ACTIVE CHARCOAL FROM CANDLENUT SHELLAS CULTURE MEDIUM OF GMELINA ARBOREA

MODY LEMPANG

AND

GUSTAN PARI

I. INTRODUCTION

Candlenut SHELL

(byproduct)

Candlenut tree (Aleurites moluccana) planted in social forest and

community forest programme

Spread in almost of all indonesia island

Production of seeds = 79.137 ton/year,

Shell 55.396 ton/year Charcoal and Active charcoal

Gmelina arborea: fast growing species (man made forest plantation)

Need good medium to support

TREATMENT

THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS RESEARCH

1. To develop processing technology of

candlenut shell activated charcoal

2. To observe activated charcoal effect on

gmelina arborea growth.

II. MATERIAL AND METHODE

1. CONVERSION NUT SHELL INTO CHARCOAL

2. CONVERSION CHARCOAL INTO ACTIVE CHARCOAL

3. APLLICATION ACTIVE CHARCOAL FOR GMELINA

ARBOREA PLANTATION

PROCESSING

75 kg

Carbonization 500 0C

Activation process

Charcoal Activated

charcoal

NUT SHELL

Activated charcoal manufacture

ACTIVATOR : heat (A1) and steam (A2);

TIME: 90 minutes (W1) and 120 minutes (W2) ;

TEMPERATURE: 550 C (S1), 650 C (S2) and 750 C (S3)

Aplication of charcoal and active charcoal on gmelina arborea

plantation :

P0 = 90% soil + 10% animal compost

P1 = 85% soil + 10% animal compost + 5% charcoal

P2 = 80% soil + 10% animal compost + 10% charcoal

P3 = 75% soil + 10% animal compost + 15% cahrcaol

P4 = 85% soil + 10% animal compost + 5% active charcoal

P5 = 80% soil + 10% animal compost + 10% active charcoal

P6 = 75% soil + 10% animal compost + 15% active charcoal

The properties and structure of charcoal and active charcoal

Charcoal

Active charcoal powder

Properties:

Moisture content

Ash content

Volatile matter

Fixed carbon

Adsorptive capacity

Active

charcoal

Shell

Shell powder

Charcoal powder

Structure :

Fungtional group

Crystalinity

VOC

Topograph

No. Treatment Yield (%) No. Treatment Yield (%)

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

A1W1S1

A1W1S2

A1S1S3

A1W2S1

A1W2S2

A1W2S3

77,33

75,33

74,33

76,00

74,67

73,67

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

A2W1S1

A2W1S2

A2W1S3

A2W2S1

A2W2S2

A2W2S3

77,00

72,67

63,00

75,67

69,33

56,67

Total 865,67

Average 72,14

RESULT AND DISSCUSSION

The yield of charcoal = 39.49%

Remark : ___ Nut Shell___ Charcoal

___ Active charcoal (Heat/120 mnt/550 0C)

___ Active charcoal (Heat/120 mnt/650 0C)

___ Active charcoal (Heat/120 mnt/750 0C)

___ Active charcoal (Steam/90 mnt/750 0C)

___ Active charcoal (Steam/120 mnt/750 0C)

Figure. Infra red spectrum of shell, charcoal and active charcoal

OH

OH

OH

CH

CH

CHCH

CH

CH

CH

CH

CHC=O

C=O

C=O

C=O

C=O

C=C

C=C

CH CC

CO

Structure and crystalinity of charcoal and active charcoal

No. Material X (002) d (100) d Lc N La

(%) (o) (nm) (o) (nm) (nm) (nm) (nm)

1. Nut shell 18,86 22,30 0,3983

2. Charcoal 18,65 23,36 0,3763 43,35 0,2085 1,3263 6,36 8,1272

Active char

3. AIW2S1 16,40 23,10 0,3763 43,8 0,2085 1,6385 7,84 7,9389

4. A1W2S2 20,89 22,75 0,3701 43,65 0,2096 1,6557 7,90 7,1263

5. A1W2S3 23,60 23,35 0,3716 43,90 0,2091 1,7634 8,43 6,7171

6. A2W1S3 20,53 22,95 0,3769 44,00 0,2092 1,5911 7,58 7,5895

7. A2W2S3 24,99 23,93 0,3667 43,83 0,2097 2,0759 9,90 6,2913

No. Material Pore Diameter (Im) Pore Diameter (%)

