MODULE (NOTES) SCIENCE FORM 2

Science Module Form 2 – Chapter 1

Prepared by : Abiana Bt. Ja’afar (GCSC) e-mail : [email protected].



Sensory

organs

EYES

Senses : Sight Stimulus : Light Function : Seeing things around us

EARS

Senses : Hearing Stimulus : Sound Function : Hearing sound

TONGUE

Senses : Taste Stimulus : Chemical in food Function : Tastes food

SKIN

Senses : Touch Stimulus : Touch, pain, pressure and temperature Function : Response to sense of touch

NOSE

Senses : Smell Stimulus : Chemical in the air Function : Smelling chemicals and food

Sensory organs and their functions



The

1. The following table shows the stimuli detected by the various sensory organ. Complete the table.

Sensory organ Stimulus

Nose

Chemical substances in food

Eye

Sound

Skin

2. The following shows the pathways from stimulus to response. Fill in the

blanks.

Stimulus Nerves Response 3. Complete the following table.

Stimulus Sense Sensory organ

(a) Ticking a clock

(b) Colour of traffic light

( c) Sourness of lime juice

(d) Watching a movie

(e) Coldness of ice cubes

(f) Sharpness of a pencil point

Exercise 1.1



Parts of the ear Function

Vibrate when sound waves hit on it.

Amplify sound vibrations

Changes sound vibrations to nerve impulses

Send nerve impulses to the brain for interpretation.

Equalizes the air pressure in both sides of the ears.

Control the balance of the body.

Sensory Organ : ________________________________________ Senses : ________________________________________ Stimulus : ________________________________________ Name of Receptor : ________________________________________

Ossicles Ear pinna Oval window Cochlea Semicircular canal Ear canal Eardrum Auditory nerve Eustachian tube

How do we hear ?

Auditory canal

Oval window

Brain

2 structures not involved in hearing mechanism



1. Diagram 1 shows a cross section of the human ear.

Diagram 1

(b) Name the labeled structures using the following terms. (i) P : ____________________________________________________ (ii) Q : ____________________________________________________ (iii) R : ____________________________________________________

(c) (i) What is structure S? ________________________________________________________ (ii) State the function of structure S? ________________________________________________________

2.

Exercise 1.4

Eardrum Auditory canal Cochlea

Diagram 2



Diagram 2 shows the structure of human ear.

(a) Name parts P, Q, R and S. (i) P : ____________________________________________________ (ii) Q : ____________________________________________________ (iii) R : ____________________________________________________ (iv) S : ____________________________________________________

(b) Name the part that amplifies sound vibrations. ___________________________________________________________

(c) Which part converts the sound vibration to nerve impulses? ___________________________________________________________

(d) Name two parts in the ear that do not involve in hearing.

(i) ________________________________________________________ (ii) ________________________________________________________

3. Diagram 3 below shows the structure of the human ear.

Diagram 3



(a) Label part X and Y.

(i) X : ____________________________________________________ (ii) Y : ____________________________________________________

(b) Complete the flow chart below to show the route of sound waves entering the ear.

(c) Mark “N” in the diagram above to show two parts of the ear which are not

involved in the hearing mechanism.

4. Diagram 4 shows the cross-section of a human ear.

Diagram 4

(a) Label the following parts in Diagram 1

Ear pinna

P Q R Oval window

S

Cochlea Ossicles Auditory nerve



(b) State one function of X. ___________________________________________________________

(c) What is the frequency range of sound that can be detected by our ears? ___________________________________________________________

5. The diagram below shows a structure of the ear. (a) Name the parts of the ear shown in the diagram.



Parts of the eye Function

Protects the eye

Allows light to enter the eye

Controls the size of pupil

Sends nerve impulses to the brain for interpretation

Detects light stimulus

Maintains the shape of the eye

Focuses light onto the retina

Sensory Organ : ________________________________________ Senses : ________________________________________ Stimulus : ________________________________________ Name of Receptor : ________________________________________ Location of Receptor : ________________________________________

Aqueous humour Cornea Retina Optic Nerve Sclera Chroid Lens Vitreous humour Pupil Conjunctiva Yellow spot Blind spot Iris

How do we see ?

