Module Overview

• Stairs and Ladder Safety • Course Description

– This training module offers refresher training in safe and effective use of stairways and ladders in the construction industry as required by Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). It is designed to supplement other formal presentations on fall safety standards.

– Estimated length: 60 minutes – Audience: Construction workers, supervisors, and managers

Module Overview

This training module offers refresher training in safe and effective use of stairways and ladders in the construction industry as required by Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). It is designed to supplement other formal presentations on fall safety standards. Estimated length: 60 minutes Audience: Construction workers, supervisors,

Module Overview

• Course Objective – Upon completion, the student should be familiar with why OSHA has stairway and ladder protection standards, what the standards cover, and basic requirements for stairway and ladder safety.

Module Overview

Upon completion, the student should be familiar with why OSHA has stairway and ladder protection standards, what the standards cover, and basic requirements for stairway and ladder safety.

Module Overview

• References – Title 29 Code of Federal Regulations 1926.1050­1060, Subpart X (Construction)

– Title 29 CFR 1910.27 (General Industry) – Additional ladder requirements in Subpart L Scaffolds

– American National Standards Institute (ANSI)

Module Overview

Title 29 Code of Federal Regulations 1060, Subpart X (Construction)

Title 29 CFR 1910.27 (General Industry) Additional ladder requirements in Subpart L –

American National Standards Institute (ANSI)

Module Overview

• Subjects Covered – Key Terminology – Temporary Stairs – Types of Ladders – Rules for Safe Use – Guidelines for Straight, Step, and Fixed ladders

Module Overview

Guidelines for Straight, Step, and Fixed

Module Overview

• This material is provided only as a supplement to related training provided by ClickSafety. It is not intended to be all inclusive or complete. It is for informational purposes only to assist the student with his/her coursework, and no warranty is made with respect to its accuracy or suitability for which the student may use it.

Module Overview

This material is provided only as a supplement to related training provided by ClickSafety. It is not intended to be all inclusive or complete. It is for informational purposes only to assist the student with his/her coursework, and no warranty is made with respect to its accuracy or suitability for which the student may use it.

Module Overview

• Links: – http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.sh ow_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id= 10836

– http://www.osha.gov/Publications/portable_lad der_qc.html

– http://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3124.p df

– http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/construction /falls/4ladders.html

Module Overview

http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.sh ow_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p_id=

http://www.osha.gov/Publications/portable_lad

http://www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3124.p

http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/construction

Stairs and Ladders

• Welcome! • By clicking forward, you will:

– Confirm your log­in name. – Commit to complete this module without assistance.

This material is provided only as a supplement to related training provided by ClickSafety. It is not intended to be all incl or complete. It is for informational purposes only to assist the student with his/her coursework, and no warranty is made wit respect to its accuracy or suitability for which the student may use it.

Stairs and Ladders

By clicking forward, you will: in name.

Commit to complete this module without

This material is provided only as a supplement to related training provided by ClickSafety. It is not intended to be all inclusive or complete. It is for informational purposes only to assist the student with his/her coursework, and no warranty is made with respect to its accuracy or suitability for which the student may use it.

Introduction

• This course offers refresher training in safe and effective use of stairways and ladders in accordance with the OSHA 10 Training Program.

• For detailed requirements, consult Title 29 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR): – Subpart X, 1926.1050 and 1910.27 (General Industry)

– Subpart L (Scaffolds)

Introduction

offers refresher training in safe and effective use of stairways and ladders in accordance with the OSHA 10­Hour Outreach

For detailed requirements, consult Title 29 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR): Subpart X, 1926.1050­1060 (Construction) and 1910.27 (General Industry) Subpart L (Scaffolds)

Introduction

• This course will cover: – Key terms – Temporary stairs – Types of ladders and safe uses

– Inspection requirements

Introduction

• Safety Tip – Each year there are more than 164,000 emergency room– treated injuries in the U.S. relating to ladders.

Introduction

• This training course: – Provides basic occupational safety and health information

– Is not intended to be a substitute for provisions of OSHA Act or OSHA standards

– Is not a substitute for specific, hands training and information

Introduction

Provides basic occupational safety and health

Is not intended to be a substitute for provisions of OSHA Act or OSHA standards Is not a substitute for specific, hands­on training and information

Statistics

• From 1984 to 1997, falls from ladders accounted for approximately: – 3,000 deaths – 65,000 disabling injuries

Statistics

From 1984 to 1997, falls from ladders accounted

65,000 disabling injuries

Statistics

• In a recent year, OSHA cited the following violations for stair and ladder safety: – No handrails (598) – Ladder not extended 3 feet past landing (488) – No stairway or ladder provided (253) – Damaged ladder (137)

Statistics

In a recent year, OSHA cited the following violations for stair and ladder safety:

Ladder not extended 3 feet past landing (488) No stairway or ladder provided (253) Damaged ladder (137)

Definitions

• Single­cleat ladder: ladder in standard configuration, with a pair of side rails connected by cleats.