Minimal Maximal Mikropori

< 5 Im)

Mesopori

(5 25 Im)

Makropori

(> 25 Im)

1. Nut shell

2. Charcoal

Active charcoal

3. A1W2S1 0,4 3,3 100,00

4. A1W2S2 1,2 6,2 79,13 20,83

5. A1W2S3 1,5 8,7 66,72 33,28

6. A2W1S3 1,4 6,7 71,67 28,33

7. AW2S3 1,6 8,3 64,84 35,16

Pore diameter of charcoal and active charcoal

Nut shell Charcoal Active charcoal A1W2S1

A1W2S2 A1W2S3 A2W1S3 A2W2S3

Figure: Surface topograph of charcoal and active charcoal

(Mag. 5000X)

(a)

(b)

(c)

Volatile Organic Compound by Py-GCMS

Nut shell = 43

Charcoal = 21

Active charcoal = 5

Figure: Chromatogram of (a) nut shell (b) charcoal and (c)

active charcoal.

No. Kind of

Analysis

Satuan Standard

SNI 0116821996

Nut shell charcoal

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Yield

Fixed carbon

Moisture

Ash

Volatille

%

%

%

%

%

Min. 76

Maks. 6

Maks. 3

Maks. 15

39,49

75,79

4,90

2,07

22,14

The quality of charcoal and Indonesian standard ( SNI 0116821995 )

Treatment ContentAdsorptive

moisture Ash volatilleFix

carbon Iodium

(%) (%) (%) (%) (mg/g)

A1W1S1 0,44 1,76 7,19 91,05 229,20

A1W1S2 0,39 1,82 6,26 91,91 283,60

A1W1S3 1,94 1,74 6,28 91,99 303,25

A1W2S1 0,39 1,57 6,86 91,57 280,50

A1W2S2 0,34 1,47 5,15 93,38 301,55

A1W2S3 1,33 1,62 6,39 91,99 313,25

A2W1S1 0,59 1,76 7,04 91,20 361,95

A2W1S2 1,77 1,48 7,73 90,79 527,05

A2W1S3 1,83 1,09 6,50 92,41 683,05

A2W2S1 0,74 1,94 5,51 92,55 479,85

A2W2S2 1,66 1,27 8,25 90,48 612,20

A2W2S3 1,56 1,25 7,29 91,45 758,70

SNI 0637031995 maks. 15 maks. 10 maks. 25 min. 65 min. 750

The quality of active charcoal (SNI 06-3730-1995)

Grewth

Diameter

Treatment Height Stem

(cm) (mm)

Controll (P0) 86,6 7,4

5% charcoal (P1) 87,9 8,0

10% charcoal (P2) 89,5 8,4

15 % charcoal (P3) 79,2 8,6

5% active charcoal (P4) 99,6 8,6

10% Active charcoal (P5) 103,0 9,4

15% Active charcoal (P6) 93,7 10,8

The effect of active charcoal on gmelina arborea after 70 days

Dry weight biomass

Treatment Stem+leaf Root Total biomass

(gr) (gr) (gr)

Controll (P0) 15,5 3,2 18,7

5% charcoal (P1) 17,8 3,6 21,4

10% charcoal (P2) 20,3 3,7 24,0

15 % charcoal (P3) 17,0 5,1 22,1

5% Active char (P4) 24,5 4,7 29,2

10% Active char (P5) 27,0 5,0 32,0

15% Active char (P6) 23,8 5,9 29,7

TOTAL BIOMASS

Total height of gmelina after 70 days controll (P0), charcoal 10% (P2), and active charcoal 10% (P5).

Total diameter stem of gmelina after 70 dayscontroll (P0), charcoal 10% (P2), and active charcoal 10% (P5).

Total root of gmelina after 70 days:controll (P0), charcoal 10% (P2), and active charcoal 10% (P5).