Aqueous humour

Vitreous humour

Brain



1. Diagram 1 shows a human eye.

Diagram 1

(a) Label the parts that are labeled H, I and L i Diagram 1 using the information given below.

(b) What is the function of K?

___________________________________________________________

(c) At which of the points, 1 or 2, the eye cannot see? Briefly explain it. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Diagram 2 shows the cross-section of an eye.

Exercise 1.5

Cornea Lens Pupil

Diagram 2



(a) Name X ? ___________________________________________________________

(b) State its function. ___________________________________________________________

(c) What is the function of Y? ___________________________________________________________

(d) Diagram sows a vision defect

(i) Name the vision defect. ________________________________________________________

(ii) How to correct the defect? ________________________________________________________

3. Diagram 3 shows a section through the human eye.

Diagram 3



(a) Name the parts labeled P, Q and R by using the following terms. P : ____________________________________________________ Q : ____________________________________________________ R : ____________________________________________________ (b) State the functions of X and y.

X : ____________________________________________________ Y : ____________________________________________________

(c) State one difference between the blind spot and the yellow spot. ___________________________________________________________

4. Diagram 4 shows the cross-section of the human eye.

Diagram 4

Suspensory ligament Iris Ciliary muscle



(a) The flow chart below shows the flow of light in the sight mechanism. Label the parts E, F and G in the above diagram. E : ____________________________________________________ F : ____________________________________________________ G : ____________________________________________________ (b) Serena suffers from an eye defect due to the part labeled Q being too thin.

At which part of the eye the image seem to appear? ___________________________________________________________

(c) What is the term used for this type of eye defect? ___________________________________________________________

(d) What type of lens can be used to correct her eye defect? ___________________________________________________________

5. Diagram 5 below shows a cross-section of the human eye.

Diagram 5

Cornea E F Eye lens Vitreous humour

Retina Brain G



(a) Name parts X, Y and Z of the eye in the diagram above.

X : ____________________________________________________ Y : ____________________________________________________ Z : ____________________________________________________

(b) Mark “P” in the diagram above to show the part where the image are formed.

(c) Complete the flow chart below to show the path of light rays from the

object entering the eye. (d) Name the part of the eye which functions to prevent the reflection of light

in the eye. ___________________________________________________________

6. Diagram 6 shows the cross-section of the human eye.

Diagram 6 (a) Label one of the following structures in Diagram 6

(b) Name structure Y. __________________________________________________________

Cornea Eye lens Retina

Sclera Choroid Retina



Examples parts of body

More Sensitive Less Sensitive

Sensory Organ : ________________________________________ Senses : ________________________________________ Stimulus : ________________________________________ Name of Receptor : ________________________________________ ________________________________________

Dermis Pressure receptor Epidermis Touch receptor Fatty layer Heat receptor Pain receptor Cold receptor

2 factors affect the SENSITIVITY of the

skin

3 Main

Layers



1.

Figure 1

Figure 1 shows the cross- section of human skin. (a) Label the above figure with the following information. (b) Nazri accidentally drops a coin on the floor. It rolls under a sofa. He put his

hand under the sofa and retrieves the coin. What senses are involved in this sequence of action? ___________________________________________________________

2. Figure 2 shows a cross –section of the human skin.

Exercise 1.2

Pain receptor cold receptor sweat gland

Figure 2



(a)Name the receptors labeled W, X, Y and Z.

W : _______________________ Y : ________________________ X : _______________________ Z : ________________________

(b) When you accidentally step on a sharp nail, which receptor will be activated? ___________________________________________________________

(c) Name two factors that influence the sensitivity of the skin to external stimuli. (i) ________________________________________________________ (ii) ________________________________________________________

3. Figure 3 shows the cross section of human skin.

Figure 3

(a) Label the following structures in the figure above.