• Cleats: crosspieces between vertical side rails, also called rungs or steps.

Definitions

• Safety Tip: – OSHA rules apply to all stairways and ladders used in construction, alteration, repair, painting, decorating and demolition of worksites covered by OSHA standards.

Definitions

• Double­cleated ladder: 2 vertical side rails and 1 in center; allows 2­way traffic.

• Extended trestle: Self­supporting portable ladder with adjustable section to increase length and height.

Definitions

• Safety Tip – Falls from portable ladders (step, straight, combination, and extension) are one of the leading causes of occupational fatalities and injuries.

Definitions

• Job­made ladder: – Fabricated onsite (i.e., not commercially manufactured)

– Must meet ANSI standards • Portable ladders:

– Can be readily carried and moved

Definitions

Fabricated onsite (i.e., not commercially

Must meet ANSI standards

Can be readily carried and moved

Definitions

• Maximum intended load: – Total load of all employees, tools, equipment, and materials which may be safely carried by the ladder.

– Must be clearly stated on label.

Definitions

Maximum intended load: Total load of all employees, tools, equipment, and materials which may be safely carried by

Must be clearly stated on label.

Definitions

• Fixed­Ladder: part of permanent structure; cannot be readily moved.

• Stair rail system: vertical barrier along unprotected sides of stairway for fall protection.

• Typically 36 inches above the tread. • Tread: top horizontal surface of a step. • Tread depth: horizontal distance from the front to back of a tread.

Definitions

part of permanent structure; cannot be readily moved.

vertical barrier along unprotected sides of stairway for fall protection.

Typically 36 inches above the tread. top horizontal surface of a step.

horizontal distance from the front

Definitions

• Unprotected sides and edges: – Areas with no stair rail system or wall inches high.

– Any side of edge with no wall or guardrail system ≥39 inches high (except entrances at point of access).

Definitions

Unprotected sides and edges: Areas with no stair rail system or wall ≥36

Any side of edge with no wall or guardrail 39 inches high (except entrances at

Definitions

• Metal pan stairs and landings: – Recessed stair forms designed to be filled with concrete.

– Note: May create a tripping hazard

Definitions

Metal pan stairs and landings: Recessed stair forms designed to be filled

Note: May create a tripping hazard

Tripping Hazards

• To prevent tripping hazards: – Pan stairs must be filled.

• Either with concrete as designed, or using wood or solid material to top edge of step

– Treads must use non • Correct slippery conditions immediately.

– Stairs must be swept frequently and kept clear of tripping hazards.

Tripping Hazards

To prevent tripping hazards: Pan stairs must be filled. Either with concrete as designed, or using wood or solid material to top edge of step

Treads must use non­slip material or coating. Correct slippery conditions immediately.

Stairs must be swept frequently and kept clear of tripping hazards.

Temporary Stairs

• For elevation breaks ≥19 inches: – Stairs, ladder, or ramp required

• Handrail required when • Landing ≥30 x 22 inches is required at of vertical rise

Temporary Stairs

19 inches: Stairs, ladder, or ramp required

Handrail required when ≥4 risers 30 x 22 inches is required at ≤12 feet

Temporary Stairs

• Install between 30 and 50 • Ensure riser height and tread depth is uniform, i.e., variations ≤¼ inch.

Temporary Stairs

Install between 30 and 50° from horizontal. Ensure riser height and tread depth is uniform,

Temporary Stairs

• Good housekeeping for stairs and landings includes the following: – Slippery conditions corrected immediately – Electrical cords not strung across stairs – Materials and tools should not left behind – Area free of projectiles, sharp edges, and nails

Temporary Stairs

Good housekeeping for stairs and landings

Slippery conditions corrected immediately Electrical cords not strung across stairs Materials and tools should not left behind Area free of projectiles, sharp edges, and

Temporary Stairs

• Adequate lighting is critical part of safety – ≥5 foot candles illumination must be available

• Platform required at the same level when door, gate, or hatchway opens directly onto stairway – ≥20 inches clearance

Temporary Stairs

Adequate lighting is critical part of safety 5 foot candles illumination must be available

Platform required at the same level when door, gate, or hatchway opens directly onto stairway

20 inches clearance

Temporary Stairs

• Spiral stairways: – Should be part of permanent structure – Must be equipped with handrail offset to prevent walking where tread is <6 inches

• Note: see OSHA Standards 1926.1051(a) 1 and 1926.1052c2 for further reference.

