Fwpg;Gg; nghUisj; jUtd.
Jz;nzd> JZf;nfd> jpl;nfd> jpLf;nfd vd;why; Nghy;td mr;rf; Fwpg;Gg; nghUisj; jUtd.
nghs;nsd> nghUf;nfd> fJnkd> nQNunyd> rNunyd> vd;why;Nghy;td tpiuTf; Fwpg;Gg; nghUisj; jUtd.
Vfhu ,ilr;nrhy;:
gpupepiy tpdh vz; <w;wir Njw;wk;
,irepiw vd MW Vfhuk;Nk
216
Gpupepiy> tpdh> vz;><w;wir> njspT>,irepiw vd;W MW nghUisj; jUk; Vfhu ,ilr; nrhy;.
mtUs; ,tNd fs;td; - ,q;Nf xU $l;lj;jpdpd;Wk; xUtidg; gpupj;J epw;wyhy; gpupepiy.
ePNa nfhz;lha; - ,q;Nf ePah nfhz;lha; vd;Dk; nghUisj; jUk; ,lj;J tpdh.
epyNk ePNu jPNa tspNa - ,q;Nf epyKk; ePUk; jPAk; tspAk; vdg; nghUs;gl vz;zp epw;wyhy; vz;.
vd;Wk; Vj;jpj; njhONthk; ahNk" - ,q;Nf NtW nghUs; ,d;wp ,WjpapNy rhHj;jg;gl;L epw;wyhy; <w;wir.
cz;Nl kWik - ,q;Nf cz;L vd;gjw;F Iak; ,y;iy vd;Dk; njspTg; nghUisj; jUjyhy; Njw;wk;.
VNa ,tnshUj;jp NgbNah vd;whH"- ,q;Nf NtWnghUs; ,d;wpr; nra;Aspy; ,ir epiwj;J epw;wyhy; ,irepiw.
mtNd nfhz;lhd; vd;gJ XH Xuplj;J mtd; nfhz;byd; vd vjpHkiwg; nghUs; gl epw;wy; Gjpad GFjYk; tOty vd;gjdhy; nfhs;f.
Xfhu ,ilr;nrhy;:
xopapir tpdh rpwg;G vjpHkiw njupepiy
fopT mirepiy gpupg;G vd vl;L XNt
xopapir> tpdh> rpwg;G> vjpHkiw> njupepiy> fopT> mirepiy> gpupepiy> vd;W vl;Lg; nghUisj;jUk; Xfhu ,ilr; nrhy;.
rpwg;G> caHTrpwg;Gk; ,opTrpwg;Gk; vd ,Utifg;gLk;. caHTrpwg;G xU nghUspdJ caHitr; rpwg;gpj;jy;.,opTrpwg;G xU nghUspdJ ,opitr; rpwpg;gpj;jy;> ,q;Nf rpwg;gpj;jy; vd;wJ> caHNt MapDk; ,opNt MapDk; mjdJ kpFjpia tpsf;Fjy;.
gbf;fNth te;jha; - ,q;Nf gbj;jw;F md;W tpisahLjw;F te;jha; vd xope;j nrhw;fisj; jUjyhy; xopapir.
Fw;wpNah kfNdh - ,q;Nf Fw;wpah kfdh vd tpdhg;nghUisj; jUjyhy; tpdh.
X x ngupad; - ,q;Nf xUtdJ ngUikahfpa caHtpd; kpFjpia tpsf;Fjyhy; caHT rpwg;G
217
X x nfhbad;-,q;Nf xUtdJ nfhLikahfpa ,optpd; kpFjpia tpsf;Fjyhy; ,opT rpwg;Gk;ik.
mtNdh nfhz;lhd; - ,q;Nf nfhz;byd; vd;Dk; nghUisj; jUk; ,lj;J vjpH kiw.
MNzh? mJTkd;W ngz;Nzh? mJTkd;W - ,q;Nf mj;jd;ik ,y;yhikiaj; njuptpj;J epw;wyhy; njupepiy.
cWjp czuhJ nfl;lhiu „Xx jkf;Nfh UWjp AzuhNuh‟ vd;Dk; ,lj;Jf; foptpuf;fg; nghUisj; jUjyhy; fopT> foptpuf;fk; - fope;jjw;F ,uq;Fjy;
fhzpa tk;kpNdh - ,q;Nf NtW nghUs; ,d;wpr; rhHj;jg;gl;L epw;wyhy; mirepiy.
,tNdh nfhz;lhd; - ,q;Nf gyUs; epd;Wk; xUtidg; gpupj;J epw;Fk; ,lj;Jg; gpupepiy.
vd vd;W ,ilr;nrhw;fs;:
tpid ngaH Fwpg;G ,ir vz; gz;G MwpDk;
vd vDk; nkhop tUk;: vd;Wk; mw;Nw
tpid> ngaH>Fwpg;G>,ir>vz;>gz;G Mfpa MW nghUspy;> vd vd;Dk; ,ilr;nrhy; NrHe;J tUk;> vd;W vd;Dk; ,ilr;nrhy;Yk; mg;gbNa MW nghUspYk; tUk;.
ike;jd; gpwe;jhnddj; je;ij cte;jhd; - tpidNahL ,iae;jJ.
mOf;fh nwdnthU ghtp - ngaNuhL ,iae;jJ.
nghs;nsd thq;Nf Gwk; NtuhH - Fwpg;NghL ,iae;jJ.
nghk;nkd tz;lyk;Gk; GupFoiy -,irNahL ,iae;jJ.
epynkd ePnud jPnad tspnad thnddg; g+jq;fs; Ie;J - vz;NzhL ,iae;jJ.
nts;nsd tpsHj;jJ - ,q;Nf gz;NghL ,iae;jJ> vd;W vd;gijAk; ,g;gbNa ,itfNshLk; xl;bf;nfhs;f.
218
ck;ik ,ilr;nrhy;:
vjpHkiw rpwg;G Iak; vr;rk; Kw;W msit
njupepiy Mf;fNkhL ck;ik vl;Nl
vjpHkiw> rpwg;G> Iak;> vr;rk;> msit>njupepiy> Mf;fk; Mfpa vl;Lg; nghUisAk; jUk; ck;ik ,ilr;nrhy;.
vr;rk; ,we;jJ joP,a vr;rKk;> vjpuJ joP,a vr;rKk; vd ,Utifg;gLk;.
kwg;gpDk; Xj;Jf; nfhsyhFk; kwf;fy; MfhJ vd;Dk; nghUisj; jUjyhy; vjpHkiw.
FwtUk; kUSq; Fd;wk; - ,q;Nf Fd;wpd; caHitr; rpwg;gpj;jyhy; caHTrpwg;G GiyaDk; tpUk;ghg; Gd;Gyhy; ahf;if- clk;gpd; ,opitr; rpwg;gpj;jyhy; ,opTrpwg;G
mtd; nty;ypDk; nty;Yk; - Jzpahikia czHj;jyhy; Iak;.
rhj;jDk; te;jhd; - nfhw;wd; te;jJ md;wp vd;Dk; nghUisj; je;jhy; ,we;jJ joP,antr;rk; @ ,dpf;nfhw;wDk; tUthd; vd;Dk; nghUisj; je;jhy; vjpuJ joP,a vr;rk;.
vy;yhUk; te;jhH - vQ;rhg; nghUisj; jUjyhy; Kw;W.
,uhTk; gfYk; - vz;Zjw;fz; tUjyhy; vz;.
MZkd;W ngz;Zkd;W -,d;dJ vdj; njuptpj;J epw;wyhy; njupepiy.
ghYkhapw;W - mJNt kUe;Jk; Mapw;W vd;Dk; nghUisj; jUjyhy; Mf;fk;
Kw;W ck;ik xNuh top vr;r Kk; MFk;
Nkw;$wpa Kw;Wk;ik xNuhtplj;J vr;r ck;ikAk; Mk;.
vy;yhUk; te;jpyH> mtH gj;Jq; nfhlhH> ,q;Nf rpyH te;jhH> rpynfhLg;ghH vdTk; nghUs;gLjyhy;> vr;r ck;ikAk; Mapw;W.
nrt;ntz; <w;wjhk; vr;r ck;ik
vr;r ck;ik nrt; ntz;zpy; tUkhapd; <w;wpy; tUk;.
nrt;ntz;zhtJ vz;zpilr;nrhy; njhf;F epw;g tUtJ.
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fy;tp> nry;tk>; Fbg;gpwg;Gk; ngWthUk; csH vd;wtop> ,tw;Ws; rpy ngWthUk; csH vdg; nghUs;gLjyhy; nrt;ntz; Mapw;W>
rpy ,ilr;nrhw;fs;:
ngaHr;nrt;ntz;Nz vd;wh vdh vz;
ehd;Fk; njhif ngWk;: ck;ik vd;W vd XL
,e;ehd;F vz;Zk;; m/J ,d;wp A`k; ,aYk;
ngaHfspd; ,ilNa vz;zpilr;nrhy; njhf;F epw;g tUk; nrt;ntz;Zk; ngaNuhL njhfhJ tUk; Vfhu vz;Zk; vd;wh vz;Zk; vdh vz;Zk; Mfpa ehd;F vz;fSk; njhifiag; ngw;W elf;Fk;. ck;ik vz;Zk; vd;W vz;Zk; vd vz;Zk; XL vz;Zk; Mfpa ,e;j ehd;F vz;fSk; mj;njhif ngwhJk; elf;Fk;.
rhj;jd; nfhw;wd; ,UtUk; te;jhH
rhj;jNd nfhw;wNd ,UtUk; te;jhH.
rhj;jndd;wh nfhw;wndd;wh ,UtUk; te;jhH
rhj;jnddhf; nfhw;wnddh ,UtUk; te;jhH.