Receptor sweat gland epidermis layer adipose layer



(b) State three receptors that can be found in the second layer of our skin.

(i) ________________________________________________________ (ii) ________________________________________________________ (iii) ________________________________________________________

(c) Based on the given statement above, make a hypothesis about the sensitivity of our skin. ___________________________________________________________

4. Figure 4 shows a cross-section of the human skin.

Figure 4

(a) Name the labeled structures using the following terms. (b) Name two areas of the body which are

(i) more sensitive : ___________________________________________ (ii) less sensitive : ___________________________________________

( c) State two factors that affect the sensitivity of the skin.

(i) ________________________________________________________ (ii) ________________________________________________________

Pain receptor Touch receptor Heat receptor Cold receptor Pressure receptor Epidermis Dermis



5. The cross-section of the human skin is shown in the diagram.

Figure 5

(a) Liza is holding a glass of orange juice. She can feel that the glass is cold. Which receptor is stimulated when she is holding the glass? ________________________________________________________

(b) Label the above diagram with these information.

Touch receptor Q Heat receptor R

Pressure receptor S Pain receptor P

(c) Name the part that actively produces sweat when you do physical

exercise. ________________________________________________________



Sensory Organ : ________________________________________ Senses : ________________________________________ Stimulus : ________________________________________ Name of Receptor : ________________________________________ Location of receptor : ________________________________________

How do we SMELL?

Chemicals in the air

Response

Receptor in sensory organ

Nerves

How do we SMELL?



Sensory Organ : ________________________________________ Senses : ________________________________________ Stimulus : ________________________________________ Name of Receptor : ________________________________________ Location of receptor : ________________________________________

1

2 2

3 3

4

1 : _____________________________

3 : _____________________________

4 : _____________________________

2 : _____________________________

B So S Sweet

How do we SMELL?

Chemicals in the food

Response

Receptor in sensory organ

Nerves

How do we TASTE?

Why food becomes tasteless when e got a flu/ cold? Because a lot of ___________is produced, blocked the ________________to detect the smell.



1. Diagram 1 shows the areas P, Q, R and S on the tongue that are sensitive to

taste.

Diagram 1

(a) What taste can be detected in the following areas?

P : ___________________ Q : ____________________ R : ___________________ S : ____________________

(b) Give an example of a type of food that can be detected in areas R and S.

P : ____________________________________________________ S : ____________________________________________________

(c) What is the taste of food when the nose is closed? ___________________________________________________________

(d) Give a reason for your answer. ___________________________________________________________

Exercise 1.3



2. The diagram shows the surface of human tongue.

(a) Write the word bitter and sweet to show the parts of the tongue that are sensitive to the two tastes.

(b) State the taste of the following food

(i) Unripe mangoes - _________________________________________ (ii) Honey - _________________________________________

3. Diagram 2 shows a tongue. Diagram 2

(a) Can the part labeled S detect sour tastes? ___________________________________________________________

(b) Give one reason for your answer in a(i). ___________________________________________________________



(c) State all the different tastes that can be detected by the tongue. ___________________________________________________________

(d) Name the sensory cells in the tongue that can detect various tastes. ___________________________________________________________

(e) Name the fluid that dissolves chemical substances in food so that it can be detected by the tongue. ___________________________________________________________

4. The diagram below shows the areas of the tongue which are sensitive to

various tastes.

(a) Write in the boxes provided to show the location of the areas of the tongue that is sensitive to the following food.

(i) Salted egg (v) Bitter gourd (ii) Panadol (vi) Cocoa powder (iii) Honey (vii) Vinegar (iv) Natural Yogurt (viii) Ice-cream



5. Diagram 3 shows a human sensory organ.

(a) F, G, I and J are areas on the tongue which are sensitive to tastes. Label F, G, I and J in Diagram 1.

(b) Explain briefly how we can detect taste.