Temporary Stairs

Should be part of permanent structure Must be equipped with handrail offset to prevent walking where tread is <6 inches

Note: see OSHA Standards 1926.1051(a) 1 and for further reference.

Temporary Stairs

• Stairways ≥30 inches or with hand and stair rail system on unprotected sides – Handrail height = 30 to 37 inches (from tread to top of handrail)

Temporary Stairs

30 inches or with ≥4 risers require a hand and stair rail system on unprotected sides Handrail height = 30 to 37 inches (from tread

Temporary Stairs

• Install midrails at midway point between tread and handrail

• Use mesh screens if possible to drop items • Handrails and stair rail systems must be able to withstand 200 lbs. of force

• Toeboards required around all floor openings and stairwells

Temporary Stairs

Install midrails at midway point between tread

Use mesh screens if possible to drop items Handrails and stair rail systems must be able to withstand 200 lbs. of force Toeboards required around all floor openings

Types of Ladders

• Most common are: – Straight ladder – Extension ladder – Step ladder – Fixed ladder

• Fixed ladders ≥24 feet require certain safety features.

Types of Ladders

• Safety Tip – Learn more about stairs and ladders from OSHA’s Stairways and Ladders: A Guide to OSHA Rules. Get it at http://www.osha.gov/P ublications/osha3124 .pdf.

Types Of Ladders

• Common ladder materials include: – Wood – Aluminum – Fiberglass

• Each material has limitations, advantages, and disadvantages. – Consider conditions and hazards to determine best option for job (e.g., electric hazards)

Types Of Ladders

Common ladder materials include:

Each material has limitations, advantages, and

Consider conditions and hazards to determine best option for job (e.g., electric hazards)

Types of Ladders

• When selecting a ladder, consider rated load capacity (listed on manufacturer’s label): – Calculate total weight you plan to apply (i.e., worker + PPE + tools + equipment)

– Select ladder able to sustain load

Types of Ladders

When selecting a ladder, consider rated load capacity (listed on manufacturer’s label): Calculate total weight you plan to apply (i.e., worker + PPE + tools + equipment) Select ladder able to sustain load

Types Of Ladders

• Ladders have 4 classifications based on weight limits: – Type IA: 300 lbs. – Type I: 250 lbs. – Type II: 225 lbs. – Type III: 200 lbs. (Household ladder)

Types Of Ladders

• Safety Tip – Check out OSHA’s Ladder Safety eTool at http://www.osha.gov/S LTC/etools/constructio n/falls/4ladders.html.

Using Ladders Safely

• Before getting on a ladder, consider alternate options

• If job can be performed without a ladder, you may eliminate hazards such as:

• Falls • Contact with overhead utilities • Back and muscle strain, etc.

Using Ladders Safely

Before getting on a ladder, consider alternate

If job can be performed without a ladder, you may eliminate hazards such as:

Contact with overhead utilities Back and muscle strain, etc.

Using Ladders Safely

• If the job requires a ladder, for your safety: – Wear good work boots or shoes.

• Should have a heel and non – Ensure boots are clean before climbing. – Know the gloves are recommended. – Be aware of jewelry that could catch.

Using Ladders Safely

If the job requires a ladder, for your safety: Wear good work boots or shoes. Should have a heel and non­slip soles

Ensure boots are clean before climbing. Know the gloves are recommended. Be aware of jewelry that could catch.

Top 10 Rules

1. Inspect the ladder for damage or defects. – Is it free of oil, grease, and other slipping

hazards? – Are all warning stickers clearly affixed?

• Do not use a damaged ladder; remove it from the work area.

Top 10 Rules

Inspect the ladder for damage or defects. Is it free of oil, grease, and other slipping

Are all warning stickers clearly affixed? Do not use a damaged ladder; remove it from

Top 10 Rules

2. Inspect the location. – Is it stable? – Is it free of debris and liquids? – Are there overhead utilities or obstructions? – Are there equipment, traffic, or tripping hazards?