No. miner

al

Satuan treatment

P0(control)

P2(10% char)

P4(5% active)

P5(10% active)

P6(15% active)

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

N

K

Ca

Mg

P

Na

Fe

Mn

B

%

%

%

%

%

mg/100g

mg/kg

mg/kg

mg/kg

2,87

2,86

1,20

0,40

0,26

411,56

278,39

82,19

574,65

3,21

2,90

1,36

0,40

0,30

398,62

204,94

76,18

622,90

3,40

2,38

1,47

0,37

0,29

545,40

359,69

65,54

664,49

2,97

3,02

1,92

0,40

0,34

440,30

231,13

67,44

707,27

2,95

3,18

1,71

0,42

0,37

478,20

235,16

87,16

718,55

Mineral content on gmelina leaf after 70 days grewth

No. Soil

mineral

Satuan Treatment

P0(control)

P2(10% char)

P4(10% active)

P5(10% active)

P6(15% active)

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

C-organik

N

K

Ca

Mg

Na

P

Fe

Mn

Cu

Zn

pH

KTK

%

%

me/100g

me/100g

me/100g

me/100g

ppm

ppm

ppm

ppm

ppm

-

me/100g

3,76

0,39

2,00

12,05

8,50

1,87

770,60

0,92

19,20

2,88

1,40

5,80

27,93

4,07

0,38

2,72

16,36

11,33

2,09

856,20

0,76

6,64

1,64

0,32

6,00

31,73

3,92

0,41

2,41

13,37

9,83

1,74

813,40

0,76

11,28

1,40

0,76

6,10

29,69

4,20

0,37

2,67

15,90

11,17

2,43

941,80

0,62

7,92

0,68

0,56

6,30

31,16

4,63

0,33

3,00

16,43

12,17

2,61

984,60

0,48

8,16

0,88

0,60

6,50

34,39

Soil mineral content after 70 days application

CONCLUSSION

1. Good quality activated charcoal was reached at the

carbonization temperature 7500C by using steam

activation and activation time of 120 minute.

2. This optimum condition produced the activated charcoal

yield of 56.67%, containing moisture content of 1.56%,

ash content of 1.25%, volatile matter of 7.29%, fixed

carbon of 91.45% and iodine adosroptive capacity of

758.70 mg/g and degree of crystallinity 24.99%.

3. Mineral content from the leaf increased after 70 days

grewth.

4. The effect of activated charcoal as culture medium of

Gmelina arborea could be increased height 8.20%,

stem diameter 45.95% and biomass dry weight 58.82%

.

*CHO + * CH2OH CH3COOH

*CHO + *OH HCOOH

*OH + *H H2O

*H + *H H2

*C + *O CO

*C

No. Perlakuan Total Mikrobia

( SPK/g 106 )

Total Fungi

( SPK/g 105 )

1.

2.

3.

4.

5

P0 (Kontrol)

P2 (10% Arang)

P4 (5% Arangaktif)

P5 (10% Arang aktif)

P6 (15% Arang aktif)

50,10

79,75

60,75

65,20

76,65

9,50

2,10

3,70

5,90

6,05

Tabel 15. Data analisa kandungan total mikrobia dan fungi media

No. Unsur Satuan Serapan unsur

hara melina

Konsentrasi unsur hara

dalam tumbuhan pada

tingkat yang dianggap

cukup *)

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

N

K

Ca

Mg

P

Fe

Mn

B

%

%

%

%

%

ppm

ppm

ppm

2,87 3,40

2,38 3,18

1,20 1,92

0,37 0,42

0,26 0,37

204,94 359,69

65,54 87,16

57,46 71,85

1,5

1,0

0,5

0,2

0,2

100

50

20

Tabel 13. Perbandingan serapan unsur hara melina dengan konsentrasi unsur

hara dalam materi tumbuhan pada tingkat yang dianggap cukup

Keteranag : *) Sumber Borner dan Varner, 1965 dalam Gardner et al. 1985

2.3.5 Aplikasi arang aktif pada tanaman melina

Perkecambahan

Transplanting

Pembuatan media

Pemeliharaan

& pengukuran

Penyiapan media dan pembuatan tanaman

Benih melina