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

(c) Draw a conclusion based on the above statement. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Food becomes tasteless when a person is having a cold.

Diagram 3



Real Formation of shadow Periscopes The star seems to be further inverted Eclipse of the Moon Kaleidoscopes Smaller than the actual object Mirrors The straw appears to be bent Eclipse of the Sun The pond appears to be shallower

Characteristics of the image formed on the retina

The characteristics of light :

Light travels in straight line

Light can be reflected

Light can be refracted

Light can be dispersed

Examples of phenomena

Reflection of Light

i = r

Laws of reflection

Refraction of light

a)

b)

c)

Incident ray Reflected ray

Normal

Angle of reflection Angle of incident

Plane mirror

Incident ray

glass

air

Incident ray

Incident ray

Normal

glass

glass

Normal

air

air

Light and sight



Defects Corrections

Short – sightedness or myopia Characteristics :

• A distant object cannot be seen clearly because the image is focused in front of the retina.

• This is because the eye lens is too thick or the eyeball is too long.

.

• It is corrected by using a concave lens to diverge the rays of light on the retina

Long- sightedness or hypermetropia Characteristics :

• A near object cannot be seen clearly because the image is focused behind the retina.

• This is because the eye lens is too thin or the eyeball is too short.

• It is corrected by using a convex lens to coniverge the rays of light on the retina

Defects of vision and corrective measures



SHORT - SIGHTEDNESS LONG- SIGHTEDNESS

MODEL

MODEL

REASONS

a) Eyeball too ___________________ a) Eyeball too ___________________

b) Lens too _____________________ b) Lens too _____________________

SYMPTOMS

a) Near objects seen ______________ a) Far objects seen ________________

b) Far objects appear ______________ b) Near objects appear ______________

FORMATION OF IMAGE

Image is focused _______________________ Image is focused ______________________

CORRECTION

By a ________________________ By a ________________________

Thick Long Thin Short Clear In front of the retina

Blur Behind of the retina Concave lens Convex lens Irregular surface

Astigmatism

Caused by the ______________________

of the cornea.

Presbyopia

• Long-sightedness experienced by old

people.

• Corrected by wearing bifocal lens.

Corrected by using ____________________



1. Fill in the blanks.

(a) What is the vision defect shown in the above diagram? ___________________________________________________________

(b) The image from a ________________________ object is focused _____________________ of the retina.

(c) This defect is caused by the lens that is too ___________________ or

the eyeball is too _____________.

(d) This defect can be corrected by wearing glasses with _____________________.

2.

(a) This vision defect shown in above diagram is ______________________. (b) A person who has this defective vision sees ___________________

objects clearly.

(c) This defect is caused by ___________________ that is too thin or if the _____________________ is too short.

(d) This defect can be corrected by wearing glasses with ________________.

Exercise 1.6



3.

Diagram 1 Diagram 1 shows the structure of a human eye.

(a) Mark (A) to represent the yellow spot and (B) to represent the blind spot in the diagram above.

(b) State the function of each of the parts labeled X, Y and Z.

i. X : ____________________________________________________ ii. Y : ____________________________________________________ iii. Z : ____________________________________________________

(c) i. Give two causes of the eye defect mentioned. ________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________

ii. Name the defect mentioned in (c)i.. ________________________________________________________

iii. Suggest one way to correct the defect ________________________________________________________

A man cannot see distant objects clearly.



4.

Diagram 2

Diagram 2 show two common vision defects.

(a) Name the vision defect in

(i) X : ____________________________________________________ (ii) Y : ____________________________________________________

(b) State the types of lens used to correct the vision defects in

(i) X : ____________________________________________________ (ii) Y : ____________________________________________________ (c) Draw the diagrams below how you can correct the vision defects by using

the lenses you named in (b).

(i) (ii)



5. The experiment in figure below is carried out to show short-sightedness.

(a) Complete the light rays in the figure above to show short- sightedness. (b) What parts of the eye are represented by the following materials in this

experiment?