Top 10 Rules

Is it free of debris and liquids? Are there overhead utilities or obstructions? Are there equipment, traffic, or tripping

Top 10 Rules

3. Select the right ladder for the job. – Is it long and tall enough? – Does it need to be non

Top 10 Rules

3. Select the right ladder for the job. Is it long and tall enough? Does it need to be non­conductive?

Top 10 Rules

4. Position the ladder correctly. – Use the 4­to­1 rule for straight ladders and extension ladders.

– Do NOT use a ladder as a makeshift scaffold or a ramp.

.

Top 10 Rules

4. Position the ladder correctly. 1 rule for straight ladders and

Do NOT use a ladder as a makeshift scaffold

Top 10 Rules

5. Face the ladder and use both hands when ascending and descending.

Top 10 Rules

Face the ladder and use both hands when ascending and descending.

Top 10 Rules

6. Secure the ladder to a rigid support.

Top 10 Rules

• Safety Tip – Two men were loading masonite onto a 9'5" platform. One man started down a 12 foot aluminum extension ladder. The ladder was not secured. It slipped, and the victim fell to the floor and died.

Top 10 Rules

7. Do not carry materials or tools while ascending and descending ladders.

Top 10 Rules

Do not carry materials or tools while ascending and descending ladders.

Top 10 Rules

8. Do not extend beyond the rails.

Top 10 Rules

8. Do not extend beyond the rails.

Top 10 Rules

9. Never use a stepladder as a straight ladder or stand on the top 2 steps of a step ladder.

Top 10 Rules

Never use a stepladder as a straight ladder or stand on the top 2 steps of a step ladder.

Top 10 Rules

10.When setting up a step ladder, all 4 legs must be on a level and firm surface.

Top 10 Rules

• Safety Tip – You risk falling if ladders are not safely positioned each time they are used. A ladder may move and slip from its supports. You can also lose your balance while getting on or off an unsteady ladder.

Inspection

• Ladders must be inspected by a competent person: – On a periodic basis – After any occurrence – Prior to use

• Type of material affects conditions he/she may find.

Inspection

Ladders must be inspected by a competent

After any occurrence

Type of material affects conditions he/she may

Inspection

• Wood ladders: – Check for rot, cracks, splits, and loose parts – Should never be painted (hides damage)

• Metal ladders: – Inspect for corrosion – Should never be used around electrical work

• Any defective ladders must be removed from service.

Inspection

Check for rot, cracks, splits, and loose parts Should never be painted (hides damage)

Inspect for corrosion Should never be used around electrical work

Any defective ladders must be removed from

Inspection

• Fiberglass ladders: – Inspect for damage by heat or corrosives. – Always check rung locks on an extension ladder and check manufacturer’s label.

• Tag damaged ladders “do not use” and remove. – Note: only manufactured may be used to repair a commercial ladder.

Inspection

Inspect for damage by heat or corrosives. Always check rung locks on an extension ladder and check manufacturer’s label.

Tag damaged ladders “do not use” and remove. Note: only manufactured­approved materials may be used to repair a commercial ladder.

Straight Ladders

• Designed to support 4x maximum intended load (stated on manufacturer’s label) – Do NOT exceed the load rating.

• Rungs, cleats, and steps must be: – Spaced uniformly, between 10 and 14 inches apart

– Skid­resistant – Free from defects

Straight Ladders

Designed to support 4x maximum intended load (stated on manufacturer’s label) Do NOT exceed the load rating.

Rungs, cleats, and steps must be: Spaced uniformly, between 10 and 14

Straight Ladders

• Maximum depends on number of sections: – Single section = 30 feet – Double section = 48 feet – Triple section = 60 feet

• Maintain minimum of 3 to 5 foot overlap of sections

• Top section should NOT be used by itself

Straight Ladders

Maximum depends on number of sections: Single section = 30 feet Double section = 48 feet Triple section = 60 feet

Maintain minimum of 3 to 5 foot overlap of

Top section should NOT be used by itself

Stepladders

• Stepladders have 3 classifications, based on height, which serve the following purposes: – Type I (industrial):

• 3 to 20 feet, heavy duty – Type II (commercial):

• 3 to 12 feet, medium duty – Type III (household):

• 3 to 6 feet, light duty

Stepladders

Stepladders have 3 classifications, based on height, which serve the following purposes:

3 to 20 feet, heavy duty Type II (commercial): 3 to 12 feet, medium duty

3 to 6 feet, light duty

Stepladders

• Standards for stepladders made of wood, aluminum, and fiberglass found in ANSI sections A14.1, 14.3, or 14.5.