- ,it njhif ngw;Nw te;jd.
,it tof;fplj;J xNuhtopj; njhifngwhJ tupd; ,ir vr;rkhfTk;> nra;AspNy njhif ngwhJ tupd; njhFj;jy; tpfhukhfTk; nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;.
rhj;jDk; nfhw;wDk; ,UtUk; te;jhH
rhj;jndd;W nfhw;wndd;W ,UtH csH
rhj;jnddf; nfhw;wndd ,UtUsH
rhj;jNdhL nfhw;wNdhL ,UtUsH
- ,it njhif ngw;W te;jd.
rhj;jDk; nfhw;wDk; te;jhH
epyndd;W ePnud;W jPnad;W fhw;nwd;W mstW fhankd; whfpa cyfk;
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epynkd ePnudj; jPnadf; fhw;nwd mstW fhankd MfpaTyfk;
epyNdhL ePNuhL jPNahL fhw;NwhL mstW fhaNkhL Mfpa g+jk;
- ,it njhif ngwhJ te;jd.
vd;Wk; vdTk; xLTk; xNuh top
epd;Wk; gpupe;J vz; nghUs;njhWk; NeUk;
vd;W> vd> xL vd;Dk; ,k;%d;W ,ilr; nrhw;fSk; vz;zg;gLk; nghUs; NjhWk; epw;wNy md;wp Xuplj;J epd;Wk; gpupe;J vz;zg;gLk; nghUs; NjhWk; nrd;W nghUe;Jk;.
tpidgif nad;wpuz;b ndr;r epidAq;fhw;
wPnar;rk; Nghyj; njWk; - ,q;Nf vd;nwd;gJ> tpidnad;W gif vd;W vd epd;wtplj;Jg; gpupe;J> gpw topAk; nrd;W nghUe;jpaJ.
gifght kr;rk; gopnad ehd;F
kpfthth kpy;ypwg;ghd; fz; - ,q;Nf vd vd;gJ> gif vdg; ghtk; vd mr;rk; vdg; gop vd vd;W epd;w ,lj;Jg; gpupe;J gpwtopAk; nrd;W nghUe;jpaJ.
nghUs; fUtp fhyk; tpidaplNdhile;J
kpUBu ntz;zpr; nray;@ - ,q;Nf xL vd;gJ> nghUnshL fUtp nahL fhyj;njhL tpidnahL ,lndhL vd epd;w ,lj;Jg; gpupe;J> gpw topAk; nrd;W nghUe;jpaJ.
tpidnahL tupDk; vz; ,ida Vw;gd
vz;zpilr; nrhw;fs; tpidNahL tupDk; Nky;ngaNuhL te;jhw; NghythFk;.
kapyhlf; Fapy; thl khKfpy; vOe;jJ - ,J nrt;ntz;
fw;Wk; Nfl;Lk; fw;gid fle;jhH - ck;ik vz;.
cz;z vd;W cLf;f vd;W te;jhd; - vd;W vz;.
cz;z vd cLf;f vd te;jhd; - vd vz;.
cz;z cLf;f vd;W te;jhd; - ,J gpupe;J $Lk; vz;.
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jpy; ,ilr;nrhy ;:
tpioNt fhyk; xopapir jpy;Ny
tpioT> fhyk;> xopapir Mfpa %d;W nghUisAk; jUk; „jpy;‟ vd;Dk; ,ilr;nrhy;.
thHe;jp yq;Fit naapw;Wr; rpd;nkhop
aupitiag; ngWfjpy; yk;k ahNd - mupitiag; ngWjy; Ntl;ifia czHj;jyhy; tpioT
ngw;whq; fwpfjpy; yk;ktpt; t+Nu - ngw;wfhyj;J mwpf vdf; fhyj;ij czHj;jyhy; fhyk;.
tUfjpy; yk;kntQ; Nrup Nru - te;jhy; xd;W nra;Ntd; vd;Dk; xope;j nrhw;nghUis czHj;jyhy; xopapir.
kd; ,ilr;nrhy;:
kd;Nd mirepiy xopapir Mf;fk;
fopT kpFjp epiyNgW MFk;
kd; vd;Dk; ,ilr;nrhy;mire;J epw;wy; nghUspYk; Mf;fg;nghUspYk; fopjy; nghUspYk; kpFjpg; nghUspYk; epiyngWjy; nghUspYk; tUk;.
“mJkd; nfhz;fd; NjNu” - NtW nghUspd;wpr; rhHj;jg;gl;L epw;wyhy; mirepiy.
“$upaNjhH ths; kd;”- ,Uk;ig mwj;Jzpj;jJ vd;Dk; xope;j nrhw;fisj; jUjyhy; xopapir.
“gz;L fhLkd;” -,d;W tay; Mapw;W vd;Dk; Mf;fg; nghUisj; jUjyhy; Mf;fk;.
“rpwpafs; ngwpNd vkf;fPAk; kd;Nd” -,g;nghOJ mtd; ,we;jjdhy; vkf;Ff; nfhLj;jy; fope;jJ vd;Dk; nghUisj; jUjyhy; fopT.
“ve;ij vkf;F mUSkd;” - kpFjpAk; mUStd; vd;Dk; nghUisj; jUjyhy; kpFjp.
kd;dh Tyfj;J kd;dpaJ GupNkh - ,t; ,ilr;nrhy; mbahfg;gpwe;j tpidfs; epiyngwhj cyfj;jpNy epiyj;jijr; nra;> vd;Dk; nghUs;gl epw;wyhy; epiyNgW.
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kw;W vDk; ,ilr;nrhy;:
tpidkhw;W mirepiy gpwpJ vDk; kw;Nw
kw;W vd;Dk; ,ilr;nrhy; tpidkhw;Wg; nghUisAk; mirj;J epw;wy; nghUisAk; gpwpJ nghUisAk; jUk;.
kw;wwpth ey;tpid ahkpisa nkd;dhJ " - tpiue;J mwpthk; vd;Dk; tpidia xopj;J tpiuahJ mwpthk; vd;Dk; tpidiaj; jUjyhy; tpidkhw;W.
kw;nwd;id ahs;f. - NtW nghUspd;wpr; rhHj;jg;gl;L epw;wyhy; mir epiy.
Copw; ngUtyp ahTs kw;nwhd;W
#opDe; jhd;Ke; JWk; - Coy;yJ xd;W vd;Dk; nghUisj; jUjyhy; gpwpJ.
kw;iwaJ vd;gJ Rl;bajw;F ,dk;
kw;iwaJ vd;Dk; nghUshfpa tpidkhw;Wk; gpwpJk;> fUjpajw;F ,dkhfpa kWjiy tpidAk; ,dkhfpa gpwpJkhk;.
Kd; cjhuzq;fSs;> ey;tpidia tpiue;J mwpthk; vdf; fUjpajw;F ,dkhfpa tpidkhw;W MtJ> tpiuahJ mwpthk; vd;gJ@ Co; vdf; fUjpajw;F ,dkhfpa gpwpjhtJ Coy;yJ xd;W vd;gJ.
nfhy; vd;Dk; ,ilr;nrhy ;;:
nfhy;N;y Iak; mirepiy $w;Nw
nfhy; vd;gJ Iag; nghUisAk; mirepiyg; nghUisAk; jUk; ,ilr;nrhy;yhk;.
,t;TUf; Fw;wpnfhy; kfd;nfhy; - Fw;wpNah kfNdh vd;Dk; nghUisj; jUjyhy; Iak;.
fw;wjdh yha gandd;nfhy; - NtW nghUs; ,d;wpr; rhHj;jg;gl;L epw;wyhy; mirepiy.
xL> nja;a vd;Dk; ,ilr;nrhy;:
xLTk; nja;aTk; ,irepiw nkhopNa
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xL>nja;a vd;Dk; ,uz;Lk;,drepiwj;jy; nghUisj; jUk; nrhw;fshk;.
“tpijf;FW tl;bw; NghnjhL nghJs” - ,irepiw
“nrhy;Nyd; nja;a epd;ndhL ngaHj;Nj”- ,irepiw
me;jpy; Mq;F vd;Dk; ,ilr;nrhw;fs;:
me;jpy; Mq;F mirepiy ,lg; nghUs; mt;Nt
me;jpy; Mq;F vd;Dk; ,t;tpuz;L ,ilr;nrhy;Yk; mirepiyg; nghUisAk;; ,lg; nghUisAk; jUk;.
me;jpw; foypdd; fr;rpdd; - NtW nghUspd;wpr; rhHj;jg;gl;L epw;wyhy; mirepiy.
tUNk - Nrapio ae;jpw; nfhOew; fhzpa. - mt;tplj;J tUk; vd;Dk; nghUisj; jUjyhy; ,lk;.
Mq;fj; jpwdy;y ahq;fow - NtW nghUspd;wpr; rhHj;jg;gl;L epw;wyhy; mirepiy. ,jDs;> Mq;F vd;Dk; mirepiy Mq;f vd ,Wjp tpfhukha; epd;wJ.
Mq;fhq; fhapD khf. - mt;tplj;J vd;Dk; nghUisj; jUjyhy; ,lk;.
mk;k vd;Dk; ,ilr;nrhy;:
mk;k ciuair Nfz;kpd; vd;W MFk;
mk;k vd;gJ ciu mirg; nghUisj; jUtJk; nrhy;YNtd; Nfz;kpd; vd;Dk; Vty;nghUisj; jUtJkhk;.