(i) Convex lens on flask : ____________________________________ (ii) Fluorescent solution : ____________________________________ (iii) Surface X : ____________________________________

(c) Give one reason why this defect occurs. ___________________________________________________________

(d) Where is the image formed in the eye of a person who is short-sighted? ___________________________________________________________

(e) How can short- sightedness be corrected? ___________________________________________________________



6. Diagram 3 shows an eye with a vision defect.

Diagram 3

(a) Name the visual defect? ___________________________________________________________

(b) Give two conditions of the eyes that caused the defect? ___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________

(c) How can the defect be corrected? ___________________________________________________________

(d) On the diagram, draw the correction to the vision defect.



Picture 566.jpg

Stereoscopic vision

• _________________________

_________________________

• _________________________

_________________________

• _________________________

_________________________

• Can estimate distance

accurately

• See things in three dimensions

• Tiger, owls, human beings

_________________________

_________________________

Monocular vision

• _________________________

_________________________

• _________________________

_________________________

• _________________________

_________________________

• Can see predators in all

directions

• Cannot judge the distance

accurately

• Pigeons, rabbits, cows, fish

_________________________

_________________________

• Location of

the eye

• Size of the

field of

vision

• Overlapping

fields of

vision

• Importance

of vision

• Examples

Differences

Stereoscopic Vision and Monocular Vision

The side of the head Narrow Overlapping fields

In front of the head Wide No overlapping fields



1. Classify the animals according to type of vision.

Exercise 1.7

Tiger Monkey Rat Chicken Cow Lion Cat Deer Owl Goat Goose Eagle Fish Dog Human

Type of vision

Stereoscopic Monocular

The predator possesses __________________ vision whereas the prey possesses __________________ vision.



2. Diagram 8 shows an owl and a rabbit.

(a) Name the type of vision on

(i) Owl : _______________________________________________ (ii) Rabbit : _______________________________________________

(b) State one advantage and one disadvantage in the vision you name in (a)(i) .

(i) Advantage : __________________________________________ (ii) Disadvantages : __________________________________________

(c) State one advantage and one disadvantage in the vision you name in (a)(ii) .

(i) Advantage : __________________________________________ (ii) Disadvantage : __________________________________________

(d) Give one other example of each of the animals that has the same vision as animal P and Q. (i) P : _______________________________________________ (ii) Q : _______________________________________________

Diagram 1 P Q



3. Diagram 2 shows the head and the eyes of a bird.

Diagram 2

(a) What is term used to describe the vision above?

___________________________________________________________

(b) Draw the visual field of both eyes to the diagram above. (c) State two characteristics of the above vision.

(i) ________________________________________________________ (ii) ________________________________________________________

(d) Besides birds, name two animals that have the similar vision.

(j) ________________________________________________________ (ii) ________________________________________________________



4. The diagram above shows the pictures of some animals

(a) Based on your observations of the pictures in the diagram, state one

characteristic of any four of the animals P, Q, R, S and T.

P : ____________________________________________________ Q : ____________________________________________________ R : ____________________________________________________ S : ____________________________________________________ T : ____________________________________________________

(b) Classify the animals P, Q, R, S and T into two groups based on type of

vision. Name the animals belonging to each group

T, U, V and W

Type of vision

Name of animals

i

i

ii

ii



Type of tropism

Definition Stimulus Part of plant involved

Phototropism Plant response to light

Light Shoot

Geotropism Plant response to gravity

Gravity Root

Hydrotropism Plant response to water

Water Root

Thigmotropism Movement made by a plant in

response to touch or contact

Touch Tendrils

Nastic movements

Movement made by a plant in response to

external stimuli

Touch Leaves

Stimuli and Responses in Plants

Sound and Hearing

Sound is produced by vibration

Properties of sound

Soft and rough surfaces are good sound absorbers

Sound needs a medium to travel

Hard and smooth surfaces are good sound reflectors



1. Complete the table below

2. Complete the following chart about the response of plants to stimuli and their

functions.