• Standards for all stepladders include: – Rungs, cleats, or steps must be skid and spaced between 8 and 12 inches apart, uniformly.

– A spreader or locking device is required.

Stepladders

Standards for stepladders made of wood, aluminum, and fiberglass found in ANSI sections

Standards for all stepladders include: Rungs, cleats, or steps must be skid­resistant and spaced between 8 and 12 inches apart,

A spreader or locking device is required.

Stepladders

• Top 2 steps NOT designed to be stood or sat on – Keep this in mind and be sure to select a ladder tall enough for the job!

• Note: in CA, top 3 steps cannot be used unless a handhold is available or fall protection is used

Stepladders

Top 2 steps NOT designed to be stood or sat on Keep this in mind and be sure to select a ladder tall enough for the job!

Note: in CA, top 3 steps cannot be used unless a handhold is available or fall protection is used

Stepladders

• Use only in fully open position, i.e., NOT as a straight ladder

• Must have permanently affixed label – Information on limitations and safety practices

• Must undergo inspection: – Periodically by competent person – By employee prior to use

Stepladders

Use only in fully open position, i.e., NOT as a

Must have permanently affixed label Information on limitations and safety practices

Must undergo inspection: Periodically by competent person By employee prior to use

Fixed Ladders

• Frequently permanent part of and attached to structure – i.e., not portable

• Provide access to: – Roofs – Tanks – Large equipment

Fixed Ladders

Frequently permanent part of and attached to

Fixed Ladders

• Standards for fixed ladders found in ANSI A14.3 and OSHA regulations, and include: – Distance between rungs must be and uniform.

– Metal ladders must be painted or otherwise treated to resist corrosion and rusting.

Fixed Ladders

Standards for fixed ladders found in ANSI A14.3 and OSHA regulations, and include: Distance between rungs must be ≤12 inches

Metal ladders must be painted or otherwise treated to resist corrosion and rusting.

Fixed Ladders

• ANSI standard requires: – ≥30 inches clearance between ladder’s climbing side and any other object (barring some exceptions that require

– ≥7 inches clearance from back side of ladder to any other object

Fixed Ladders

ANSI standard requires: 30 inches clearance between ladder’s climbing side and any other object (barring some exceptions that require only 24 inches) 7 inches clearance from back side of ladder

Fixed Ladders

• For vertical climb <24 feet, but where top of ladder is >24 feet above lower levels, fixed ladders shall have the following: – Cages, wells, ladder safety devices, or self retracting lifelines

–Landing platforms every 20 feet cage, well, or ladder safety device is provided

Fixed Ladders

For vertical climb <24 feet, but where top of ladder is >24 feet above lower levels, fixed ladders shall have the following: Cages, wells, ladder safety devices, or self­

anding platforms every 20 feet when no cage, well, or ladder safety device is provided

Fixed Ladders

• When climb >24 feet, must have: – A cage or well – Multiple ladder sections, each offset from adjacent sections

– Landing platforms at intervals

Fixed Ladders

When climb >24 feet, must have:

Multiple ladder sections, each ≤50 feet and offset from adjacent sections Landing platforms at intervals ≤50 feet

Fixed Ladders

• Fixed ladders without cages or wells shall have a clear width to the nearest permanent object ≥15 inches on each side of the centerline of the ladder.

Fixed Ladders

Fixed ladders without cages or wells shall have a clear width to the nearest permanent object 15 inches on each side of the centerline of the

Fixed Ladders

• Ladder safety devices can be used on tower, water, tank, and chimney ladders >20 feet and no landing platform is required.

Fixed Ladders

Ladder safety devices can be used on tower, water, tank, and chimney ladders >20 feet and no landing platform is required.

Summary

• This course covered: – Key terms – Temporary stairs – Types of ladders – Rules for safe use – Guidelines for straight, step, and fixed ladders

Summary

• Safety Tip – Ladder accidents are NOT usually caused by manufacturing defects. Instability, electrical shock, and falls, can be prevented with proper planning, ladder selection, work procedures, and maintenance.

Learn the Law

• ClickSafety cannot assure knowledge of Federal, state, and local laws. – You have responsibility for your personal safety, which includes learning all regulations regarding your workplace safety.

• By mastering workplace safety, you increase: – Knowledge – Professionalism – Career opportunities and success!

Learn the Law

ClickSafety cannot assure knowledge of Federal, state, and local laws. You have responsibility for your personal safety, which includes learning all regulations regarding your workplace safety.

By mastering workplace safety, you increase:

Career opportunities and success!