„mJkw;wk;k‟ - fl;Liuf;fz; tUjyhy; ciuair.
„mk;k thop Njhop‟– xd;W nrhy;Ntd; Nfs; vd;Dk; Vty;nghUspy; te;jJ.
khntd; fpstp:
kh vd; fpstp tpaq;Nfhs; mirr;nrhy;
kh vd;Dk; nrhy; tpaq;Nfhs; ,lj;JtUk; mirr; nrhy;yhk;.
“cg;gpd;W - Gw;if Az;fkh nfhw;if NahNd”
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,q;Nf kh vd;Dk; mirr;nrhy; cz;f vd;Dk; tpaq;Nfhs; tpidia mLj;J te;jJ.
Kd;dpiy mirr; nrhw;fs;:
kpah ,f Nkh kjp mj;ij ,j;ij
thopa khs < aho Kd;dpiy mir
kpah> ,f> Nkh> kjp> mj;ij> ,j;ij>thopa> khs><> aho vd;Dk; gj;J ,ilr;nrhw;fSk; Kd;dpiy ,lj;J tUk; mirr; nrhw;fshk;.
kpah --- “rpiyad; nrOe;jioad; nrd;kpah ntd;Wkiyafyhd; thb tUk;.
,f --- “jz;Liwa+u fhzpf ntdNt.”
Nkh --- “fhkQ; nrg;ghJ fz;lJ nkhopNkh”
kjp --- “nrd;kjp ngUk.”
mj;ij --- “nrhy;ypa uj;ijepd; ntFsp.”
,r;ij --- “Nta;euy; tpluf ePnahd;W ghbj;ij.”
thopa --- “fhzpa thth opakiyr; rhuy;.”
khs --- “rpwpJ -- jtpHe;jPf khsepd; guprpy Ua;k;khH.”
< --- “nrd;wP ngUkepw; wiff;FeH ahNu”
aho ---- “ePNa - nra;tpid kUq;fpw; nry taHe; jpaho."
vy;yh ,lj;Jk; tUk; mirr;nrhw;fs;:
ah fh gpw gpwf;F mNuh Ngh khJ ,Fk;
rpd; Fiu XUk; NghYk; ,Ue;J ,l;L
md;W Mk; jhk; jhd; fpd;W epd;W mirnkhop
ah> fh> gpw> gpwf;F> mNuh> Ngh> khJ> ,Fk;>rpd;> Fiu> XUk;> NghYk;> ,Ue;J> ,l;L>md;W> Mk>; jhk;> jhd;> fpd;W vd;Dk; ,UgJ ,ilr;nrhw;fSk; vy;yh ,lq;fspYk; tUk; mirr;nrhw;fshk;.
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ah --- “ah gd;dpUtH khzhf;fH mfj;jpadhHf;F"
fh --- “Gwepow; gl;lhNsh tptsptl; fhz;bfh.”
gpw --- “Maid ay;y gpw."
gpwf;F --- “gpwf;fpjDl; nry;yhd; ngUe;jtk; gl;lhd;. "
mNuh --- “Nehjf tpUq;Fap yhY kNuh."
Ngh --- “gpupapd; thoh njd;Ngh."
khJ ---“tpspe;jd;W khjtHj; njspe;jntd; neQ;Nr.”
",Fk; --- “fhz;bF ky;yNkh nfhz;f"
rpd; --- “jPq;fh fpath nyd;wprpd;"
Fiu --- “mJ ngwyUq; Fiuj;Nj."
xUk; --- “mQ;Rt NjhU kwNd."
NghYk; --- “tLntd;w fz;zha; tUe;jpid NghYk;."
,Ue;J - "edntd; nwOe;jpUe;Nj dy;tpidnahd; wpy;Nyd;."
,l;L - “neQ;rk; gpse;jpl;L."
md;W - "gpukhGu Nktpa ngk;khdpt dd;Nw."
Mk; - “gzpAkhk; vd;Wk; ngUik rpWik mzpAkhe; jd;id tpae;J."
jhk; - ePHjhk;.
jhd; - eP jhd;.
fpd;W - "tho;th dhirg;gl; bUf;fpd;Nwd;."
epd;W - "moyile;j kd;wj; jue;ijauha; epd;whH
epoyile;Nj epd;idnad; Nwj;j.”
gapw;rp tpdhf;fs;:
1.,ilr;nrhy; vd;gjd; ,yf;fzj;ijj; jUf.
Ntw;Wik tpid rhupia xg;G cUGfs;
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jj;jk; nghUs ,irepiw mirepiy
Fwpg;G vd; vz; gFjpapd; jdpj;J ,ay; ,d;wpg;
ngaupDk;; tpidapDk; gpd; Kd; XH ,lj;J
xd;Wk; ; gyTk; te;J xd;WtJ ,ilr;nrhy;
Ik; Kjypa Ntw;Wik cUGfs;> tpFjpfSk; ,ilepiyfSk; Mfpa tpid cUGfs;> md; Md; Kjypa rhupia cUGfs;> Nghyg; Giua Kjypa ctk cUGfs;>gpwthW jj;jkf;F cupa nghUis czHj;jp tUgit> NtW nghUs; ,d;wp ,irepiwNa nghUshf tUgit> mirepiyNa nghUshf epw;git>ntspg;gilapd tUk; ,it NghyhJ xyp> mr;rk;> tpiuT ,tw;iwf; Fwpg;ghy; czHj;jp tUgit>vd;Dk; vl;Ltifapid ciladtha; jdpj;J elj;jy; ,d;wpg; ngaupd; mfj;Jk; tpidapd; mfj;Jk; mtw;wpd; Gwkhfpa gpd;Dk; Kd;Dk; ,t;tplq;fs; MwDs; Xuplj;J >xd;whapDk; gythapDk; te;J mg;ngaH tpidfSf;F mfj;J cWg;ghAk; Gwj;J cWg;ghAk; xd;Wgl;L elf;Fk; jd;ikaJ >,ilr;nrhy; MFk;.
2.,ilr;nrhw;fspd; nghUs;fs; ahit?
,ilr;nrhw;fspd; nghUs;:
njupepiy Njw;wk; Iak; Kw;W vz; rpwg;G
vjpHkiw vr;rk; tpdh tpioT xopapir
gpupg;G fopT Mf;fk; ,d;dd ,ilg; nghUs;
njupepiy> njspT>Iak;;>Kw;W> vz;> rpwg;G> vjpHkiw> vr;rk;> tpdh> tpUg;gk;> xopapir>gpupepiy> fopT> Mf;fk;>,it Nghy;td gpwTk; ,ilr;nrhw;fSila nghUs;fshk; .
,d;dd vd;wjdhy; rpy tUkhW :-
m> ,> c vd;gd Rl;Lg;nghUisj; jUtd .
v>V> ah>M> X vd;gd tpdhg;nghUisj; jUtd .
Kd;> gpd; vd;gd fhyg;nghUisAk; ,lg;nghUisAk; jUtd .
,dp vd;gJ fhy ,lq;fspd; vy;iyg; nghUisj; jUtJ .
njhWk;> NjhWk; vd;gd ,lg;gd;ikg; nghUisAk; njhopy; gapy;Tg; nghUisAk; jUtd.
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thsh> Rk;kh vd;gd gad; ,d;ikg; nghUisj; jUtd .
MtJ>Mjy;> MapDk;> jhd; vd;gd tpfw;gg; nghUisj; jUtd.
INah> me;Njh Kjypait ,uf;fg; nghUisj; jUtd.
M> mk;k> X> XNfh Kjypait tpag;Gg; nghUisj; jUtd.
$$>INah Kjypait mr;rg;nghUisj; jUtd .
rP> rpr;rP> ir Kjypait ,fo;r;rpg; nghUisj; jUtd.
Fwpg;gpd;tUk; ,ilr; nrhw;fs; tUkhW :-
mk;nkd> ,k;nkd> Nfhntd> Nrhntd> JLnkd> xy;nyd> f/nwd>R/nwd vdTk; flfnld> fsfnsd> jpLjpnld> neWnenwd> glgnld vdTk; tUtd xypf;Fwpg;Gg; nghUisj; jUtd
Jz;nzd> JZf;nfd> jpl;nfd> jpLf;nfd vd;why; Nghy;td mr;rf; Fwpg;Gg; nghUisj; jUtd.
nghs;nsd> nghUf;nfd> fJnkd> nQNunyd> rNunyd> vd;why;Nghy;td tpiuTf; Fwpg;Gg; nghUisj; jUtd.
3.,ilr;nrhw;fs; czHj;Jk; nghUs;fs; Fwpj;Jf; fl;Liuf;f.
,ilapaypy; ,ilr;nrhw;fs; Fwpj;J epw;Fk; nghUs;fisg; ghlg;gFjpapy; ,Ue;J tpupj;J vOJjy; Ntz;Lk;.
4.mirr;nrhw;fs; Fwpj;J vOJf.
Kd;dpiy mirr; nrhw;fs;:
kpah ,f Nkh kjp mj;ij ,j;ij
thopa khs < aho Kd;dpiy mir
kpah> ,f> Nkh> kjp> mj;ij> ,j;ij>thopa> khs><> aho vd;Dk; gj;J ,ilr;nrhw;fSk; Kd;dpiy ,lj;J tUk; mirr; nrhw;fshk;.
kpah --- “rpiyad; nrOe;jioad; nrd;kpah ntd;Wkiyafyhd; thb tUk;.
,f --- “jz;Liwa+u fhzpf ntdNt.”