Tropism Response

Phototropism

Gravity

Water

Touch or contact

Exercise 1.8

Response of plants to

Light Water Gravity

Types

Functions

Shoots Roots Shoots Roots Shoots Roots

Negative Phototropism



3. Figure 1 shows reactions of a plant to external stimuli.

Figure 1

(a) Write phototropism, geotropism and thigmotropism in the appropriate box in Figure 1.

(b) Which part of the plant performs

(i) Negative hydrotropism : ____________________________________ (ii) Positive geotropism : ____________________________________ (iii) Positive phototropism : ____________________________________

(c) Name two examples of plants that perform nastic movements.

(i) ________________________________________________________ (ii) ________________________________________________________



4. The diagram shows the responses of various plant parts towards external stimulus.

(a) Based on the diagrams, give the respond characteristics of (i) P : ____________________________________________________ (ii) Q : ____________________________________________________ (ii) R : ____________________________________________________ (iii) S : ____________________________________________________

(b) Group the above pictures P, Q, R and S into two groups, giving the parts

of the plants involved.

5. gjhihkj

P, Q, R and S

Common grouping

Parts of plant

i

i

ii

ii



5. The diagram shows the set –up of an experiment to study how plants respond to light.

(a) Draw and show how the seedlings in the diagram will grow and respond towards light after 5 days.

R S (b) State the following variables in the experiment. (I) Manipulated : __________________________________________ (ii) Responding : __________________________________________ (iii) Constant : __________________________________________



(c) Which part of the seedlings responds towards light? ___________________________________________________________

(d) What is the name of the response of the shoots of plants towards light? __________________________________________________________

6. The diagram shows the set-up of an experiment.

(a) Draw and show how the seeds will grow after 3 days in the following diagram.

(b) Which part of the seed shows

(i) positive geotropism : ____________________________________ (ii) negative geotropism : ____________________________________

(c) Explain how this type of tropism helps in the survival of plants. ___________________________________________________________ (d) Name one other type of tropism that enables the roots of the plant to

search for water. ___________________________________________________________



7. The experiment in the figure below is carried out to study the response of plants to water.

(a) What variables are involved in this experiment?

(i) Manipulated : __________________________________________ (ii) Responding : __________________________________________ (iii) Constant : __________________________________________

(b) Suggest the relationship between the variable which is manipulated and the variable which responds. ___________________________________________________________

(c) Draw the response of the roots of seedlings in the figure below at the end of experiment.

(d) What is the name given to the response of the roots to water?

___________________________________________________________

(e) What is the importance of the roots responding in (d) to plants? _________________________________________________________



8. The diagram shows the set-up of an experiment.

(a) What is the purpose of conducting the above experiment? ___________________________________________________________

(b) Describe briefly what will happen to the roots of seedlings in beaker Q after five days. ___________________________________________________________

(c) Draw a diagram to show what will happen to the seedlings in beaker P after five days.

(d) Name the response that is shown by the roots in beaker P and beaker Q. ___________________________________________________________

(e) Complete the following table.

Tropism Stimulus

Light

Geotropism



9.

(a) Explain the hypothesis of the experiment shown in the above figure. ___________________________________________________________

(b) Give the variable that is

(i) Constant : __________________________________________ (ii) Manipulated : __________________________________________ (iii) Responding : __________________________________________

(c) What is the use of anhydrous calcium chloride? ___________________________________________________________

(d) What is the result after the experiment is left for three days? ___________________________________________________________

(e) Draw what you will see one week after the rooting of the seedlings. (f) What conclusion can you make?

___________________________________________________________



1.

Sensory organ Stimulus

Nose Chemical substances in the air

Tongue Chemical substances in food

Eye Light

Ear Sound

Skin Touch, pain, pressure and temperature

2. Stimulus Nerves Response 3.

Exercise 1.1

Brain Effector

Receptor

MODULE (NOTES) SCIENCE FORM 2

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