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Nkh --- “fhkQ; nrg;ghJ fz;lJ nkhopNkh”
kjp --- “nrd;kjp ngUk.”
mj;ij --- “nrhy;ypa uj;ijepd; ntFsp.”
,r;ij --- “Nta;euy; tpluf ePnahd;W ghbj;ij.”
thopa --- “fhzpa thth opakiyr; rhuy;.”
khs --- “rpwpJ -- jtpHe;jPf khsepd; guprpy Ua;k;khH.”
< --- “nrd;wP ngUkepw; wiff;FeH ahNu”
aho ---- “ePNa - nra;tpid kUq;fpw; nry taHe; jpaho."
vy;yh ,lj;Jk; tUk; mirr;nrhw;fs;:
ah fh gpw gpwf;F mNuh Ngh khJ ,Fk;
rpd; Fiu XUk; NghYk; ,Ue;J ,l;L
md;W Mk; jhk; jhd; fpd;W epd;W mirnkhop
ah> fh> gpw> gpwf;F> mNuh> Ngh> khJ> ,Fk;>rpd;> Fiu> XUk;> NghYk;> ,Ue;J> ,l;L>md;W> Mk>; jhk;> jhd;> fpd;W vd;Dk; ,UgJ ,ilr;nrhw;fSk; vy;yh ,lq;fspYk; tUk; mirr;nrhw;fshk;.
ah --- “ah gd;dpUtH khzhf;fH mfj;jpadhHf;F"
fh --- “Gwepow; gl;lhNsh tptsptl; fhz;bfh.”
gpw --- “Maid ay;y gpw."
gpwf;F --- " gpwf;fpjDl; nry;yhd; ngUe;jtk; gl;lhd;. "
mNuh --- “Nehjf tpUq;Fap yhY kNuh."
Ngh --- “gpupapd; thoh njd;Ngh."
khJ ---“tpspe;jd;W khjtHj; njspe;jntd; neQ;Nr.”
",Fk; --- “fhz;bF ky;yNkh nfhz;f"
rpd; --- “jPq;fh fpath nyd;wprpd;"
Fiu --- “mJ ngwyUq; Fiuj;Nj."
229
xUk; --- “mQ;Rt NjhU kwNd."
NghYk; --- “tLntd;w fz;zha; tUe;jpid NghYk;."
,Ue;J - "edntd; nwOe;jpUe;Nj dy;tpidnahd; wpy;Nyd;."
,l;L - " neQ;rk; gpse;jpl;L. "
md;W - "gpukhGu Nktpa ngk;khdpt dd;Nw."
Mk; - "gzpAkhk; vd;Wk; ngUik rpWik mzpAkhe; jd;id tpae;J."
jhk; - ePHjhk;.
jhd; - eP jhd;.
fpd;W - "tho;th dhirg;gl; bUf;fpd;Nwd;."
epd;W - "moyile;j kd;wj; jue;ijauha; epd;whH
epoyile;Nj epd;idnad; Nwj;j.”
230
gpupT - 4
gad;: nra;Al;F cupikAila nrhw;fis mwpjy;
cupr;nrhw;fspd; ,ay;GfisAk; mit gad;gLk; ,lq;fisAk; mwpjy;
capupd tifg;ghLfis mwpjy;
capHg;nghUl;fspd; gz;G eyd;fisAk; capupy; nghUl;fspd; gz;G eyd;fisAk; mwpjy;
xUFzk; jOtpa cupr;nrhy;> gyFzk; jOtpa cupr;nrhy; vd;gdtw;iw mwp;e;J gad;ngwy;
eilKiwj; jkpop;d; ,yf;fzj;ij czHjy;
fhy;> miu> Kf;fhw; Gs;sp> Nkw;Nfhs;> tpag;Gf;Fwp> tpdhf;Fwp Nghd;wit tUfpd;w ,lq;fis mwpe;J gad;gLj;jy;
$W - 13
cupr;nrhy; vd;gJ cupikg;gl;L tUk; nrhy; MFk;. cupr;nrhw;fisg; gw;wp czHj;Jjyhy; cupapay; vd;gJ ngauhapw;W>
gy; tifg; gz;Gk; gfH ngaH Mfp
xU Fzk; gy Fzk; jOtpg; ngaH tpid
xUth nra;Al;F cupad cupr;nrhy;
,irAk; Fwpg;Gk; gz;Gk; Mfpa gy;NtW tifg;gl;l gz;GfisAk; czHj;Jk; ngauhfp> mt;thW czHj;Jk;NghJ xUnrhy; xU Fzj;ij czHj;JtdTk; gy Fzq;fis czHj;JtdTkha;g; ngaH tpidfis tpl;L ePq;fhJ nra;ASf;F cupaitaha;g; nghUl;F cupik g+z;L epw;git cupr;nrhw;fshk;.
,ir> Xir> Fwpg;G kdj;jhy; Fwpj;J czug;gLtJ. gz;G nghwpahy; czug;gLk; Fzk;.
capH capH my;yjhk; nghUs; Fzk; gz;Ng
231
capuhfpa nghUSk; capH my;yhj nghUSk; vd ,UtifAs; mlq;Fk; cyfj;Jg; nghUs;fspd; Fzq;fs; gz;GfSk; Mk;.
nka; eh %f;F ehl;lk; nrtpfspd;
xd;W Kjyhf; fPo;f; nfhz;L Nky; czHjypd;
XuwpT Mjpah capH Ie;J MFk;
nka;> eh> ehrp> fz>; fhJ Mfpa Ik;nghwpfshYk;> Ie;J Gyd;fis czHtJ capHg; gz;G> ,t;thW Ie;J Gyd;fis czUq;fhy; nka;ahy; czug;gLk; cw;W czHT Kjyhf Nky; tUk; xt;NthH czHitAk; NrHj;J vz;zp; XH mwpT capH Kjyhf Ie;JtifahFk; mt;TapH vdg; gpupg;gH.
nka;- XuwpTapH
nka;> ehf;F - <uwpTapH
nka;> ehf;F> %f;F - %twpTapH
nka;> ehf;F> %f;F> fz; - ehywpTapH
nka;> ehf;F> %f;F> fz;> nrtp – IawpTapH
XuwpTapH:
Gy; kuk; Kjy cw;W mwpAk; XH mwpT capH
Gy;Yk; kuKk; Kjypait nka;ahy; njhL czHtpid mwpAk; XH mwpT capHfshk;.
<uwpTapH:
Kus; ee;J Mjp eh mwpnthL <H mwpT capH
,g;gpAk; rq;Fk;> Kjypait fPo;g;Nghd nka;awpNt md;wp ehthy; Ritia mwpAk; mwpNthL <H mwpT capHfshk;.
%twpTapH
rpjy; vWk;G Mjp %f;F mwptpd; % mwpT capH
fiwahDk; vWk;Gk; Kjypait fPo;g;Nghd ,uz;L mwpTfNs md;wp %f;fhy; kzj;ij mwpAk; mwpNthL %twp capHfshk;.
232
ehywpTapH
Jk;gp tz;L Mjpfz; mwptpd; ehy; mwpT capH
Jk;gpAk; tz;Lk; Kjypait fPo;g;Nghd %d;W mwpTfNs md;wpf; fz;zhy; cUtj;ij mwpAk; mwpNthL ehywpT capHfshk;.
IawpTapH
thdtH kf;fs; eufH tpyq;F Gs;
Mjp nrtp mwpNthL IawpT capNu
NjtUk; kdpjUk; eufUk; kpUfq;fSk; gwitfSk; Kjypait fPo;g;Nghd ehywpTfNs md;wpr; nrtpahy; Xiria mwpAk; mwpNthL IawpT capHfshk;.
capupy;yhg; nghUs;:
czHT ,ay; Mk; capH xd;Wk; xopj;j
cly; Kjy; midj;Jk; capH my; nghUNs
mwpT kakhfpa capH xd;iwj; jtpu clk;G Kjyhfpa cyfj;Jg; nghUs;fs; vy;yhk; capH my;yhj nghUs;fshk;.
xw;Wik eaj;jpd; xd;W vdj; Njhd;wpDk;
Ntw;Wik eaj;jpd; NtNw cly; capH
vt; capH vt; clk;ig vLj;jNjh mt; clk;gpd; epw;Fk; xw;Wik eak; fUjpatop> xd;WNghy; Njhd;WkhapDk; capH rpj;jhAk; clk;G rlkhAk; epw;Fk; Ntw;Wik eakhfpa cz;ik fUjpatop mt; clYk; capUk; NtW Mk;.
capUs;s nghUs;fspd; gz;Gfs;:.
mwpT mUs; Mir mr;rk; khdk;
epiw nghiw XHg;G filg;gpb ikay;
epidT ntWg;G ctg;G ,uf;fk; ehz; ntFsp
JzpT mOf;fhW md;G vspik va;j;jy;
Jd;gk; ,d;gk; ,sik %g;G ,fy;
233
ntd;wp nghr;rhg;G Cf;fk; kwk; kjk;
kwtp ,ida cly; nfhs; capHf; Fzk;
mwpT> mUs;> Mir>>mr;rk;> khdk;> epiw> nghiw> XHg;G> filg;gpb> ikay>; epidT> ntWg;G> ctg;G>>,uf;fk;> ehz>; ntFsp> JzpT> mOf;fhW> md;G>vspik> va;j;jy;> Jd;gk>; ,d;gk>; ,sik> %g;G> ,fy;> ntd;wp> nghr;rhg;G> Cf;fk;> kwk>; kjk;> kwtp vd;Dk; Kg;gj;jpuz;Lk; ,it Nghy;td gpwTk; clk;NghL $ba capHfspDila Fzq;fshk;.
capHg; nghUs;fspd; gz;Gfs;:
Ja;j;jy; JQ;ry; njhOjy; mzpjy;
ca;j;jy; Mjp cly; capHj; njhopy; Fzk;
Ja;j;jy;> JQ;ry;> njhOjy;> mzpjy;> ca;j;jy; vd;Dk; Ie;Jk;,it Nghy;td gpwTk; clk;nghL $ba capupDila njhopy; Fzq;fshk.;
capuy;yhg; nghUs;fspd; Fzq;fs;:.
gy; tif tbT ,U ehw;wk; Itz;zk;
mW Rit CWvl;L capH my; nghUs; Fzk;
tl;lk;> ,UNfhzk;> Kf;Nfhzk;> rJuk; Kjypa gytif tbTfSk; ey;kzk;> JHkzk; vd;Dk; ,Uehw;wq;fSk; ntz;ik> nrk;ik> fUik> nghd;ik> gRik vd;Dk; Ie;J tz;zq;fSk; ifg;G> Gspg;G> JtHg;G> ctHg;G> fhHg;G> ,dpg;G vd;Dk; mWRitfSk; ntk;ik> jz;ik> nkd;ik> td;ik> neha;ik> rPHik> ,Onkdy;>rUr;riu vd;Dk; vl;L CWfSk;; capH my;yhj nghUs;fspd; cila Fzq;fshk;.
capHg; nghUs; - capuy;yhg; nghUs; - nghJg; gz;Gfs;:
Njhd;wy; kiwjy; tsHjy; RUq;fy;
ePq;fy; miljy; eLq;fy; ,irj;jy;
<jy; ,d;dd ,U nghUs; njhopy; Fzk;
Njhd;wy;> kiwjy;> tsHjy;> RUq;fy;> ePq;fy;> miljy;> eLq;fy;> ,irj;jy;><jy; vdg;ngWk; xd;gJ Fzq;fSk; capHg; nghUs;> capuy; nghUs; vdg;ngWk; ,Utifg; nghUSf;Fk; nghJthfpa njhopw; gz;Gfs; MFk;.
234
xUFzk; jOtpa cupr;nrhy ;:
kpFjpg; nghUs; jUtJ:
rhy cW jt edp $H fop kpfy;
rhy vd;gJ Kjyhfpa ,t; MW cupr;nrhw;fSk; kpFjp Mfpa xU Fzj;ij czHj;Jk; cupr;nrhw;fs;.
rhy –“gUte;J rhyg; gynfhnyd; nwz;zp"
cW –“cWtsp Juf;F KaHrpid khtpd;."
jt –“jtr;Nra; ehl;lh uhapDk;."
edp –“te;Jedp tUe;jpid thopa neQ;Nr"
$H –“Jdp$ nut;tnkhL"
fop–“fhkq; fopfz; Nzhl;lk;.
rhy vd;gJ rhy; vd;Dk; cupr;nrhy; mbahfg; gpwe;j tpid vr;rf; Fwpg;G.
khw;wk; Etw;rp nrg;G ciu fiu nehb ,ir
$w;Wg; Gfwy; nkhop fpstp tpsk;G miw
ghl;L gfHr;rp ,ak;gy; nrhy;Ny
khw;wk; Kjyhfpa gjpdhWk; nrhy; vd;Dk; xUFzj;ij czHj;Jk; cupr;nrhw;fshk; .
khw;wk; - NfhtyHtha; khw;w KzHe;J
Etw;rp - ,U gpwg;ghsH nghOjwpe;J Ety
nrg;G - njUz;lhuit nrg;gYw;Nwd;.
ciu - ciug;gh Uiug;git nay;yhk;@
fiu - mwq;fiuehtp dhd;kiw Kw;wpa
nehb - mQ;nrhw; ngUk;gizj;Njh shapioah lhndhbAk;@"
,ir - eirAeHf; filah ed;ngUthap-ypir vdg; Gf;F"
$w;W -cw;wJ ehq;fs; $w TzHe;jid"
235
Gfwy; - Gfd;w td;wpAk; g+kp ftUNk"
nkhop - fhkQ; nrg;ghJfz;lJ nkhopNkh
fpstp - "fpse;j fpisKj Yw;w"
tpsk;gp -nka;k;%thnwd tpsk;gpdHGytH
miw - "mr;RjdbnjhO jiwFtd; nrhy;Ny
ghl;L - "xUtd; nra;e;ed;wp nfhd;whHf;
Fa;jpapy;nyd twk; ghbd;Nw"
gfHr;rp - thHj;ij gfHFw;Nwd;
,ak;gy; - ,bNghy tpak;gpdhNd" vd;d KiwNa fhz;f.
Kof;F ,ul;L xyp fyp ,ir Jit gpspW ,iu
,uf;F mOq;F ,ak;gy; ,kpo; FspW mjpH Fiu
fid rpiy Rk;ik nfsit fk;giy
mutk; MHg;nghL ,d;dd Xir
Kof;F Kjyhfpa ,Ugj;jpuz;Lk;,it Nghy;td gpwTk; Xir vd;Dk; xUFzj;ij czHj;Jk; cupr;nrhw;fshFk;.
Kof;F - Koq;F Ke;ePH KOtJk; tis,
,ul;L - FbiQapul;Lq; NfhLaH neLtiu
Xyp - xy;nyd nthypf;F nkhypGd Y}uw;F
fyp -fypnfO %J}H@
,ir - giwapir aUtp@
Jit - gy;ypae;Jitg;g@
gpspW - gpspWthH Kurk;
,iu - ,iuf;F kQ;rpiwg; gwitfs;
,uf;F -,uq;F Kurpdk;
mOq;F - ,Uk;gpopkhup aOq;fpd %J}H
,ak;gy; - fhiy Kurk; ,ak;g,kpo;fly; tis,a
236
FspW - FspW Kurq;Fzpy;gha
mjpH - fspW fspj;jjpUq; fhH
Fiu - FiuGdw; fd;dp
fid - fid flw; NrHg;g@
rpiy - rpiyj;jhH Kurq; fwq;f
Rk;ik - js;shj Rk;ik kpF jf;fpz ehLez;zp
nfsit -nfsit ePHNtyp
fk;giy - tpidf; fk;giy kidr; rpyk;gTk;
mutk; - miwfl yutj;jhid@
MHg;G - MHj;j gy;ypaf;Fohk; vd KiwNa fhz;f.
gy Fzk; jOtpa cupr;nrhy ;:
fb vd; fpstp fhg;Ng $Hik
tpiuNa tpsf;fk; mr;rk; rpwg;Ng
tpiuNt kpFjp GJik MHj;jy;
tiuNt kd;wy; fupg;gpd; MFk;
fb vd;Dk; cupr;nrhy; fhtYk; $HikAk; thridAk; tpsf;fKk; mr;rKk; rpwg;Gk; tpiuTk; kpFjpAk; GJikAk; xypj;jYk; ePf;fYk; kzKk;; fupg;Gk; Mfpa gjpd;%d;W Fzq;fspYk; tUk;.
fb efuile;J - fhg;G
fb Eidg; gfop - $Hik
fbkhiy #b - ehw;wk;
fz;zhb md;d fbkhHgd; - tpsf;fk;
fb aukspHf;Nf iftpsf;fhfp –mr;rk;
mk;G JQ;Rq;fbauz; - rpwg;G
vk;kk;G fb tpLJk; - tpiuT
fbAz; flTl;fpl;l nrOq;Fuy; - .kpFjp
237
fbkzr;rhiy - GJik
fbKuR - MHj;jy;
fbkJ EfHt - tiuT
fbtpid KLfpdp - kd;wy;
"fb kpsFjpd;w fy;yhke;jp - fupg;G
,d;dJ ,d;Dop ,d;dzk; ,aYk;
vd;W ,ir E}Ys; FzFzpg;ngaHfs;
nrhy;yhk; guj;jypd; gpq;fyk; Kjyhk;
ey;NyhH cupr;nrhypd; eae;jdH nfhsNy
ngaH> tpid ,il cupfspy; ,d;dnrhy;jd;ik> Kd;dpiy> glHf;iffspYk; tof;Fr; nra;As;fspYk; ,t; ,lj;Nj ,t; ,yf;fzk; cilajha; elf;Fk; vd;W nrhy;yf; $bajhfpa nrhy;Yk;ed;D}Ys; Ntz;ba msNt $wg;gl;Ls;sd. Fzg;ngaHfisAk; Fzpg;ngaHfisAk; Ntz;ba kl;Lk; nrhy;tjd;wp tpupj;Jr; nrhy;yg;gltpy;iy. tpupf;fpd; kw;nwhd;W tpupj;jy; vd;Dk; Fw;wk; tUk; Mjypd;> ey;NyhH gpq;fyk; Kjyhfpa cupr;nrhy; epfz;Lfspy; $wpdH. vdNt mtw;iwf; fz;lwpa Ntz;bNdhH kw;iwg; Gytuhy; $wg;gl;l gpq;fye;ij> jpthfuk; Kjypa E}y;fspy; cupr;nrhy; njhFjpAs; tpUk;gpf; nfhs;f vd;ghH ed;D}yhH>
vdNt> ngaupaYs; ngaHr;nrhy; njhFjpiaAk; tpidapaYs; tpidr;nrhy; njhFjpiaAk;>,ilapaYs; ,ilr;nrhy; njhFjpiaAk;> tpupf;fhikf;Fk; ,JNt Gwdilahk; vd;gjhapw;W.
nrhy; njhWk; ,w;W ,jd; ngw;wp vd;W midj;Jk;
Kw;w nkhopFwpd; KbT ,y Mjypd;
nrhw;wtw;W ,ayhd; kw;iwa gpwTk;
njw;nwd czHjy; njs;spNahH jpwNd
nrhy; NjhWk; ,j;jd;ikj;J ,jd; ,yf;fzk; vd;W> KOJk; epiwTwr; nrhy;yg; GFe;jhy; KbT ,y;iy. Mjyhy; vLj;Jr; nrhy;yg;gl;l nrhw;fSila ,yf;fzq;fisf; nfhz;L> nrhy;yg;glhjtw;wpd; ,yf;fzq;fisAk; xg;GikfUjp ,JTk; mJntd czHjy; njspjw;F cupa khzhf;fuJ fldhk;.
238
,tw;wpw;Fk; cjhuzk; Kd; te;jd fhz;f.
gioad fopjYk; Gjpad GFjYk;
tOty fhy tifapd; MNd
Kw;fhyj;Js;s ,yf;fzq;fSs; rpy gpw;fhyj;J ,wj;jYk; Kw;fhyj;J ,y;yd rpy gpw;fhyj;J ,yf;fzk; MjYk; Fw;wk; my;y. mJ fhy Ntw;Wikahy; mikAk.;
nrhy;yjpfhuk; Kw;Wg;ngw;wJ
gapw;rp tpdhf;fs;:
1.cupr;nrhy;ypd; ,yf;fzk; ahJ?
cupr;nrhy; vd;gJ cupikg;gl;L tUk; nrhy; MFk;. cupr;nrhw;fisg; gw;wp czHj;Jjyhy; cupapay; vd;gJ ngauhapw;W>
gy; tifg; gz;Gk; gfH ngaH Mfp
xU Fzk; gy Fzk; jOtpg; ngaH tpid
xUth nra;Al;F cupad cupr;nrhy;
,irAk; Fwpg;Gk; gz;Gk; Mfpa gy;NtW tifg;gl;l gz;GfisAk; czHj;Jk; ngauhfp > mt;thW czHj;Jk;NghJ xUnrhy; xU Fzj;ij czHj;JtdTk; gy Fzq;fis czHj;JtdTkhag;; ngaH tpidfis tpl;L ePq;fhtha; nra;ASf;F cupaitaha;g; nghUl;F cupik g+z;L epw;git cupr;nrhw;fshk;.
2.capHg;ghFghL Fwpj;J vOJf.
XuwpTapH:
Gy; kuk; Kjy cw;W mwpAk; XH mwpT capH
Gy;Yk; kuKk; Kjypait nka;ahy; njhL czHtpid mwpAk; XH mwpT capHfshk;.
<uwpTapH:
Kus; ee;J Mjp eh mwpnthL <H mwpT capH
,g;gpAk; rq;Fk;> Kjypait fPo;g;Nghd nka;awpNt md;wp ehthy; Ritia mwpAk; mwpNthL <H mwpT capHfshk;.
239
%twpTapH
rpjy; vWk;G Mjp %f;F mwptpd; % mwpT capH
fiwahDk; vWk;Gk; Kjypait fPo;g;Nghd ,uz;L mwpTfNs md;wp %f;fhy; kzj;ij mwpAk; mwpNthL %twp capHfshk;.
ehywpTapH
Jk;gp tz;L Mjpfz; mwptpd; ehy; mwpT capH
Jk;gpAk; tz;Lk; Kjypait fPo;g;Nghd %d;W mwpTfNs md;wpf; fz;zhy; cUtj;ij mwpAk; mwpNthL ehywpT capHfshk;.
IawpTapH
thdtH kf;fs; eufH tpyq;F Gs;
Mjp nrtp mwpNthL IawpT capNu
NjtUk; kdpjUk; eufUk; kpUfq;fSk; gwitfSk; Kjypait fPo;g;Nghd ehywpTfNs md;wpr; nrtpahy; Xiria mwpAk; mwpNthL IawpT capHfshk;.
3.capHg;nghUs;fspd; gz;Gfisr; Rl;Lf.
capHg; nghUs;fspd; gz;Gfs;:
Ja;j;jy; JQ;ry; njhOjy; mzpjy;
ca;j;jy; Mjp cly; capHj; njhopy; Fzk;
Ja;j;jy;> JQ;ry;> njhOjy;> mzpjy;> ca;j;jy; vd;Dk; Ie;Jk;,it Nghy;td gpwTk; clk;nghL $ba capupDila njhopy; Fzq;fshk.;
capuy;yhg; nghUs;fspd; Fzq;fs;:.
gy; tif tbT ,U ehw;wk; Itz;zk;
mW Rit CWvl;L capH my; nghUs; Fzk;
tl;lk;> ,UNfhzk;> Kf;Nfhzk;> rJuk; Kjypa gytif tbTfSk; ey;kzk; JHkzk; vd;Dk; ,Uehw;wq;fSk; ntz;ik> nrk;ik> fUik> nghd;ik> gRik vd;Dk; Ie;J tz;zq;fSk;
240
ifg;G> Gspg;G> JtHg;G> ctHg;G> fhHg;G> ,dpg;G vd;Dk; mWRitfSk; ntk;ik> jz;ik> nkd;ik> td;ik> neha;ik>rPHik> ,Onkdy;>rUr;riu vd;Dk; vl;L CWfSk;; capH my;yhj nghUs;fspd; cila Fzq;fshk;.
4. xUFzk; jOtpa> gyFzk; jOtpa cupr;nrhw;fis tptupj;Jf; fl;Liuf;f.
xUFzk; jOtpa cupr;nrhy;:
kpFjpg; nghUs; jUtJ:
rhy cW jt edp $H fop kpfy;
rhy vd;gJ Kjyhfpa ,t; MW cupr;nrhw;fSk; kpFjp Mfpa xU Fzj;ij czHj;Jk; cupr;nrhw;fs;.
rhy –“gUte;J rhyg; gynfhnyd; nwz;zp"
cW –“cWtsp Juf;F KaHrpid khtpd;."
jt –“jtr;Nra; ehl;lh uhapDk;."
edp –“te;Jedp tUe;jpid thopa neQ;Nr"
$H –“Jdp$ nut;tnkhL"
fop–“fhkq; fopfz; Nzhl;lk;”.
rhy vd;gJ rhy; vd;Dk; cupr;nrhy; mbahfg; gpwe;j tpid vr;rf; Fwpg;G.
khw;wk; Etw;rp nrg;G ciu fiu nehb ,ir
$w;Wg; Gfwy; nkhop fpstp tpsk;G miw
ghl;L gfHr;rp ,ak;gy; nrhy;Ny
khw;wk; Kjyhfpa gjpdhWk; nrhy; vd;Dk; xUFzj;ij czHj;Jk; cupr;nrhw;fshk; .
khw;wk; - NfhtyHtha; khw;w KzHe;J
Etw;rp - ,U gpwg;ghsH nghOjwpe;J Ety
nrg;G - njUz;lhuit nrg;gYw;Nwd;.
ciu - ciug;gh Uiug;git nay;yhk;@
241
fiu - mwq;fiuehtp dhd;kiw Kw;wpa
nehb - mQ;nrhw; ngUk;gizj;Njh shapioah lhndhbAk;@"
,ir - eirAeHf; filah ed;ngUthap-ypir vdg; Gf;F@"
$w;W -cw;wJ ehq;fs; $w TzHe;jid@"
Gfwy; - Gfd;w td;wpAk; g+kp ftUNk@"
nkhop - fhkQ; nrg;ghJfz;lJ nkhopNkh >
fpstp - "fpse;j fpisKj Yw;w@"
tpsk;gp -nka;k;%thnwd tpsk;gpdHGytH
miw - "mr;RjdbnjhO jiwFtd; nrhy;Ny
ghl;L - "xUtd; nra;e;ed;wp nfhd;whHf;
Fa;jpapy;nyd twk; ghbd;Nw@"
gfHr;rp - thHj;ij gfHFw;Nwd;
,ak;gy; - ,bNghy tpak;gpdhNd" vd;d KiwNa fhz;f.
Kof;F ,ul;L xyp fyp ,ir Jit gpspW ,iu
,uf;F mOq;F ,ak;gy; ,kpo; FspW mjpH Fiu
fid rpiy Rk;ik nfsit fk;giy
mutk; MHg;nghL ,d;dd Xir
Kof;F Kjyhfpa ,Ugj;jpuz;Lk;,it Nghy;td gpwTk; Xir vd;Dk; xUFzj;ij czHj;Jk; cupr;nrhw;fshFk;.
Kof;F - Koq;F Ke;ePH KOtJk; tis,
,ul;L - FbiQapul;Lq; NfhLaH neLtiu
xyp - xy;nyd nthypf;F nkhypGd Y}uw;F
fyp -fypnfO %J}H@
,ir - giwapir aUtp@
Jit - gy;ypae;Jitg;g@
gpspW - gpspWthH Kurk;
242
,iu - ,iuf;F kQ;rpiwg; gwitfs;
,uf;F -,uq;F Kurpdk;
mOq;F - ,Uk;gpopkhup aOq;fpd %J}H
,ak;gy; - fhiy Kurk jpak;g,kpo;fly; tis,a
FspW - FspW Kurq;Fzpy;gha
mjpH - fspW fspj;jjpUq; fhH
Fiu - FiuGdw; fd;dp
fid - fid flw; NrHg;g@
rpiy - rpiyj;jhH Kurq; fwq;f
Rk;ik - js;shj Rk;ik kpF jf;fpz ehLez;zp
nfsit -nfsit ePHNtyp
fk;giy - tpidf; fk;giy kidr; rpyk;gTk;
mutk; - miwfl yutj;jhid@
MHg;G - MHj;j gy;ypaf;Fohk; vd KiwNa fhz;f.
gy Fzk; jOtpa cupr;nrhy;:
fb vd;Dk; cupr;nrhy; gy Fzk; jOtpa cupr;nrhy; MFk;.
fb vd; fpstp fhg;Ng $Hik
tpiuNa tpsf;fk; mr;rk; rpwg;Ng
tpiuNt kpFjp GJik MHj;jy;
tiuNt kd;wy; fupg;gpd; MFk;
fb vd;Dk; cupr;nrhy; fhtYk; $HikAk; thridAk; tpsf;fKk; mr;rKk; rpwg;Gk; tpiuTk; kpFjpAk; GJikAk; xypj;jYk; ePf;fYk; kzKk;; fupg;Gk; Mfpa gjpd;%d;W Fzq;fspYk; tUk; .
fb efuile;J - fhg;G
fb Eidg; gfop - $Hik
fbkhiy #b - ehw;wk;
243
fz;zhb md;d fbkhHgd; - tpsf;fk;
fb aukspHf;Nf iftpsf;fhfp –mr;rk;
mk;G JQ;Rq;fbauz; - rpwg;G
vk;kk;G fb tpLJk; - tpiuT
fbAz; flTl;fpl;l nrOq;Fuy; - kpFjp
fbkzr;rhiy - GJik
fbKuR - MHj;jy;
fbkJ EfHt - tiuT
fbtpid KLfpdp - kd;wy;
fb kpsFjpd;w fy;yhke;jp - fupg;G
$W 14
ghlj;jpl;lj;pd; ,g;gFjpahdJ epWj;jw; Fwpfs; vd;gjid tpsf;Ftjha; mikfpd;wJ> nkhopapd; mbg;gilg; gz;GfSs; kpfTk; ,d;wpaikahj gz;G nghUspid Iak; gpioaw czHj;jp epw;wNyahk;. mt;thW czHjw;Fg; ngupJk; cjTgit epWj;jw;Fwpfs;> tpdhf;Fwpfs;> tpag;Gf;Fwpfs; Nghd;wit MFk;.
epWj;jy; Fwpfs;:
(.)Kw;Wg;Gs;sp>
(>)fhw;Gs;sp>
(-)xw;iwr; rkf;Fwp>
(!)tpag;Gf;Fwp>
(?) tpdhf;Fwp>
(@)miug;Gs;sp>
(:)Kf;fhw;Gs;sp>
(" "),ul;il Nkw;Nfhs;Fwp>
(' ') xw;iw Nkw;Nfhs; Fwp>
244
()Nkw;fhw;Gs;sp>
()milg;Gf;Fwp>
(),ul;ilr; rkf;Fwp>
(}) xw;iw ,izg;Gf; Fwp>
({}) ,ul;il ,izg;Gf;Fwp>
epWj;jf; Fwpfs;
thf;fpaq;fis mikj;J vOJk;NghJ>mtw;iw epWj;j Ntz;ba ,lq;fspy;> rpy Fwpfis (milahsq;fis) ,l;L vOJfpNwhk;. mg;NghJjhd; gbg;gtHfs;> epWj;j Ntz;ba ,lq;fspy;> epWj;j Ntz;ba msTf;F> Fwpfshy; njupe;J nfhz;L> epWj;jpg; gbg;ghHfs;. ,t;thW> nghUs; vspjpy; tpsq;FkhW> ve;j ve;j ,lq;fspy; ve;j ve;j msT epWj;jpg; gbf;f Ntz;Lk; vd mwptpf;Fk; FwpfNs 'epWj;jf; Fwpfs;' vdg;gLk;.
1.Kw;Wg;Gs;sp (.)
rhd;W 1: ehd; ehis kJiuf;F tUNtd;. ,J xU nray;epiwTw;w thf;fpak; MFk;.
rhd;W 2: KidtH gue;jhkd;.jkpo;g; NguhrpupaH Nfhak;Gj;J}H.
,jpy; KidtH gue;jhkd; vd;w ,lj;jpYk;> Kftupapd; KbtpYk; Kw;Wg;Gs;sp te;jpUf;fpwJ. vdNt> thf;fpaq;fs; Kbe;jTlDk;> nrhw;fspd; FWf;fq;fSf;Fg; gpwFk;> Kftupapd; KbtpYk;> Kw;Wg;Gs;spfs; ,lNtz;Lk;. mt;tplq;fspy; ehd;F khj;jpiu Neuk; epWj;j Ntz;Lk;.
(xU khj;jpiu Neuk; - xU Kiw ,ay;ghff; fz; ,ikf;Fk; Neuk; my;yJ ifnehbf;Fk; Neuk;)
2. miug;Gs;sp (@)
rhd;W 1: fe;jd; ey;yNj$WthH@ el;ghfg; NgRthH@ ey;yNj nra;thH.
,J xU njhlH thf;fpak;. fe;jd; vd;w vOtha;f;F %d;W gadpiyfs; tUfpd;wd. xt;nthU gadpiyf;Fk; gpwF miug;Gs;sp tUfpwJ.
rhd;W 2: KUfd; tpisahl;Lj; jplYf;Fg; NghthH@ tpisahlkhl;lhH.
,jpy; cld;ghLk; vjpHkiwAkhd ,uz;L thf;fpaq;fs; njhlHe;J tUk;NghJk; miug;Gs;sp te;jpUf;fpwJ.
vdNt xNu vOtha;> gy gadpiyfs; nfhz;L KbAk; NghJ thf;fpaj;jpd; ,ilapy;> xt;nthU gadpiyf;Fg; gpwFk;> khWgl;l
245
fUj;Jf;fs; njhlHe;J xU thf;fpaj;jpy; tUk;NghJk; miug;Gs;sp ,lNtz;Lk;. ,e;j ,lq;fspy; ,uz;L khj;jpiu Neuk; epWj;j Ntz;Lk;.
3. fhw;Gs;sp (>)
rhd;Wfs;:
epyk;> ePH>jP>fhw;W> Mfhak; – nghUs;fis vz;zy;.
miye;J> jpupe;J> fisj;J – tpidnar;rk;.
jk;gp th>jpUf;NfhapYf;Fr; nry;yyhk;– tpspj;jy;.
ePz;l fhyk; Xa;tpd;wp cioj;jhy;> cly; eyk; ghjpf;fg;gLk;– vr;rr; nrhw;nwhlH.
nghUs;fis vz;Zk;NghJk;> tpidnar;rq;fspd; gpd;Dk;> tpspf;Fk;NghJk;> vr;rr; nrhw;nwhlH tUk;NghJk;> fhw;Gs;sp ,lNtz;Lk;. ,q;F xU khj;jpiu Neuk; epWj;j Ntz;Lk;.
4. tpdhf;Fwp (?)
rhd;W: ,d;W fz;fhl;rp ,Uf;fpwjh?
rpy Neuq;fspy; rpy kdpjHfs; Gjpdj;ij vOjpatH ahH?
tpdhf;fSf;Fg; gpwF ,lg;gLk; Fwp tpdhf;FwpahFk;. ,q;F ehd;F khj;jpiu Neuk; epWj;jyhk;.
5. czHr;rpf;Fwp (!)
vg;gb eP fk;gj;jpd; Nky; Vwpdha;! - tpag;G
ma;Nah! ghtk;– ,uf;fk;
ghk;G! ghk;G! - mr;rk;
eif njhiye;J NghdNj! - mOif
mz;zh! ,q;Nf fhz; - tpspj;jy;
giftid mopf;fhky; tplkhl;Nld;! – rpdk;
tpag;G> ,uf;fk;> mr;rk;> mOif> tpspj;jy;> rpdk; Kjypa czHr;rpfs; ntspg;gLtij tpsf;Fk; nrhw;fSf;Fg; gpwF czHr;rpf;Fwp ,lg;gLk;. ,q;Fk; ehd;F khj;jpiu Neuk; epWj;jyhk;.
6. (,ul;il) Nkw;Nfhl;Fwp (“....”)
246
“ehDk;vd;rpe;ijA ehafDf; nft;tplj;Njhe;
jhDe;jd; iwaYe; jho;rilNah dhz;byNdy;...
thDe; jpirfS khflY khagpuhd;.
NjDe;J Nrtbf;Nf nrd;W}jha; Nfhj;Jk;gP”
vd;W khzpf;fthrfH jpUthfj;jpy; $WfpwhH. xUtH nrhy;ypaij mg;gbNa Nkw;Nfhshf vLj;Jf; fhl;Lk;NghJ Kd;Dk; gpd;Dk; ,ul;il Nkw;Nfhl;Fwpfs; ,lNtz;Lk;.
gapw;rp tpdhf;fs;:
1.tpdhf;Fwp vq;F mikjy; Ntz;Lk;?
tpdhf;Fwp (?)
rhd;W: ,d;W fz;fhl;rp ,Uf;fpwjh?
rpy Neuq;fspy; rpy kdpjHfs; Gjpdk; vOjpatH ahH?
tpdhf;fSf;Fg; gpwF ,lg;gLk; Fwp tpdhf;FwpahFk;. ,q;F ehd;F khj;jpiu Neuk; epWj;jyhk;.
2.miug;Gs;sp mika Ntz;ba ,lq;fisr; Rl;Lf.
miug;Gs;sp (@)
Rhd;W 1: fe;jd; ey;yNj$WthH@ el;ghfg; NgRthH@ ey;yNj nra;thH.
,J xU njhlH thf;fpak;. fe;jd; vd;w vOtha;f;F %d;W gadpiyfs; tUfpd;wd. xt;nthU gadpiyf;Fk; gpwF miug;Gs;sp tUfpwJ.
rhd;W 2: KUfd; tpisahl;Lj; jplYf;Fg; NghthH@ tpisahlkhl;lhH.
,jpy; cld;ghLk; vjpHkiwAkhd ,uz;L thf;fpaq;fs; njhlHe;J tUk;NghJk; miug;Gs;sp te;jpUf;fpwJ.
vdNt> xNu vOtha;> gy gadpiyfs; nfhz;L KbAk; NghJ thf;fpaj;jpd; ,ilapy;> xt;nthU gadpiyf;Fg; gpwFk;> khWgl;l fUj;Jf;fs; njhlHe;J xU thf;fpaj;jpy; tUk;NghJk; miug;Gs;sp ,lNtz;Lk;. ,e;j ,lq;fspy; ,uz;L khj;jpiu Neuk; epWj;j Ntz;Lk;.
247
khjpup tpdhj;jhs; - I
mofg;gh gy;fiyf;fofk;
njhiyepiyf; fy;tp ,af;ffk;
gp.ypl; - jkpo; - Kjyhkhz;L - ,uz;lhk; gUtk;
10722 - ,yf;fzk; ed;D}y; - nrhy;yjpfhuk;
gFjp - m
I. midj;J tpdhf;fSf;Fk; XupU tupfspy; tpil jUf.( 10 x 2 = 20 )
1.xUnkhop vd;why; vd;d?
2.Ik;ghiyr; Rl;bAiuf;f
3.ngaHr;nrhy;ypd; nghJ ,yf;fzk; ahJ?
4.%d;whk; Ntw;Wik cUGfs; ahit?
5.Fwpg;G tpid Fwpj;J vOJf.
6.xUnkhop xop jd; ,dq;nfhsw;Fupj;Nj – Rl;bAiuf;f.
7.,ul;ilf;fpstp - Fwpg;gpLf.
8.,ilr;nrhy; vd;why; vd;d?
9.xUFzk; jOtpa cupr;nrhy;ypw;Fr; rhd;W fhl;Lf.
10.,ul;il Nkw;Nfhs; vt;tplj;J tUk;?
gFjp – M
II. xU gf;f mstpy; tpil jUf.( 5 x5= 25 )
11 (m)jFjp tof;F vd;gjid tpsf;Ff.
( my;yJ )
M>mWtif tpdh Fwpj;J vOJf.
12(m) tpsp;Nayhg; ngaHfs; ahit?
( my;yJ )
(M ) Kjy; Ntw;Wik Fwpj;J vOJf.
248
13. (m) nganur;rk; vd;gjidr; rhd;WfSld; Rl;Lf.
(my;yJ )
( M ) tpidnar;r tha;ghLfs; ahit?
14(m) ,ilg;gpwtuy; vd;gjid tpsf;Ff.
(my;yJ )
(M) jhg;gpirg; nghUs;Nfhs; Fwpj;J vOJf.
15(m) Kd;dpiy mirr;nrhw;fs; Fwpj;J vOJf
(my;yJ )
(M ) capuy; nghUs;fspd; Fzg;gz;Gfs; ahiy?
gFjp - ,
III. vitNaDk; %d;wDf;Ff; fl;Liu tbtpy; tpil jUf. ( 3 x10= 30 )
16.nrhw;fspd; ghFghl;bid tpsf;fp tiuf.
17.tpidapay; nra;jpfisj; njhFj;Jiuf;f.
18.njhifepiyj; njhlHnkhopfis tptup
19.MFngaH Fwpj;Jf; fl;Liuf;f.
20.,ilapay; nra;jpfisj; njhFj;Jiuf;f.
249
khjpup tpdhj;jhs; - 2
mofg;gh gy;fiyf;fofk;
njhiyepiyf; fy;tp ,af;ffk;
gp.ypl; - jkpo; - Kjyhkhz;L - ,uz;lhk; gUtk;
10722 - ,yf;fzk; ed;D}y; - nrhy;yjpfhuk;
gFjp - m
I.midj;J tpdhf;fSf;Fk; XupU tupfspy; tpil jUf. ( 10 x 2 = 20 )
1.%tif nkhopfs; ahit?
2.jpupnrhy; vd;why; vd;d?
3.jw;fpoik> gpwpjpd; fpoik vd;gjidf; Fwpg;gpLf.
4.tpspAUG Vyhg;ngaHfs; ahit?
5.cUG kaf;fk; vd;gjidf; Fwpg;gpLf.
6.njupepiy tpid vd;gjidj; jUf
7.tpidnar;rk; vd;gjidr; Rl;bAiuf;f.
8.nrag;gLnghUisr; nra;jJ Nghyf; fpsj;jy; vt;tplj;J tUk;?
9.Vfhu ,ilr;nrhy; vt;ntg; nghUs;fspy; tUk;?
10.fhw;Gs;sp vt;tplj;J tUk;?
gFjp – M
II.xU gf;f mstpy; tpil jUf. ( 5 x 5= 25 )
11 (m) tof;F vd;gjid tpsf;Ff
( my;yJ )
(M ) nra;As; vd;gjd; ,yf;fzj;ijj; jUf.
12 (m) tlnrhy; Fwpj;J vOJf.
( my;yJ )
( M ) tpspf;fg;gLk; ngaHfisf; Fwpg;gpLf.
250
13 (m ) gz;Gj;njhif – rhd;Wld; epWTf.
( my;yJ )
(M ) ctk cUGfisj; jUf.
14 (m ) vz;tif tpilfis tpsf;Ff.
(my;yJ )
( M )<> jh> nfhL vd;gd gapd;WtUk; ,lq;fs; ahit?
15 ( m ) Xfhu> ck;ik ,ilr;nrhy; gapd;W tUk; ,lq;fs; ahit?
( my;yJ )
( M ) gyFzk; jOtpa cupr;nrhy;iyr; rhd;Wld; tpsf;Ff.
gFjp - ,
III.vitNaDk; %d;wDf;Ff; fl;Liu tbtpy; tpil jUf. ( 3 x 10= 30 )
16. ,Ujpizg; nghJg;ngah;fs; Fwpj;J fl;Liuf;f.
17.Mwhk; Ntw;Wik czHj;Jk; nra;jpfisj; njhFj;Jiuf;f.
18.gj;J tif vr;rq;fs; Fwpj;J tptup
19. tohepiy> tOtikjp Fwpj;J vOJf.
20. cupapay; nra;jpfisj; jUf.
251
khjpup tpdhj;jhs; - 3
mofg;gh gy;fiyf;fofk;
njhiyepiyf; fy;tp ,af;ffk;
gp.ypl; - jkpo; - Kjyhkhz;L - ,uz;lhk; gUtk;
10722 - ,yf;fzk; ed;D}y; - nrhy;yjpfhuk;
gFjp - m
I.midj;J tpdhf;fSf;Fk; XupU tupfspy; tpil jUf. ( 10 x 2 = 20 )
1.m/wpizg; ghy;fs; ahit?
2.md;nkhopj;njhif vd;why; vd;d?
3. Kiwg;ngaH ,uz;L ahit?
4.fz; cUgpid Vw;Fk; Ntw;Wik ahJ?
5.rpidtpid vt;thW tUk;?
6.fhyk; fue;j nganur;rk; vt;thW miof;fg;gLk;?
7.kuG vd;why; vd;d?
8..Kd;dj;jpd; czUk; fpstpAk; csNt – Rl;bAiuf;f
9.jpy; ,ilr;nrhy; vt;thW tUk;?
10. ,ul;il Nkw;Nfhs; vt;tplj;jpy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk;?
gFjp – M
II.xU gf;f mstpy; tpil jUf. ( 5 x 5= 25 )
11(m ) ,Ujpiz Ik;ghy; Fwpj;J tpsf;Ff.
( my;yJ )
(M ),ay;G tof;F Fwpj;J vOJf.
12 (m ) jpupnrhy; - tpsf;Ff.
( my;yJ )
(M) ngaupd; nghJ ,yf;fzj;ij tpsf;Ff.
252
13. ( m ) Ie;jhk; Ntw;Wik – tpsf;fpAiu
(my;yJ )
(M ) tpidr;nrhy;ypd; ,yf;fzj;ijj; jUf.
14.( m ) tpidKw;W tpFjpfs; Fwpj;J vOJf.
( my;yJ )
(M ) ctikj;njhifia tpsf;Ff.
15. (m ) jpiz> ghy; tOtikjp - Rl;bAiuf;f
( my;yJ )
( M ) jkpopy; miug;Gs;sp> Kf;fhw;Gs;sp gapd;W tUk; ,lq;fs; ahit?
gFjp - ,
III. vitNaDk; %d;wDf;Ff; fl;Liu tbtpy; tpil jUf. ( 3 x 10= 30 )
16. caHjpiz Mz;ghw;ngaHfs; - tpsf;fp tiuf.
17. ,Ujpizg; nghJtpidfs; Fwpj;Jf; fl;Liuf;f.
18.njhifepiy> njhfhepiyj; njhlHnkhopfs; Fwpj;J tptup.
19.,ilr;nrhw;fspd; ,yf;fzj;ijr; Rl;b mit gapd;W tUk; ,lq;fisAk; tptup.
20.capupd; tifg;ghL> capUs;s>capuw;w nghUs;fspd; gz;Gfs; Nghd;wtw;iw cupapay;topj; jUf.
